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Nadir Hastalıklara Erişim Portalı ORPHANET ve OrphaCode: Yeni Nesil Hastalık Kodlama

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 400 - 408, 22.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1651794

Abstract

Nadir Hastalıklar (NH), bu başlık altında toplanan bir kısım hastalığın, görülme sıklıkları dikkate alınarak isimlendirilmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan, görece yeni bir tanımlamadır. Tanım olarak NH, küresel ölçekte kabul görmüş olsa da, ülkelerin kendi gerçekliklerinden hareketle farklı kapsamlar altında incelenmektedir. NH’lerin tümünün bir araya getirilerek kataloglandığı, AB tarafından fonlanan ve aşağıda ayrıntılandırılacak olan Orphanet portalına göre 6172 adet tanılı hastalık (%71,9’u genetik nedenlidir ve %69,9’u çocukluk çağı başlangıçlıdır), NH başlığı altında sınıflandırılmıştır. AB’nin kabul ettiği prevalans değeri dikkate alındığında ve nadir kanserlerin, enfeksiyon hastalıklarının ve zehirlenmelerin dışlandığı bir çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre dünya genelinde 263-446 milyon bireyin NH’den mustarip olduğu bildirilmiştir. Hangi hastalığın “nadir” olacağına karar verilmesi, prevalans değerlerine göre belirlenirken eş zamanlı olarak bu hastalıklara dair verilerin bütünleştirilmesinin gereği ortaya çıkmıştır. Farklı referanslardan köken olan NH terminolojilerinin sağlık bilgi sistemlerinde tektipleştirilmesi, başlangıç olarak hastalıkların kodlarının belirlenmesinde bir gereklilik olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. NH, ICD-10, ICD-11, SNOMED-CT, OMIM, MeSH, MeDRA, UMSL ve GARD olarak farklı şekillerde kodlar içeren sistemler bulunmaktadır. Orphanet veri tabanında ise 6200’ün üzerinde hastalık (bu hastalıkların alt tipleri dahil edilmeden) listelenmiştir. Bu gruptaki hastalıkların yaklaşık %72’si genetik temellidir ve %84,5’inin prevalansı <1/1.000.000’dur. Diğer hastalık kodlamaları, doğrudan NH’ye odaklanmadığından, doğal olarak çeşitli eksiklikler barındırmaktadır. Bu sorunu aşmak için Orphanet tarafından getirilen öneri ise tümünün ORPHAcode’larının verilmesi ve diğer sistemlerle uyumlu hale getirilmesi olmuştur. Bu durum ilk bakışta, yeni bir kodlama sistemi gibi görünse de durum tam olarak böyle değildir. Amaçlanan nihai hedef, tüm kodlara dair eldeki verilerin, tek bir platforma (OPRHAcode) uygun hale getirilmesi ve bu sayede tanı ve takip süreçlerinin kolaylaştırılmasıdır.

