An Evaluation on Fish Diet Composition Studies in Türkiye

Yıl 2023, , 162 - 194, 01.06.2023

Ayşe Ölmez , Ayşegül Aydın

https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1186677

Öz

Determination of the dietary composition and feeding habits of fish is important to explore and compare trophic interactions, food web structure, population, and ecological dynamics within and between aquatic ecosystems and to ensure sustainability. Factors such as global warming in the world and the effects of human activity cause the reduction of fish populations to the deterioration of the ecological balance. That is why we need to fill scientific knowledge gaps to discover and protect biodiversity. In this study, studies that determine the dietary composition of fish species distributed in our country's waters were brought together and the methods used were examined. When we examine these studies; It has been observed that information on the diet compositions of threatened and important commercial fish species is lacking, and existing studies are concentrated in certain areas. It has been determined that the studies carried out in the Black Sea and Aegean Seas are more than in the Mediterranean and Marmara Seas, there are no studies in the Southeastern Anatolia region, and there are few studies in the inland waters of the Mediterranean, Marmara, and Aegean regions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nutritional habits, Diet composition, Türkiye, Stomach content, Fish

Türkiye’deki Balık Diyet Kompozisyon Çalışmaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Balıkların diyet kompozisyonlarının, beslenme alışkanlıklarının belirlenmesi su ekosistemleri içindeki ve arasındaki trofik etkileşimleri, besin ağ yapısı, popülasyon ve ekolojik dinamiklerini keşfetmek, karşılaştırmak ve sürdürülebilirliliği sağlamak için önemlidir. Dünyadaki küresel ısınma, insan aktivitesinin etkileri gibi faktörler balık popülasyonlarının azalmasına ekolojik dengenin bozulmasına kadar sebep olmaktadır. Bu yüzden biyolojik çeşitliliği keşfetmek ve korumak için bilimsel bilgi eksikliklerini gidermeliyiz. Bu çalışmada Ülkemiz sularında dağılım gösteren balık türlerinin diyet kompozisyonlarını belirleyen çalışmalar bir araya getirmek istenmiş ve kullanılan yöntemler incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmaları incelediğimizde; tehdit altındaki ve önemli ticari balık türlerinin diyet kompozisyonları hakkındaki bilgilerin eksik olduğu, var olan çalışmaların belirli alanlarda yoğunlaştığı görülmüştür. Karadeniz, Ege denizinde yapılan çalışmaların Akdeniz ve Marmara denizine göre daha fazla olduğu, Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde hiç çalışma olmadığı ve Akdeniz, Marmara, Ege bölgesindeki iç sularda az çalışma olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beslenme alışkanlıkları, Diyet kompozisyonu, Türkiye, Mide içeriği, Balık

Kaynakça

• Ağdamar, S., & Saç, G. (2022). Growth and Feeding Ecology of Dnieper chub Petroleuciscus borysthenicus (Kessler, 1859) in Şahinkaya Reservoir, an Artificial Water Body of an Island Ecosystem (Gökçeada, Turkey). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences, 8(1), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.28979/jarnas.1008841
• Akalin, S., Sever, T. M., İlhan, D., & Unluoğlu, A. (2018). The Diet Composition of European Anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) in İzmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(5), 431-445. http://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v19_5_08
• Akpınar, Y. (2018). Nutrition of Yellowtail Mackerel [Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1868)] living in Bandırma Bay. [Master's Thesis, Balıkesir University].
• Alaş, A., Altındağ, A., Yılmaz, M., Kırpık, M. A., & Ak, A. (2010). Feeding Habits of Tench (Tinca tinca L., 1758) in Beyşehir Lake (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2010.0205
• Alfora, A., Thomas, F., Sergent, L., & Duxbury, M. (2006). Identification of trophic interactions within an estuarine food web using fatty acid biomarkers and stable isotopes. Science Direct Esluarine, Coastal and Shelf science, 70(1-2), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.06.017
• Alp, A., Yeğen, V., Yağcı, M.A., Uysal, R., Biçen, E., & Yağcı, A. (2008). Dietary composition and prey selection of Esox lucius crane in Lake Çivril, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24(6), 670-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01119.x
• Alp, A. (2017). Diet Shift and Prey Selection of the Native European Catfish, Silurus glanis, in a Turkish Reservoir. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 3(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.17216/LimnoFish.288217
• Altın, A., Özen, Ö., Ayyıldız, H., Öztekin, A., & Ayaz, A. (2011). Seasonal Variation in Feeding Habits of Young of The Year Sea Bream, Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758), in Dardanelles. Igdir Universty Journal of Science Institute, 1(3), 99-104.
• Altın, A., Ozen, O., Ayyıldız, H., & Daban, B. (2015). Feedıng Habıts of the Marbled Goby, Pomatoschıstus marmoratus (Actınopterygıı: Percıformes: Gobııdae), in the Çanakkale Straıt, Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Acta Ichthyologıca et Pıscatorıa, 45(1), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.3750/aıp2015.45.1.11
• Amundsen, P. A., & Henandez, J. S. (2019). Feeding studies take guts – critical review and recommendations of methods for stomach contents analysis in fish. Fish Biyology, 95(6), 1364-1373. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14151
• Atasagun, S., (1990). Mogan (Ankara) gölündeki sazan (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) ve kadife (Tinca tinca L., 1758) balıklarının besin tipleri ve beslenmelerinde mevsimsel değişimler. [Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]
• Avşar, D. (1994). Stomach contents of sprat (Sprattus sprattus phalericus Rısso) in Turkish Black Sea coast. Doğa-Turkısh Journal of Zoology, 18, 69-76.
