Research Article
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A Study on the Use of Beetroot and Pomegranate Flower Extracts along with Gum Arabic for Coloring Siberian Pine Wood

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 48 - 61, 30.06.2025

Hüseyin Peker , Göksel Ulay , Ümit Ayata , Abdi Atılgan

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of using beetroot and pomegranate flower extracts, as well as Arabic gum, for the coloring of Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) wood. The experiments were conducted using different solution combinations: solution 1: application of Arabic gum, solution 2: application of pomegranate flower extract, solution 3: pomegranate flower extract followed by Arabic gum application, solution 4: a combination of pomegranate flower extract and Arabic gum, solution 5: application of beetroot extract, solution 6: beetroot extract followed by Arabic gum application, and solution 7: a combination of beetroot extract and Arabic gum. According to the results, all treatments with the solutions resulted in a decrease in L* and ho parameters, while increases were observed in C* and a* parameters. The ∆E* values were 8.21 for solution 1, 9.59 for solution 2, 12.81 for solution 3, 8.69 for solution 4, 7.23 for solution 5, 9.92 for solution 6, and 8.62 for solution 7. The results indicate that beetroot and hibiscus extracts, together with gum arabic, can be used to modify the aesthetic properties of Siberian pine wood and serve as an effective alternative for coloring applications.