References

  • Nguengang Wakap S, Lambert DM, Olry A, et al. Estimating cumulative point prevalence of rare diseases: analysis of the Orphanet database. Eur J Hum Genet. 2020;28(2):165-173. doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0508-0
  • Wright CF, FitzPatrick DR, Firth HV. Paediatric genomics: diagnosing rare disease in children. Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19(5):253-268. doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.116
  • Richter T, Nestler-Parr S, Babela R, et al. Rare Disease Terminology and Definitions-A Systematic Global Review: Report of the ISPOR Rare Disease Special Interest Group. Value Health. 2015;18(6):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2015.05.008
  • Fernandez-Marmiesse A, Gouveia S, Couce ML. NGS Technologies as a Turning Point in Rare Disease Research, Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(3):404-432. doi:10.2174/0929867324666170718101946
  • Cui Y, Han J. Defining rare diseases in China. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2017;6(2):148-149. doi:10.5582/irdr.2017.01009
  • Herder M. What Is the Purpose of the Orphan Drug Act? PLoS Med. 2017;14(1):e1002191. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002191
  • Putkowski S. National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD): providing advocacy for people with rare disorders. NASN Sch Nurse. 2010;25(1):38-41. doi:10.1177/1942602X09352796
  • Maiella S, Rath A, Angin C, Mousson F, Kremp O. [Orphanet and its consortium: where to find expert-validated information on rare diseases]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2013;169 Suppl 1:S3-8. doi:10.1016/S0035-3787(13)70052-3
  • Pavan S, Rommel K, Mateo Marquina ME, Höhn S, Lanneau V, Rath A. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rare Diseases: The Orphanet Database. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170365. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170365
  • Mazzucato M, Pozza LVD, Facchin P, et al. ORPHAcodes use for the coding of rare diseases: comparison of the accuracy and cross country comparability. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2023;18(1):267. doi:10.1186/s13023-023-02864-6
  • Aymé S, Bellet B, Rath A. Rare diseases in ICD11: making rare diseases visible in health information systems through appropriate coding. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:35. doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0251-8
  • Rare diseases. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/frequently-asked-questions/rare-diseases
  • European Commission. Recommendation on Ways to Improve Codification for Rare Diseases.; 2016. Erişim Tarihi:13 Aralık, 2024. https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/fles/2016-11/recommendation_coding_cegrd_en_0.pdf
  • Orphanet. Eprocurement: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).; 2023. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/pdfs/orphacom/special/eproc_SOPs.pdf
  • Orphanet: Quality charter About Orphanet. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/en/other-information/about_orphanet
  • Orphanet. Orphanet Network: Members of the Management Board.; 2024. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/pdfs/orphacom/cahiers/docs/GB/Orphanet_Network_MB_members.pdf
  • Angin C, Mazzucato M, Weber S, et al. Coding undiagnosed rare disease patients in health information systems: recommendations from the RD-CODE project. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2024;19(1):28. doi:10.1186/s13023-024-03030-2
  • Fung KW, Xu J, Bodenreider O. The new International Classification of Diseases 11th edition: a comparative analysis with ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27(5):738-746. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa030
  • Orphanet. Orphanet Survey 2023.; 2023. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/pdfs/orphacom/cahiers/docs/GB/Orphanet_survey2023.pdf
  • Brasil S, Pascoal C, Francisco R, Dos Reis Ferreira V, Videira PA, Valadão AG. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Rare Diseases: Is the Future Brighter? Genes (Basel). 2019;10(12):978. doi:10.3390/genes10120978
  • Visibelli A, Roncaglia B, Spiga O, Santucci A. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence in the Odyssey of Rare Diseases. Biomedicines. 2023;11(3):887.doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030887
  • Irissarry C, Burger-Helmchen T. Using Artificial Intelligence to Advance the Research and Development of Orphan Drugs. Businesses. 2024;4(3):453-472. doi:10.3390/businesses4030028
  • Choon YW, Choon YF, Nasarudin NA, et al. Artificial intelligence and database for NGS-based diagnosis in rare disease. Front Genet. 2023;14:1258083. doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1258083
  • Orphanet: Clinical signs and symptoms; ORPHA:391411 Atypical juvenile parkinsonism. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/sign/391411

Rare Diseases Access Portal ORPHANET and OrphaCode: New-Era in Disease Nomenclature

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 400 - 408, 22.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1651794

Abstract

Rare Diseases (RD) is a relatively new definition that emerged as a result of naming certain diseases under this category based on their prevalence. Although RD is globally recognized as a definition, different countries examine them within various scopes according to their own realities. According to the Orphanet portal, funded by the EU and detailed below, a total of 6,172 diagnosed diseases (71.9% of which have genetic causes and 69.9% of which have childhood onset) are classified under the RD category. Considering the prevalence value accepted by the EU and excluding rare cancers, infectious diseases, and poisonings, it has been reported that 263–446 million individuals worldwide suffer from RD. The classification of a disease as “rare” is determined by prevalence values, while simultaneously highlighting the need to integrate data on these diseases. Standardizing RD terminologies, originating from various references, within health information systems is initially necessary for defining disease codes. RD coding systems include ICD-10, ICD-11, SNOMED-CT, OMIM, MeSH, MeDRA, UMLS, and GARD. The Orphanet database lists over 6,200 diseases (excluding subtypes). Approximately 72% of these diseases have a genetic basis, and 84.5% have a prevalence of <1/1,000,000. Since other disease coding systems do not directly focus on RD, they naturally contain various deficiencies. To address this issue, Orphanet has proposed assigning all diseases ORPHAcodes and ensuring compatibility with other systems. At first glance, this may seem like a new coding system, but this is not entirely the case. The ultimate goal is to adapt all available data to a unified platform (ORPHAcode), thereby facilitating diagnosis and follow-up processes.