• Avşar, D. (2001). Age, Growth, Reproduction and Feeding of the Spurdog (Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758) in the South-eastern Black Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 52(2), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2000.0749
• Aydın, M., & Bengil, E. G. T. (2020). Feeding Habit and Length-Weight Relationship, Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758 from Southeastern Black Sea. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 16(4), 479-486. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.714094
• Aydın, M., & Mazlum, R. E., (2020). Feeding ecology of black scorpion fish (Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758) in SE Black Sea region, (Ordu) Turkey. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 100(3), 435 – 444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531542000020X
• Ayyıldız, H., Özen, Ö., Altın, A., & Öztekin, A. (2011). Feeding Habits of Young of the Year Striped Sea Bream, Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758), from Çanakkale Shallow Waters. Iğdir Universty Journal of Science Institute. 1(3), 93-98.
• Balık, İ. (1999). The Feeding Features of The Pike–perch (Stizostedion lucioperca) Population in Lake Beyşehir. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23(2), 189-194.
• Balık, İ., Karaşahin, B., Özkök, R., Çabuk, H., & Uysal, R. (2003). Diet of Silver Crucian Carp Carasssius gibelio in Lake Eğirdir. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3(2), 87-91.
• Balık, İ., Çubuk, H., Karaşahin, B., Özkök, R., Uysal, R., & Alp, A. (2006). Food and Feeding Habits of the Pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758), Population from Lake E¤irdir. Turkey Turkısh Journal of Zoology, 30(1), 19-26.
• Bal, H., Yanık, T., & Türker, D. (2020). Diet composition of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Sea of Marmara. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 9(1), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.675929
• Baker, R., Buckland, A., & Sheaves, M. (2014). Fish gut content analysis: robust measures of diet composition. Fish and Fisheries, 15(1), 170– 177.
• Başçınar, C. S., & Sağlam, H. (2005). Feedıng Habıts of Thornback Ray (Raja clavata), Scorpıon Fısh (Scorpaena porcus) and Stargazer (Uranoscopus scaber) ın The Eastern Blacksea. Turkish Journal of Aquatic Life, Special Issue, 3(4),165-169.
• Başçınar, N.S., & Sağlam, H. (2009). Feeding Habits of Black Scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus, in the SouthEastern Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9, 99-103.
• Bayhan, B., & Sever, T.M. (2013). Food and feeding habits of the Atlantic Horse Mackerel, Trachurus trachurus, from the Aegean Sea (Osteichthyes: Carangidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 46(1), 2326-2680. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2009.10638327
• Bayhan, B., & Sever, T. M. (2015). Spring diet and feeding strategy of the European sprat Sprattus sprattus (L., 1758) from the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 3(9), 697-700.
• Bayhan, B., & Sever, T. M. (2015). Feeding of the round sardinella Sardinella aurita Valenciennes,1847 (Osteichthyes: Clupeidae) in the Turkish Aegean Sea. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 2(4), 38-42.
• Becer, Z. A., Apaydın-Yağcı, M., Yağcı, A., & Alp, A. (2018). Diet Of Sand Smelt, Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) During The Reproductive Period In Karacaören Dam Lake (Turkey). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(7), 5173-5178.
• Becer, Z. A., Özvarol, Y., Gozacan, M. N., Bektaş, S., & Yıldırım, A. (2011). The diet of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in different streams of River Coruh in Turkey. Journal of Food, Agriculture Environment, 9(1), 451-456.
• Bengil, F., Bengil, E. G. T., Mavruk, S., Heral, O., Karaman, O. D., & Ozaydın, O. (2018). Feeding Ecology of Four Demersal Shark Species (Etmopterus spinax, Galeus melastomus, Scyliorhinus canicula and Squalus blainville) from the Eastern Aegean Sea. Turkish Journal Fisheries and Aquatıc Sciences, 19(6), 475-484. http://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v19_6_03
• Benson, D. A., Cavanaugh, M., Clark, K., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D. J., Ostell, J., & Sayers, E. W. (2013). GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1195
• Benzer, S., Gül, A., & Yılmaz, M. (2012). Feeding Properties of Pike (Esox lucius L., 1758) Living in Kapulukaya Dam Lake (Türkiye). GEFAD / GUJGEF, 32(3), 697-714.
• Bora, N., & Gül, A. (2004). Feeding Biology of Silurus glanis (L., 1758) Living in Hirfanlı Dam Lake. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Sciences, 28(3), 471-479.
• Birkhofer, K., Bylund, H., Dalin, P., Ferlian, O., Gagic, V., Hambäck, P. A., & Jonsson, M. (2017). Methods to identify the prey of invertebrate predators in terrestrial field studies. Ecology and Evolution, 7(6), 1942– 1953. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2791
• Bilecenoğlu, M. (2009). Growth and feeding habits of the brown comber, Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea, Acta Adrıatıca, 50(1), 105 – 110.
• Broad, W. J. (1996). “Scientists Close in Elusive Giant Squid, New York Times”, Science Times, 13.
• Buckland, A., Baker, R., Loneragan, L., & Sheaves, M. (2017). Standardising fish stomach content analysis: The importance of prey condition. Fisheries Research, 196, 126– 140.
• Ceyhan, T., Akyol, O., Sever, T. M., & Kara, A. (2011). Diet composition of adult twaite shad (Alosa fallax) in the Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay, Turkey). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92(3), 601–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411000750
• Cortes, E., (1997). A critical review of methods of studying fish feeding based on analysis of stomach contents: application to elasmobranch fishes. Canadian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 54(3), 726–738.