Keywords

Beet Color Gum arabic Natural dye Pomegranate flower Siberian pine

References

  • ASTM D 2244-3, (2007). Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  • Beldean, E. & Timar, M.C., (2023). Wood Colouring with Natural Dye Extracts. New Research and Perspectives. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series II: Forestry Wood Industry Agricultural Food Engineering, 16(65): 81-92. DOI: 10.31926/but.fwiafe.2023.16.65.2.5.
  • Bhaskar, A. & Kumar, A., (2012). Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect of Punica granatum L flower extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3): S1764-S1769. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60491-2.
  • Bi, Z., Yan, L., Yan, Z., Chen, Z. & Lei, Y., (2023). Improve color stability of plant extract dye through chemical grafting of laccase to wood substrate. Industrial Crops and Products, 194: 116293. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116293.
  • Caius, J.F. & Radha, K.S., (1939). The gum arabic of the bazaars and shops of Bombay. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 41(3): 261-271.
  • Chhikara, N., Kushwaha, K., Sharma, P., Gat, Y. & Panghal, A., (2019). Bioactive compounds of beetroot and utilization in food processing industry: A critical review. Food Chemistry, 272: 192-200. DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2018.08.022.
  • DIN 5033, (1979). Deutsche Normen, Farbmessung. Normenausschuß Farbe (FNF) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung eV, Beuth, Berlin März.
  • Elfalleh, W., Hannachi, H., Tlili, N., Yahia, Y., Nasri, N. & Ferchichi, A. (2012). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel, seed, leaf and flower. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(32): 4724-4730.
  • Gras, C.C., Nemetz, N., Carle, R. & Schweiggert, R.M., (2017). Anthocyanins from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and their color modulation by the addition of phenolic acids and food-grade phenolic plant extracts, Food Chemistry, 235: 265-274. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.169.
  • Idris, O.H.M. & Haddad, G.M., (2012). Gum Arabic’s (gum Acacia’s) journey from tree to end user.
  • ISO 554, (1976). Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Jalikop, S.H., (2010). Pomegranate breeding. Fruit, vegetable and cereal science and Biotechnology, 4(2): 26-34.
  • Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, Z., Qi, C., Tang, R., Zhao, B., Wang, H. & Han, Y. (2020). Microbial dyes: dyeing of poplar veneer with melanin secreted by Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolated from wood. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104, 3367-3377. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10478-2.
  • Karamalla, K.A., (1999). Gum Arabic: Production, Chemistry and Application, Manager Research and Development Department, Sudan: Gandil Agricultural Company Ltd.
  • Kezi, J. & Sumathy, J.H., (2014). Betalain-a boon to the food industry. Discovery, 20: 51-58.
  • Lange, D.R., (1999). Fundamentals of Colourimetry - Application Report No. 10e. DR Lange: New York, NY, USA.
  • Li, T., Zhang, L., Jin, C., Xiong, Y., Cheng, Y.Y. & Chen, K., (2020). Pomegranate flower extract bidirectionally regulates the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of 3T3-L1 cells through regulation of PPARγ expression mediated by PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 131: 110769. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110769.
  • Mariod, A.A., (2018). Chemical properties of gum Arabic, In Gum arabic (pp. 67-73). Academic Press.
  • Mekni, M., Azez, R., Tekaya, M., Mechri, B. & Hammami, M., (2013). Phenolic, non-phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of pomegranate flower, leaf and bark extracts of four Tunisian cultivars. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(17): 1100-1107. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR13.2579.
  • Melgarejo Moreno, P. & Martínez, V.R., (1992). El Grando, Ediciones Mundi Prensa, Madrid, 203 pp.
  • Peker, H., Ulay, G., Çamlıbel, O. & Ayata, Ü., (2025). Kızılçam öz ve diri odunlarına Arap zamkı uygulaması: renk parametrelerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Mekansal Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(1): 23-29.
  • Prabhu, K.H. & Bhute, A.S., (2012). Plant based natural dyes and mordants: A Review. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2(6): 649-664.
  • Roh, J. & Jo, H.J., (2022). Dyeing and color fastness properties of natural dyed actual size hanji. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 50(1): 31-45. DOI: 10.5658/WOOD.2022.50.1.31.
  • Saxena, S. & Raja, A.S.M., (2014). Natural dyes: sources, chemistry, application and sustainability issues. Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing, 37-80. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-287-065-0_2.
  • Scotter, M.J., (2015). Methods of analysis for food colour additive quality and safety assessment. In Scotter, M.J. Colour Additives for Foods and Beverages. Woodhead Publishing, p. 131-188. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-78242-011-8.00006-4.
  • Sheiko, T., Tkachenko, S., Mushtruk, M., Vasyliv, V., Deviatko, O., Mukoid, R., Bilko, M. & Bondar, N., (2019). Studying the processing of food dye from beet juice. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 13(1): 688-694. DOI: 10.5219/1152.
  • Sooch, B.S., Sandhu, N., Mann, M.K. & Ray, R.C. (2024). Valorization of Beetroot Waste for Extraction of Natural Dye for Textile and Food Applications. In: Ray, R.C. (eds) Roots, Tubers, and Bulb Crop Wastes: Management by Biorefinery Approaches. Springer, Singapore, 237-260. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-8266-0_11.
  • Stone, D., (2017). Pomegranate: A global history, Published by Reaktion Books Ltd. eISBN: 9781780237954.
  • Ulay, G., Peker, H. & Ayata, Ü., (2025a). Aniégré, jatobá ve kosipo odunlarında renk değiştirme amaçlı pancar bitkisinin kaynatılması ile elde edilen boyar maddenin kullanılması üzerine bir çalışma, ASERC 2. Uluslararası Sağlık, Mühendislik, Mimarlık ve Matematik Kongresi, 6-8 Haziran 2025, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Ulay, G., Peker, H. & Ayata, Ü., (2025b). Çeşitli sanayi alanlarında kullanılan Arap zamkının üvez, dişbudak ve kestane ahşap türlerinde uygulanması üzerine bir çalışma, Erzurum 1. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 9-11 Mayıs 2025, Erzurum, Türkiye, 142-149.
  • Ulay, G. & Ayata, Ü., (2025). Hint zamkının renk değiştirme amaçlı Malta eriği, santos, sapelli ve maun odunlarına uygulanması, Gece Kitaplığı, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Alanında Araştırmalar ve Değerlendirmeler, Editörler: Prof. Dr. Nihat Sami ÇETİN, Prof. Dr. Nilgül ÇETİN, Doç. Dr. Mustafa Batuhan KURT, Birinci Basım Mart 2025, Ankara, 27-38. ISBN: 978-625-388-233-4.
  • Westwood, M.N., (1978). Temperate-zone Pomology, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 428 pp.
  • Yu, X., Wang, X.-P., Lei, F., Jiang, J.-F., Li, J., Xing, D.-M. & Du, L.-J., (2017). Pomegranate leaf attenuates lipid absorption in the small intestine in hyperlipidemic mice by inhibiting lipase activity. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 15(10): 732-739. DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30104-8.
  • Zhang, L., Naeem, A., Wei, S., Li, Z., Zang, Z., Wang, M., Liu, Y. & Su, D., (2019). PPTS inhibits the TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in human colorectal cancer SW480 cells. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019(1): 2683534. DOI: 10.1155/2019/2683534.
  • Zohary, D., Hopf, M. & Weiss, E., (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. Oxford University Press, pp. 134-135.