References

  • Nguengang Wakap S, Lambert DM, Olry A, et al. Estimating cumulative point prevalence of rare diseases: analysis of the Orphanet database. Eur J Hum Genet. 2020;28(2):165-173. doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0508-0
  • Wright CF, FitzPatrick DR, Firth HV. Paediatric genomics: diagnosing rare disease in children. Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19(5):253-268. doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.116
  • Richter T, Nestler-Parr S, Babela R, et al. Rare Disease Terminology and Definitions-A Systematic Global Review: Report of the ISPOR Rare Disease Special Interest Group. Value Health. 2015;18(6):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2015.05.008
  • Fernandez-Marmiesse A, Gouveia S, Couce ML. NGS Technologies as a Turning Point in Rare Disease Research, Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(3):404-432. doi:10.2174/0929867324666170718101946
  • Cui Y, Han J. Defining rare diseases in China. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2017;6(2):148-149. doi:10.5582/irdr.2017.01009
  • Herder M. What Is the Purpose of the Orphan Drug Act? PLoS Med. 2017;14(1):e1002191. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002191
  • Putkowski S. National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD): providing advocacy for people with rare disorders. NASN Sch Nurse. 2010;25(1):38-41. doi:10.1177/1942602X09352796
  • Maiella S, Rath A, Angin C, Mousson F, Kremp O. [Orphanet and its consortium: where to find expert-validated information on rare diseases]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2013;169 Suppl 1:S3-8. doi:10.1016/S0035-3787(13)70052-3
  • Pavan S, Rommel K, Mateo Marquina ME, Höhn S, Lanneau V, Rath A. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rare Diseases: The Orphanet Database. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170365. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170365
  • Mazzucato M, Pozza LVD, Facchin P, et al. ORPHAcodes use for the coding of rare diseases: comparison of the accuracy and cross country comparability. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2023;18(1):267. doi:10.1186/s13023-023-02864-6
  • Aymé S, Bellet B, Rath A. Rare diseases in ICD11: making rare diseases visible in health information systems through appropriate coding. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:35. doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0251-8
  • Rare diseases. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/frequently-asked-questions/rare-diseases
  • European Commission. Recommendation on Ways to Improve Codification for Rare Diseases.; 2016. Erişim Tarihi:13 Aralık, 2024. https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/fles/2016-11/recommendation_coding_cegrd_en_0.pdf
  • Orphanet. Eprocurement: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).; 2023. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/pdfs/orphacom/special/eproc_SOPs.pdf
  • Orphanet: Quality charter About Orphanet. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/en/other-information/about_orphanet
  • Orphanet. Orphanet Network: Members of the Management Board.; 2024. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/pdfs/orphacom/cahiers/docs/GB/Orphanet_Network_MB_members.pdf
  • Angin C, Mazzucato M, Weber S, et al. Coding undiagnosed rare disease patients in health information systems: recommendations from the RD-CODE project. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2024;19(1):28. doi:10.1186/s13023-024-03030-2
  • Fung KW, Xu J, Bodenreider O. The new International Classification of Diseases 11th edition: a comparative analysis with ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27(5):738-746. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa030
  • Orphanet. Orphanet Survey 2023.; 2023. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/pdfs/orphacom/cahiers/docs/GB/Orphanet_survey2023.pdf
  • Brasil S, Pascoal C, Francisco R, Dos Reis Ferreira V, Videira PA, Valadão AG. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Rare Diseases: Is the Future Brighter? Genes (Basel). 2019;10(12):978. doi:10.3390/genes10120978
  • Visibelli A, Roncaglia B, Spiga O, Santucci A. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence in the Odyssey of Rare Diseases. Biomedicines. 2023;11(3):887.doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030887
  • Irissarry C, Burger-Helmchen T. Using Artificial Intelligence to Advance the Research and Development of Orphan Drugs. Businesses. 2024;4(3):453-472. doi:10.3390/businesses4030028
  • Choon YW, Choon YF, Nasarudin NA, et al. Artificial intelligence and database for NGS-based diagnosis in rare disease. Front Genet. 2023;14:1258083. doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1258083
  • Orphanet: Clinical signs and symptoms; ORPHA:391411 Atypical juvenile parkinsonism. Erişim Tarihi: 13 Aralık, 2024. https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/sign/391411
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

Emrah Yücesan 0000-0003-4512-8764

Ömer Faruk Düzenli 0000-0002-2938-711X

Uğur Özbek 0000-0001-5319-0547

Publication Date October 22, 2025
Submission Date March 5, 2025
Acceptance Date September 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Yücesan E, Düzenli ÖF, Özbek U. Nadir Hastalıklara Erişim Portalı ORPHANET ve OrphaCode: Yeni Nesil Hastalık Kodlama. Acta Medica Nicomedia. October 2025;8(3):400-408. doi:10.53446/actamednicomedia.1651794

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