• Costalago, D., Forster, İ., Nemcek, N., Neville, C., Perry, İ. R., Young, K., & Hunt, P. V. (2020). Seasonal and spatial dynamics of the planktonic trophic biomarkers in the Strait of Georgia (northeast Pacific) and implications for fish. Scientific Reports, 10, 8517. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65557-1
• Çakmak, M. N., Şen, D., Çalta, M., Pala, G., Aydın, R., & Ural, M. Ş. (2002). The Stomach Content of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) Living in Euphrates. Fırat University Journal of Science and Engineering Sciences, 14(1), 217-223.
• Çelik, B., & Saler, S. (2016). Digestive System Content of Bizir, Carrassobarbus luteus (Heckel,1843) Living in Atatürk Dam Lake. Limnology Fish. 2(2), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.17216/LimnoFish-5000139495
• Çetin, E. (2011). Spatial and Seasonal Changes in Feeding Habits of Freshwater Sea Bass (Perca fluviatilis L., 1758) in Yeşilırmak and Dams Built on it. [Master Thesis, T.C. Gaziosmanpasa University]
• Clare, E. L., Chain, F. J., Littlefair, J. E., & Cristescu, M. E. (2016). The effects of parameter choice on defining molecular operational taxonomic units and resulting ecological analyses of metabarcoding data 1. Genome, 59, 981– 990. https://doi.org/10.1139/[e-mail]0
• Çiçek, E., Frıcke, R., Sungur, S., & Eagderı, S. (2018). Endemic freshwater fishes of Turkey. FishTaxa, 3(4), 1-39.
• Daban, İ. B., Cabar, K., & Yığın, C. Ç. (2022). Feeding Ecology of Thornback Ray, Raja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) in Gökçeada Island, Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, 38(1), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-021-00363-8
• Dede, A., Salman, A., & Tonay, A. M. (2016). Stomach contents of by-caught striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 96(4), 869–875. https://doi:10.1017/S0025315415001538
• Demirci, S., & Yalçın Özdilek, Ş., (2015). Feeding Habits of Capoeta barroisi (Cyprinidae) in The Asi Basin (orontes) Turkey. Journal of Fisheries Sciencies 9(3), 055-062.
• Demir, N., & Balık, İ., (2021). Food Composition of the Whiting, Merlangius merlangus in the South-eastern Coast of the Black Sea. Acta Aquatica Turcica 17(1), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.753134
• Demirhan, S. A., Seyhan, K., & Başusta, N. (2007). Dietary Overlap in Spiny Dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and Thornback Ray (Raja clavata) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Ecology, 16(62), 1-8.
• Dönmez, M. A., & Bat, L. (2019). Detection of feeding dietary Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri, 1778) in Samsun coasts of the Black Sea, Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 36(2), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2019.36.2.0
• Ebert D. A., & Bizzarro, J. J. (2007). Standardized diet composition and trophic levels of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei). Environmental Biology of Fish, 80(2-3), 221–237.
• Engin, By.S., & Seyhan, K. (2009). Age, growth, sexual maturity and food composition of Sciaena umbra in the south-eastern Black Sea, Turkey. Journal Applied Ichthyology, 25(12), 96–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01173.x
• Estes, J. A., Terborgh, J., Brashares, J. S., Power, M. E., Berger, J., Bond, W., Carpenter, S. R., Essington, T. E., Holt, R. D., Jackson, J. B. C., Marquis, R. J., Oksanen, L., Oksanen, T., Paine, R. T., Pikitch, E. K., Ripple, W. J., Sandin, S. A., Scheffer, M., Schoener, T. W., Shurin, J. B., Sinclair, A. R. E., Soule, M. E., Virtanen, R., & Wardle, D. A. (2011). Trophic downgrading of planet Earth. Science, 333(6040), 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1205106
• Erdem, Y., Özdemir, S., & Sümer, Ç. (September 4-6, 2001). A study on stomach contents of stingray (Raja clavata L.). XI. National Fisheries Symposium; Hatay, Turkey.
• Eronat, E. G., & Özaydın, O. (2015). Diet composition of the Thornback Ray, Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 (Elasmobranchii: Rajidae) in the Turkish Aegean Sea. Zoology in the Middle East, 61(1), 38–44. http://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2014.994312
• Fishbase (2022). https://www.fishbase.se/country/CountryChecklist.php?c_code=792&vhab itat=saltwater&csub_code=
• Filiz, H., & Taşkavak, E. (2006). Food of Lesser Spotted Dogfısh, Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758), ın Foca (The Northeast Aegean Sea, Turkey) ın Autumn. Ege Universty Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 32(4), 193-195.
• Filiz, H. (2009). Diet composition of smooth-hound, Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758), in Aegean Sea, Turkey. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 139(1), 81-4.
• Froese, R., & Pauly, D. (2017). FishBase. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. Retrieved from www.fishbase.org. version (10/2017).
• Gaygusuz, C. G., Tarhan, A. S., & Gaygusuz, O. (2010). The Diet Changes in Feeding Activity, Microhabitat Preferences and Abundance of Two Freshwater Fish Species in Small Temperate Streams (Ömerli, Istanbul). Ecology, 19(76), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2010.763
• Gerking SD (1994). Feeding ecology of fish. Academic Press, San Diego.
• Gençoğlu, L., Kırankaya, Ş. G., Yoğurtçuoğlu, B., & Ekmekçi, F. G. (2017). Feeding Properties of the Translocated Marine Fish Sand Smelt Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 (Atherinidae) in a Freshwater Reservoir. Acta Zoologiıca Bulgarica, 9, 131-138.