Sibirya Çamı Odununda Renklendirme Amaçlı Pancar ile Narçiçeği Ekstraklarının ve Arap Zamkının Kullanılması Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 48 - 61, 30.06.2025

Hüseyin Peker , Göksel Ulay , Ümit Ayata , Abdi Atılgan

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Sibirya çamı (Pinus sibirica) odununun renklendirilmesinde pancar ve narçiçeği ekstraktlarının yanı sıra Arap zamkı kullanılarak yapılan deneylerin etkisi incelenmiştir. Çözeltilerin farklı [Çözelti 1: Arap zamkı uygulanmış deney örneği, Çözelti 2: narçiçeği ekstraktı uygulanmış deney örneği, Çözelti 3: narçiçeği ekstraktı uygulaması sonrasında Arap zamkı uygulanmış deney örneği, Çözelti 4: narçiçeği ekstraktı + Arap zamkı karışımı uygulanmış deney örneği, Çözelti 5: pancar ekstraktı uygulanmış deney örneği, Çözelti 6: pancar ekstraktı uygulaması sonrasında Arap zamkı uygulanmış deney örneği ve Çözelti 7: pancar ekstraktı + Arap zamkı karışımı uygulanmış deney örneği] kombinasyonlarıyla uygulamalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre bütün çözeltilerle yapılan uygulamalarda, L* ve ho parametreleri azalırken, C* ve a* parametrelerinde artışlar görülmüştür. ∆E* değerleri çözelti 1 için 8.21, çözelti 2 için 9.59, çözelti 3 için 12.81, çözelti 4 için 8.69, çözelti 5 için 7.23, çözelti 6 için 9.92 ve çözelti 7 için 8.62 olarak elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, pancar ve narçiçeği ekstraktları ile Arap zamkının, Sibirya çamı odununun estetik özelliklerini değiştirmek ve renklendirme uygulamalarında etkili bir alternatif olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Arap zamkı Doğal boyar madde Narçiçeği Pancar Renk Sibirya çamı