• Guedes, A. P. P., & Araújo, F. G. (2008). Trophic resource partitioning among five flatfish species (Actinopterygii, Pleuronectiformes) in a tropical bay in south-eastern Brazil. Journal Fish Biology, 72(4), 1035–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01788.x
• Gulland, J. A. (1977) Fish population dynamics: The implications for management. Wiley Interscience, New York.
• Güçlü, S. S., & Erdoğan, Ö. (2017). Age, growth, sex ratio and feeding of Knipowitschia caucasica (Berg, 1916) (Actinopterygii, Gobiidae) in non-native species of Eğirdir Lake (Turkey). Acta Bıologıca Turcıca, 30(1), 1-6.
• Gül, G., Yokeş, M. B., & Demirel, N. (2009). The occurrence and feeding of a critically endangered shark species, Oxynotus centrina in the Sea of Marmara. Fish Biyology, 101(3), 728–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15119
• Gül, A., Yılmaz, M., Kuşçu, A., & Benzer, S. (2010). Feedıng Propertıes of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.,1758) Lıvıng ın Hirfanlı Dam Lake. Kastamonu Journal of Education, 18(2), 545-556.
• Gül, G., & Demirel, N. (2021). Evaluation of the comprehensive feeding strategy and trophic role of overexploited mesopredator species in the Sea of Marmara (northeastern Mediterranean). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 259, 107448. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107448
• Gül, G., & Demirel, N. (2022). Ontogenetic shift in diet and trophic role of Raja clavata inferred by stable isotopes and stomach content analysis in the Sea of Marmara. Fish Biyology, 101, 560–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15123
• Saç, G. (2020). Food overlap between Vimba vimba (L., 1758) and Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L., 1758) in Büyükçekmece Reservoir (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Bioscience and Collections, 4(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.26650/tjbc.20200013
• Gürbüz, Ö. A., Yılmaz, M., & Gül, A. (2012). Feeding properties of tench (Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)) in Hirfanlı Dam Lake (Kırşehir, Turkey). Ege Journal Fish Aquatic Science, 29(4), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2012.29.4.02
• Gürbüz, Ö. A. (2018, October 29-November 1). Impact assessment of non-native fish species in inland waters of Turkey [Oral Presentation]. 2nd International Water Congress. Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY.
• Halit, F. (2009). Diet composition of smooth-hound, Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758), in Aegean Sea, Turkey. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 139(1), 81-84.
• Hynes, H. B. N. (1950). The food of fresh-water sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pygosteus pungitius), with a review of methods used in studies of the food of fishes. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 19, 36– 58.
• Hyslop, E. J. (1980). Stomach contents analysis - a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology, 17, 411– 429.
• İlhan, D. (2019). Food Preferences of the five gurnard species (Triglidae) in Edremit Bay. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 15(3), 347-353. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.529907
• Iverson, S. J. (2009). Tracing aquatic food webs using fatty acids: from qualitative indicators to quantitative determination. Lipids in aquatic ecosystems, Springer, New York, NY, 7(1), 281−308. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89366-2_12
• Jennings, S., Greenstreet, S. P. R., Hill, L., Piet, G. J., Pinnegar, J. K., & War, K. J. (2002). Long-term trends in the trophic structure of the North Sea fish community: evidence from stable-isotopes analysis, size-spectra and community metrics. Marine Biology, 141(6), 1085–1097.
• Kabasakal, H. (2001). Prellminary data on the feeding ecology of some selachians from the north-eastern Aegean Sea. Acta Adriatica, 42(2), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0905-7
• Kasımoğlu, C., & Yılmaz, F. (2016). The feeding habits of Mugil cephalus (Linneaus, 1758) inhabiting in Gökova Bay (Muğla). Dicle University Institute of Natural and Applied Science Journal, 5(1), 34-40.
• Kara, C., & Alp, A. (2005). Feeding Habits and Diet Composition of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) in the Upper Streams of River Ceyhan and River Euphrates in Turkey. Turkish Journal Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 29(2), 417-428.
• Karakulak, F. S., Salman, A., & Oray, K. (2009). Diet composition of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L. 1758) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey. Journal Applied Ichthyology, 25(6), 757–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01298.x
• Kartzinel, T. R., Chen, P. A., Coverdale, T. C., Erickson, D. L., Kress, W. J., Kuzmina, M. L., & Pringle, R. M. (2015). DNA metabarcoding illuminates dietary niche partitioning by African large herbivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(26), 8019– 8024. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.150328311
• Kratina, P., LeCraw, R. M., Ingram, T., & Anholt, B. R. (2012). Stability and persistence of food webs with omnivory: Is there a general pattern? Ecosphere, 3(6), 50. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00121.1 Kaya, Ş. (2018). Nutritional Ecology of Garfish (Belone belone euxini Günther, 1866). [Master's Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University].
• Kocabaş, M., Kayım, M., Aksu, Ö., Can, E., Kızak, V., Kutluyer, F., Serdar, O., & Demirtaş, N. (2012). Seasonal variation in food preference of the brown trout Salmo trutta macrostigma (T., 1954) from Uzungöl Stream, Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(13), 1982-1987. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.403
• Koç, H.T., & Erdoğan, Z. (2019). Feeding Habits of the Mediterranean Horse Mackerel, Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1868) in the Sea of Marmara (Bandırma Bay, Turkey). NESciences, 4(2), 182-193. https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.567123
• Konar, V., & Parlak, A. E. (2009). The Content of Digestive System of Acanthobrama marmid Heckel, 1843 Inhabiting Euphrates River. Fırat Univ. Journal of Science, 21(2), 157-165.
• Logan, M. S., Iverson, S. J., Ruzzante, D. E., Walde, S. J., Macchi, P. J., & Alonso, M. F. (2000). Long term diet differences between morphs in trophically polymorphic Percichthys trucha (Pisces: Percichthyidae) populations from the southern Andes. Biology Journal Linnean Society, 69, 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01225.x
• Lawror, L. R., (1980). Overlap, similarity and competition coefficients. Ecology, 61(2), 245-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1935181
• Longenecker, K. (2007). Devil in the details: high-resolution dietary analysis contradicts a basic assumption of reef-fish diversity models. Copeia, 3, 543–555. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)2007[543:DITDHD]2.0.CO;2
• Mantel, S. K., Salas, M., & Dudgeon, D. (2004). Food web structure in a tropical forest stream. Journal North America Bentholgical Society, 23(4), 728-755.
• Marshall, S., & Elliott, M. (1997). A comparasion of univariate and multivariate numerical and grophical techniques for determing inter and intraspecific feeding relationships in estuarine fish. Journal Fish Biyology, 51(3), 526-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01510.x
• Mazlum, R. E., & Bilgin, S. (2014). Age, growth, reproduction and diet of the whiting, Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Nordmann, 1840), in the southeastern Black Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 55(4), 463-474.
• Michener, R. H., Kaufman, L., & Lajtha, K. (2007). Stable isotope ratios as tracers in marine food webs: An update. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science, 2, 238– 282.
• Mitra, A., & Flynn, K. J. (2007). Importance of interactions between food quality, quantity, and gut transit time on consumer feeding, growth, and trophic dynamics. The American Naturalist, 169(5), 632– 646.
• Motta P. J., & Wilga, C. D. (2001). Advances in the study of feeding behaviors, mechanisms, and mechanics of sharks. Environmental Biology of Fish, 60(20), 131–156.
• Nielsen, J. M., Clare, E. L., Hayden, B., Brett, M. T., & Kratina, P. (2018). Diet tracing in ecology: method comparison and selection. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 278– 291.
• Onay, H., & Dalgıc, G. (2019). Seasonal Changes ın The Food Spectrum and Day-Tıme Rhythm of Feedıng ın Red Mullet Mullus barbatus (Lınnaeus, 1758) ın The Southeast Black Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(4), 2671-2678.
• Okgerman, H. C., Yardımcı, C. H., Dorak, Z., & Yılmaz, N. (2013). Feeding ecology of (Vimba vimba L., 1758) in terms of size groups and seasons in Lake Sapanca, northwestern Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37(3), 288-297. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1107-1
• Ozen, O., Altın, A., & Ayyıldız, H. (2010). The diet of Clinitrachus argentatus (Blennioidei: Clinidae) in the northern Aegean and Marmara Seas. Journal of Fish Biology, 76(1), 1516–1519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02577.x
• Ölmez, A., & Akın, Ş. (2020). Spatial and Temporal Variation in Feeding Habits Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) Living in Suat Uğurlu and Hasan Uğurlu Dam Lakes, Yeşilırmak River, Turkey. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.639797
• Özbay, T. (2015). Investigation of Biological Characteristics of Blowfish, Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789), Distributed in Mersin Bay. [Master’s thesis, Balıkesir University].
• Özcan, E. İ., & Başusta, N. (2015). Stomach contents of the Lesser Spotted Dogfish, (Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) inhabiting Northeastern Mediterranean. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 32(4), 193-195. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2015.32.4.03
• Yalçın Özdilek, Ş., & Jones, R. I. (2014). The Diet Composition and Trophic Position of Introduced Prussian Carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) and Native Fish Species in a Turkish River. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14(3), 769-776. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_3_19
• Özer, E. İ., & Başusta, N. (2012). Balıklarda mide içeriği analiz yöntemleri. Nwsa-ecological Life Sciences, 7(1), 12-21.
• Özütemiz, Ş., Kaya, M., & Özaydın, O. (2009). A Preliminary Study on the Length-Weight Relationship and Nutritional Characteristics of Two Species of Shark [Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810 and Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1826)] in the Sığacık Bay (Aegean Sea). Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences, 26(3), 211-217.
• Özvarol, Z. A. B. (2006). Food and Feeding Characters of The Pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L., 1758) Population from Karacaören-I Dam Lake (Turkey). Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Egirdir Fisheries Faculty, 2-3(1-2), 1-11.
• Özvarol, A. Z. B., Özvarol, Y., Gozacan, M. N., Bektaş, S., & Yıldırım, A. (2011). The diet of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in different streams of River Coruh in Turkey. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 9(1), 451-456.
• Özyurt, C. E., Mavruk, S., & Kiyağa, V. B. (2012). Effects of Predator Size and Gonad Maturation on Food Preference and Feeding Intensity of Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12(2), 315-322. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v12_2_17
• Özyurt, C. E., Mavruk, S., Kiyağa, V. B., & Perker, M. (2017). Assessment of Some of the Feeding Aspects and Reproduction of S. undosquamis Distributed in the İskenderun Bay. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v17_1_07
• Pala, G., Tellioğlu, A., Eroğlu, M., & Şen, D. (2010). The Digestive System Content of Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Banks & Solander, 1794) Inhabiting in Karakaya Dam Lake (Malatya-Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10(2), 229-233. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2010.0211
• Partal, N., & Yalçın Özdilek, Ş., (2017). Feeding ecology of invasive Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in Karamenderes Stream, Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(2), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.2.07
• Partal, N., & Yalçın Özdilek, Ş., (2019). Ontogenetic Diet Shift of Invasive Gibel Carp (Carassius gibelio, Bloch 1782) in Karamenderes River (Turkey). Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 5(1), 6-16. http://doi.org/10.17216/LimnoFish.461758
• Phleger, C. F., Nichols, P. D., & Virtue, P., (1997). The lipid, fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition of the myctophid fish electrona antarcticus: high level of wax esters and food-chain implications. Antarctic Science, 9(3), 258-265.