References

  • ASTM D 2244-3, (2007). Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  • Beldean, E. & Timar, M.C., (2023). Wood Colouring with Natural Dye Extracts. New Research and Perspectives. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series II: Forestry Wood Industry Agricultural Food Engineering, 16(65): 81-92. DOI: 10.31926/but.fwiafe.2023.16.65.2.5.
  • Bhaskar, A. & Kumar, A., (2012). Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect of Punica granatum L flower extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3): S1764-S1769. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60491-2.
  • Bi, Z., Yan, L., Yan, Z., Chen, Z. & Lei, Y., (2023). Improve color stability of plant extract dye through chemical grafting of laccase to wood substrate. Industrial Crops and Products, 194: 116293. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116293.
  • Caius, J.F. & Radha, K.S., (1939). The gum arabic of the bazaars and shops of Bombay. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 41(3): 261-271.
  • Chhikara, N., Kushwaha, K., Sharma, P., Gat, Y. & Panghal, A., (2019). Bioactive compounds of beetroot and utilization in food processing industry: A critical review. Food Chemistry, 272: 192-200. DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2018.08.022.
  • DIN 5033, (1979). Deutsche Normen, Farbmessung. Normenausschuß Farbe (FNF) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung eV, Beuth, Berlin März.
  • Elfalleh, W., Hannachi, H., Tlili, N., Yahia, Y., Nasri, N. & Ferchichi, A. (2012). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel, seed, leaf and flower. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(32): 4724-4730.
  • Gras, C.C., Nemetz, N., Carle, R. & Schweiggert, R.M., (2017). Anthocyanins from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and their color modulation by the addition of phenolic acids and food-grade phenolic plant extracts, Food Chemistry, 235: 265-274. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.169.
  • Idris, O.H.M. & Haddad, G.M., (2012). Gum Arabic’s (gum Acacia’s) journey from tree to end user.
  • ISO 554, (1976). Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Jalikop, S.H., (2010). Pomegranate breeding. Fruit, vegetable and cereal science and Biotechnology, 4(2): 26-34.
  • Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, Z., Qi, C., Tang, R., Zhao, B., Wang, H. & Han, Y. (2020). Microbial dyes: dyeing of poplar veneer with melanin secreted by Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolated from wood. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104, 3367-3377. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10478-2.
  • Karamalla, K.A., (1999). Gum Arabic: Production, Chemistry and Application, Manager Research and Development Department, Sudan: Gandil Agricultural Company Ltd.
  • Kezi, J. & Sumathy, J.H., (2014). Betalain-a boon to the food industry. Discovery, 20: 51-58.
  • Lange, D.R., (1999). Fundamentals of Colourimetry - Application Report No. 10e. DR Lange: New York, NY, USA.
  • Li, T., Zhang, L., Jin, C., Xiong, Y., Cheng, Y.Y. & Chen, K., (2020). Pomegranate flower extract bidirectionally regulates the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of 3T3-L1 cells through regulation of PPARγ expression mediated by PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 131: 110769. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110769.
  • Mariod, A.A., (2018). Chemical properties of gum Arabic, In Gum arabic (pp. 67-73). Academic Press.
  • Mekni, M., Azez, R., Tekaya, M., Mechri, B. & Hammami, M., (2013). Phenolic, non-phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of pomegranate flower, leaf and bark extracts of four Tunisian cultivars. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(17): 1100-1107. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR13.2579.
  • Melgarejo Moreno, P. & Martínez, V.R., (1992). El Grando, Ediciones Mundi Prensa, Madrid, 203 pp.
  • Peker, H., Ulay, G., Çamlıbel, O. & Ayata, Ü., (2025). Kızılçam öz ve diri odunlarına Arap zamkı uygulaması: renk parametrelerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Mekansal Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(1): 23-29.
  • Prabhu, K.H. & Bhute, A.S., (2012). Plant based natural dyes and mordants: A Review. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2(6): 649-664.
  • Roh, J. & Jo, H.J., (2022). Dyeing and color fastness properties of natural dyed actual size hanji. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 50(1): 31-45. DOI: 10.5658/WOOD.2022.50.1.31.
  • Saxena, S. & Raja, A.S.M., (2014). Natural dyes: sources, chemistry, application and sustainability issues. Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing, 37-80. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-287-065-0_2.
  • Scotter, M.J., (2015). Methods of analysis for food colour additive quality and safety assessment. In Scotter, M.J. Colour Additives for Foods and Beverages. Woodhead Publishing, p. 131-188. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-78242-011-8.00006-4.
  • Sheiko, T., Tkachenko, S., Mushtruk, M., Vasyliv, V., Deviatko, O., Mukoid, R., Bilko, M. & Bondar, N., (2019). Studying the processing of food dye from beet juice. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 13(1): 688-694. DOI: 10.5219/1152.
  • Sooch, B.S., Sandhu, N., Mann, M.K. & Ray, R.C. (2024). Valorization of Beetroot Waste for Extraction of Natural Dye for Textile and Food Applications. In: Ray, R.C. (eds) Roots, Tubers, and Bulb Crop Wastes: Management by Biorefinery Approaches. Springer, Singapore, 237-260. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-8266-0_11.
  • Stone, D., (2017). Pomegranate: A global history, Published by Reaktion Books Ltd. eISBN: 9781780237954.
  • Ulay, G., Peker, H. & Ayata, Ü., (2025a). Aniégré, jatobá ve kosipo odunlarında renk değiştirme amaçlı pancar bitkisinin kaynatılması ile elde edilen boyar maddenin kullanılması üzerine bir çalışma, ASERC 2. Uluslararası Sağlık, Mühendislik, Mimarlık ve Matematik Kongresi, 6-8 Haziran 2025, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Ulay, G., Peker, H. & Ayata, Ü., (2025b). Çeşitli sanayi alanlarında kullanılan Arap zamkının üvez, dişbudak ve kestane ahşap türlerinde uygulanması üzerine bir çalışma, Erzurum 1. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 9-11 Mayıs 2025, Erzurum, Türkiye, 142-149.
  • Ulay, G. & Ayata, Ü., (2025). Hint zamkının renk değiştirme amaçlı Malta eriği, santos, sapelli ve maun odunlarına uygulanması, Gece Kitaplığı, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Alanında Araştırmalar ve Değerlendirmeler, Editörler: Prof. Dr. Nihat Sami ÇETİN, Prof. Dr. Nilgül ÇETİN, Doç. Dr. Mustafa Batuhan KURT, Birinci Basım Mart 2025, Ankara, 27-38. ISBN: 978-625-388-233-4.
  • Westwood, M.N., (1978). Temperate-zone Pomology, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 428 pp.
  • Yu, X., Wang, X.-P., Lei, F., Jiang, J.-F., Li, J., Xing, D.-M. & Du, L.-J., (2017). Pomegranate leaf attenuates lipid absorption in the small intestine in hyperlipidemic mice by inhibiting lipase activity. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 15(10): 732-739. DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30104-8.
  • Zhang, L., Naeem, A., Wei, S., Li, Z., Zang, Z., Wang, M., Liu, Y. & Su, D., (2019). PPTS inhibits the TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in human colorectal cancer SW480 cells. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019(1): 2683534. DOI: 10.1155/2019/2683534.
  • Zohary, D., Hopf, M. & Weiss, E., (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. Oxford University Press, pp. 134-135.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Construction Materials
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hüseyin Peker 0000-0002-7771-6993

Göksel Ulay 0000-0003-4080-8816

Ümit Ayata 0000-0002-6787-7822

Abdi Atılgan 0000-0002-5893-2113

Submission Date April 23, 2025
Acceptance Date June 19, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Peker, H., Ulay, G., Ayata, Ü., & Atılgan, A. (2025). Sibirya Çamı Odununda Renklendirme Amaçlı Pancar ile Narçiçeği Ekstraklarının ve Arap Zamkının Kullanılması Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Mühendislik Ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 48-61. https://izlik.org/JA56KY89XH

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