• Piana P. A., Gomes L. C., & Agostinho A. A. (2006). Comparison of predator–prey interaction models for fish assemblages from the neotropical region. Ecology Model, 192(1-2), 259–270.
• Pierce, G. J., & Boyle, P. R. (1991). A review of methods for diet analysis in piscivorous marine mammals. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 29, 409– 486.
• Polat, N., & Yılmaz, M. (1999). The Contents of Digestion System of Chondrostoma regium Heckel, 1843 (Pisces: Cyprinidae) Population in Suat Uğurlu Dam Lake (Çarşamba-Samsun). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23(2), 679-693.
• Rezende C. F., Caramaschi E. M. P., & Mazzoni R. (2008). Fluxo de energia em comunidades aquaticas, com enfase em ecossistemas lóticos. Oecologia Brasiliensis, 12(4), 626–639.
• Salman, A. (2004). The role of Cephalopods ın the dıet of Swordfısh (Xıphıas gladıus Lınnaeus, 1758) ın the aegean sea (eastern medıterranean). Bulletın of Marıne Scıence, 74(1), 21–29.
• Salman, A., & Karakulak, F. S. (2009). Cephalopods in the diet of albacore, Thunnus alalunga, from the eastern Mediterranean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89(3), 635–640. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408002555
• Saler, S., Çoban, Z., Örnekçi, G. N., Yüce, S., & Türkgülü, İ. (2010). The animal organisms found in Barbus mystaceus’ (Pallas, 1814) stomach content liıving in Keban Dam Lake. e-Journal of New World Sciences Academ Ecological Life Sciences, 5(2), 97-104.
• Saler, S., Sönmez, F., Çelik, B., Örnekçi, G. N., & Yüce, S. (2010). The Digestive system contents of Capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843) and Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) species living in Keban dam lake (Turkey). Ecological Life Sciences, 5(4), 307 -318.
• Sağlam, H., & Başçınar, N. S. (2008). Feeding ecology of thornback ray (Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758) on the Turkish coast of the south-eastern Black Sea. Marine Biology Research, 4(6), 451-457. https://doi.org/2010.1080/17451000802233393
• Sağlam., H., Ak, O., Kutlu, S., & Aydın, İ. (2009). Diet and feeding strategy of the common stingray Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Turkish coast of southeastern Black Sea. Cahiers de Biologie. Marine, 51(1), 37-44.
• Saç, G., & Özuluğ, M. (2020). Life history pattern and feeding habits of Gobio bulgaricus (Drensky, 1926) (Pisces: Gobionidae) in an endorheic stream (Istranca Stream, Turkey). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 19(1), 248 – 261. https:/doi.org/2010.22092/ijfs.2019.118805
• Saç, G. (2020). Food overlap between Vimba vimba (L., 1758) and Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L., 1758) in Büyükçekmece Reservoir (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Bioscience and Collections, 4(1), 2601-4292. https://doi.org/10.26650/tjbc.20200013
• Samsun, S., Erdem, Y., & Kalaycı, F. (2011). Feeding Regime of Whiting (Gadus merlangus euxinus Nordmann, 1840) In Turkish Middle Black Sea Coast. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11(4), 515-522. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v11_4_02
• Serdar, O., & Özer, E. İ. (2017). Preliminary study on feeding habits and condition factor of Salmo trutta macrostigma (Dumeril, 1858) in Karasu River. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, 1(1), 17-21.
• Sever, T. M., Bayhan, B., & Taşkavak, E. (2005). A Preliminary Study on the Feeding Regime of European Pilchard (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum1792) in Izmir Bay, Turkey, Eastern Aegean Sea. NAGA, WorldFish Center Quarterly, 28(3), 41-48.
• Sever, T. M., Bayhan, B., Bilencioğlu, M., & Mavili, S. (2006). Diet composition of the juvenile chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay, Turkey). Journal Applicety Ichthyology, 22(9), 145–148.
• Sever, T. M., Filiz, H., Bayhan, B., Taşkavak, E., & Bilge, G. (2008). Food habits of the hollow snout grenadier, Caelorinchus caelorhincus (Risso, 1810), in the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 138(1), 81-84.
• Sever, T. M., Bayhan, B., Bilge, G., & Taşkavak, E. (2009). Diet composition of Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) (Pisces: Belonidae) in the Aegean Sea. Journal Applicety Ichthyology, 25(5), 702–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01368.x
• Sever, T. M., Bayhan, B., Filiz, H., Taşkavak, E., & Bilge, G. (2013). Diet composition of the five deep sea fish from the Aegean Sea. Ege Journal Fish Aquatic Sciences, 30(2), 61-67. https://doi.org10.12714/egejfas.2013.30.2.03
• Sever, T. M., & İlhan, D. (2016). Dıet composıtıon of red bandfısh, Cepola macrophthalma (Actınopterygıı: Percıformes: Cepolıdae), from the aegean sea of Turkey. Acta Ichthyologıca Et Pıscatorıa, 46(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.3750/aıp2016.46.3.05
• Sever, T. M. (2019). Diet Composition of the Blotched Picarel Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque, 1810 (Actinopterygii, Sparidae) from the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Acta Zoologıca Bulgarica, 71(4), 581-588.
• Simons, J. D., Yuan, M., Carollo, C., Vega-Cendejas, M., Shirley, T., Palomares, M. L., & Holmes, J. (2013). Building a fisheries trophic interaction database for management and modeling research in the Gulf of Mexico large marine ecosystem. Bulletin of Marine Science, 89(1), 135– 160. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1130
• Stergiou, K. I., & Karpouzi V. S. (2002) Feeding habits and trophic levels of Mediterranean fish. Reviwes Fish Biology Fish, 11(3), 217–254.
• Svanbäck, R., & Bolnick, D. I. (2007). Intraespecific competition drives increased resource use diversity within a natural population. Proceedings Royal Socıety B-Biological Sciences, 274(1611), 839–844. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0198
• Şenbahar, A. M., & Özaydın, O. (2021). Feeding ecology of Black bellied Anglerfish Lophinus budegassa in the Central Aegean Sea, Turkey. Journal of Ichthyology, 61(6), 881–890. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945221060151
• Tanrıverdi, R., Gökoğlu, M., & Korun, J. (2022). First Observations on the Stomach Contents of Devil Firefish, Pterois miles (Bennett, 1828) in the Gulf of Antalya, Turkey. Acta Natura Scientıca, 3(1), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.29329/actanatsci.2022.351.03
• Tellioğlu, A., Pala, G., Çoban, M. N., & Şen, D. (2004). The Content of Digestive System of Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843) Inhabiting In Keban Dam Lake. Fırat University Journal of Science and Engineering Sciences, 16(4), 623-632.
• Tirasin, E. M., & Özgen, Ö. (2016). Feeding Ecology of Brown Comber Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Izmir Bay (Turkey). Natural and Engineering Sciences, 1(3), 17-30.
• Tunney, T. D., McCann, K. S., Lester, N. P., & Shuter, B. J. (2014). Effects of differential habitat warming on complex communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(22), 8077– 8082. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319618111
• Türker, H. (2006). The Feeding Habits and Assimilation Efficiencies of Three Cyprinid Species in Lake Gölköy (Bolu-Turkey). Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Egirdir Fisheries Faculty, 2(1), 37-45.
• Tüzün, S., Dalyan, C., & Eryılmaz, L. (2021). Feeding biology and resource partitioning of the Mullidae family members of the northeastern Levantine coast of Turkey. Environmental Biology Fishes, 104(12), 1629–1642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-021-01190-9
• Uçkun, D., Sever, T. M., & Toğulga, M. (2003). A Preliminary Study on Nutritional Characteristics of Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, L., 1758) in Izmir Bay. Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences, 20(1-2), 121 – 127. Uncumusaoglu, A., Gurkan, Ş., & Taşkavak, E., (2018). Seasonal variation in the diet of Big-Scale Sand Smelt Atherina boyeri from the coast of Candarli Bay (North Aegean Sea, Turkey). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 59, 131-135. https://doi.org/10.21411/CBM.A.530F9BFA
• Ünlüoğlu, A., Cihangir, B., Kaya, M., Benli, H. A., & Katağan, T. (2002). Variations in the feeding intensity and diet composition of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) during 24-h period in the summertime in Hisarönü Bay. Published online by Cambridge University Press.
• Ünver, E. (2011). Feedıng dıetary of pıke Esox lucius l.,1758 ınhabıtıng Sıdıklı Küçükboğaz dam lake. [ Master's thesis Ahi Evran University Institute of Natural Sciences]
• Ünver, E., & Erakan, F. (2011). Diet composition of chub, Squalius cephalus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), in Lake Tödürge, Sivas, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27(6), 1350–1355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01766.x
• Vizzini, S., & Mazzola, A. 2004. Stable isotope evidence for the environmental impact of a land-based fish farm in the western Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49(1-2), 61-70.
• Wirta, H. K., Hebert, P. D., Kaartinen, R., Prosser, S. W., Várkonyi, G., & Roslin, T. (2014). Complementary molecular information changes our perception of food web structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(5), 1885– 1890. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.131699011
• Werner, E. E., & Hall, D. J. (1974). Optimal foraging and the size selection of prey by the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ecology, 55(5), 1042–1052.
• Wells, R. J. D., & Rooker, J. R. (2009). Feeding ecology of pelagic fish larvae and juveniles in slope waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology, 75(7), 1719–1732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02424.x
• Winemiller, K. O. (1990). Spatial and temporal variation in tropical fish trophic networks. Ecological Monographs, 60(3), 331-367.
• Winemiller, K. O., & Polis, G. A. (1996). What can they tell us about world=?. In G. A. Polis & K. O. Winemiller (Eds.). Food webs: integration of patterns and Dynamics. Chapman and Hall, New York. Winemiller, K. O., & Layman, C. A. (2005). “Food web science”. Dynamic Food Webs, 10-23.
• Winemiller, K. O., Akın, S., & Zeug, S. C. (2007). Production sources and food web structure of a temperate tidal estuary, integration of dietary and stable isotope data. Marine Ecology Progress Series.
• Winemiller, K. O., Agostinho, A. A., Caramaschi, E. P. (2008). Fish ecology in tropical streams. Tropical stream ecology, (I-III), 107-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012088449-0.50007-8
• Wilson, E. E., & Wolkovich, E. M. (2011). Scavenging: how carnivores and carrion structure communities. Trends Ecology Evolution, 26(3), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.12.011
• Yağcı, M. A., Alp, A., Yağcı, A., Uysal, R., & Yeğen, V. (2016). Feeding ecology and prey selection of sand smelt, Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 in Eğirdir Lake (southern Anatolia, Turkey). Wiley Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 34(4), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13676
• Yalçın, Ş., Akyurt, İ., & Solak, K. (2001). Stomach Contents of the Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) in the River Asi (Turkey). Turkish Journal Zoology, 25(4), 461-468.
• Yalçın Özdilek, Ş., Kırankaya, Ş. G., & Ekmekçi, F. G. (2013). Feeding Ecology of the Topmouth Gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) in the Gelingüllü Reservoir, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(1), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_1_11
• Yazıcıoğlu, O., & Yılmaz, M. (2011). Feeding Regime of Siraz Fish Capoeta sieboldii (Steindachner, 1864) Living in Hirfanlı Dam Lake. The Black Sea Journal of Sciences, 1(3), 62-73.
• Yazıcıoğlu, O., Yılmaz, S., Yazıcı, R., Erbaşaran, M., & Polat, N. (2016). Feeding ecology and prey selection of European perch, Perca fluviatilis inhabiting a eutrophic lake in northern Turkey. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 31(4), 641-651. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2016.1220432
• Yazıcıoğlu, O., Yılmaz, S., Yazıcı, R., Yılmaz, M., & Polat, N. (2017). Food Items and Feeding Habits of White Bream, Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus, 1758) Inhabiting Lake Ladik (Samsun, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(2), 371-378. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v17_2_16
• Yazici, R., Yazicioazlu, O., Yilmaz, S., & Polat, N. (2022). Food composition and feeding strategies of an invasive species, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) inhabiting a eutrophic lake in Middle Black Sea region. Indian Journal Of Fısherıes, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2022.69.2.109176-06
• Yeldan, H., Avşar, D., & Manaşırlı, M. (2009). Age, growth and feeding of the common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca, L., 1758) in the Cilician coastal basin, northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25(1), 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01075.x
• Yemişken, E., Forero, M. G., Megalofonou, P., Eryılmaz, L., & Navarro, J. (2018). Feeding habits of three Batoids in the Levantine Sea (north-eastern Mediterranean Sea) based on stomach content and isotopic data. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98(1), 89 –96. https://doi:10.1017/S002531541700073X
• Yeşilçimen, H. Ö., & Özyurt, C. E., 2018. Spawnıng And Some Of The Feedıng Traıts Of Brushtooth Lızardfısh (Saurida undosquamis (Rıchardson,1848)) Iskenderun Gulf (North-Eastern Medıterranean. Çukurova University Journal of Science and Engineering Sciences, 7, 35.
• Young, J. W., Guest, M. A., Lansdell, M., Phleger, C. F., & Nichols, P. D. (2010). Discrimination of prey species of juvenile swordfish Xiphias gladius (Linnaeus, 1758) using signature fatty acid analyses. Progress Oceanography, 86(1-2), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.028
• Yoğurtçuoğlu, B., Ekmekçi, F. G., & Karachle, P. (2021). A review and assessment of fish trophic levels in a large reservoir of central Anatolia, Turkey. Marine and Freshwater Research 72(3), 311-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF20161
• Yigin, Ç., & İsmen, A. (2010). Dıet of Thornback ray (Raja clavata Lınnaeus, 1758) ın Saros bay (the north aegean sea). Environmental Science, 39, 700.
• Yılmaz, F., & Solak, K., (1999). Nutritional Organisms of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) Living in the Tigris River and Changes of These Organisms According to Months and Ages. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23(3), 973-978.
• Yılmaz, M., & Polat, N. (2003). Digestive System Content of Red Frog (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L. 1758) Living in Samsun-Bafra Fish Lakes (Tatlı Göl and Gıcı Lake). Fırat University Journal of Science and Engineering Sciences, 15(4), 463-471.
• Yılmaz, M., Yılmaz, S., Kandemir, Ş., Bostancı, D., & Polat, N. (2003). Dietary Preferences of Perch ( Perca fluviatilis L., 1758) Inhabiting Derbent Dam Lake (Bafra-Samsun) and Their Relationship with Seasonal and Age-Dependent Variations. Turk Journal Vetenira Animal Sciences, 27(3), 627-635.
• Yılmaz, M., Gümüş, A., Yılmaz, S., & Polat, N. (2003). Aged-Based Food Preferences of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) Inhabiting Fish Lakes in the Bafra District of Samsun Province (Lakes Tatl› and Gıcı). Turkish Journal Veterinary Animal Science, 27(4), 971-978.
• Yılmaz, M., & Ablak, Ö. (2003). The Feeding Behavior of Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L., 1758)) Living in Hirfanl› Dam Lake. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 27(5), 1159-1165.
• Yılmaz, M., & Polat, N. (2005). Digestive System Contents of the Pike (Esox lucius L., 1758) Inhabiting Simenit Lake (Terme-Samsun). Science and Eng. J. of Fırat Univ, 17 (3), 573-580.
• Yılmaz, M., Yılmaz, S., Bostancı, D., Polat, N., & Yazıcıoğlu, O. (2007). Feeding dietary of prussian carp (Carassius gibelio, Bloch 1782) inhabiting bafra fish lakes (Samsun). Journal of FisheriesSciences, 1(2), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2007007
• Yılmaz, M., Bostancı, D., Yılmaz, S., & Polat, N. (2008). ki farklı habitatta [Eğirdir Gölü (Isparta) ve Bafra balık gölleri (Samsun)] yaşayan havuz balığı (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782)’nın beslenme rejimlerinin karşılaştırılması. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 2(3), 233-240.