The Scale of Sagalassos Red Slip Ware Production - Reconstructions of Local Need and Production Output of Roman Imperial Tableware

Abstract

At the site of Sagalassos, located in southwestern Asia Minor in the ancient region of Pisidia, evidence for the production of tableware during Roman Imperial times has been accumulated during the past decades through archaeological research1. The tableware produced here Sagalassos Red Slip Ware or SRSW , was found on sites both in and around the territory of the ancient town, at a range of inner Anatolian sites, but also as far away as Aquileia Italy , Carthage Tunisia , Lepcis Magna Libya , Hermopolis Magna Egypt , Hama Syria and Tel Anafa Israel

Sagalassos Kırmızı Astarlı Mallarının Üretim Ölçeği Yerel Talep ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Yemek Takımı Üretim Çıktısının Rekonstrüksiyonları

Abstract

Bu makale Sagalassos’un yerel çanak çömlek üretim ölçeğini ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ndeki yerel talep ile arasındaki ilişkiyi irdelenmektedir. Batı Toroslardaki yerleşimde onlarca yıl sürdürülen yoğun araştırmalar sonucu Doğu banliyösünde çoğunlukla atölyeler ve keramik çöplüğü şeklinde önemli miktarda yemek takımı Sagalassos Kırmızı Astarlı Mallar veya SRSW kalıntıları ortaya çıkartılmıştır.

References

1. Alcock 1993 S. E. Alcock, Graecia Capta. The Landscapes of Roman Greece (1993).
2. Allison 2010 P. M. Allison, “Understanding Pompeian households practices through their material culture”, FACTA 3, 2010, 24.
3. Angelis 2000 F. D. Angelis, “Estimating the Agricultural Base of Greek Sicily”, Papers of the British School at Rome 68 (2000) 111-148.
4. Armstrong 2012 P. Armstrong, “The survey pottery: Hellenistic and later”, in: J. J. Coulton (ed.), The Balboura survey and settlement in highland Southwest Anatolia 2. The Balboura survey: detailed studies and catalogues. British Institute at Ankara Monograph 43 (2012) 35-38.
5. Arubas – Goldfus 2005 B. Y. Arubas – H. Goldfus, “Introduction to the excavations”, in: B.Y. Arubas – H. Goldfus (eds.), Excavations on the site of the Jerusalem International Convention Center (Binyanei Ha’Uma). A settlement of the Late First to Second Temple period, the Tenth Legion’s kilnsworks, and a Byzantine monastic complex. The pottery and other small finds. JRA. Supplement 60 (2005) 14-16.
6. Bagnall – Frier 1994 R. S. Bagnall – B. W. Frier, The demography of Roman Egypt, Cambridge studies in population, economy and society in past time (1994) 68.
7. Bakker et al. 2012 J. Bakker – E. Paulissen – D. Kaniewski – V. De Laet – G. Verstraeten – M. Waelkens, “Man, vegetation and climate during the Holocene in the territory of Sagalassos, Western Taurus Mountains, SW Turkey”, Vegetation History & Archaeobotany 2.4, 2012, 49-266.
8. Bang 2008 P. F. Bang, The Roman Bazaar. A Comparative Study of Trade and Markets in a Tributary Empire (2008).

9. Bes 2007 P. Bes, A geographical and chronological study of the distribution and consumption of table wares in the Roman East (University of Leuven Unpublished PhD Thesis, 2007) 22-24.
10. Bintliff 1997 J. L. Bintliff, “Further Considerations on the Population of Ancient Boeotia”, BAR International Series 666 (1997) 235.
11. Bintliff – Snodgrass 1985 J. L. Bintliff – A. M. Snodgrass, “The development of settlement in South-West Boeotia”, in: G. Argoud – P. Roesch (eds.), La Béotie Antique (1985) 49-70.
12. Bintliff 2002 J. L. Bintliff, “Rethinking early Mediterranean urbanism”, in: R. Aslan (ed.), Festschrift für Manfred Korfmann, Mauerschau (2002) 153-177.
13. de Cupere et al. 1993 B. De Cupere – W. Van Neer – A. Lentacker, “Some Aspects of the Bone-Working Industry in Roman Sagalassos”, in: M. Waelkens – J. Poblome (eds.), Sagalassos II. Report on the Third Excavation Campaign of 1992. Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 6 (1993) 269-278.
14. Degryse – Poblome 2008 P. Degryse – J. Poblome, “Clays for mass production of table and common wares, amphorae and architectural ceramics at Sagalassos”, in: P. Degryse – M. Waelkens (eds.), Sagalassos VI. Geo- and Bio-Archaeology at Sagalassos and in its Territory (2008) 241.
15. Degryse et al. 2008 P. Degryse – J. Poblome – W. Viaene – H. Kucha – R. Ottenburgs – M. Waelkens – J. Naud, “Clays for mass production of table and common wares, amphorae and architectural ceramics at Sagalassos”, in: P. Degryse – M. Waelkens (eds.), Sagalassos VI. Geo- and Bio-Archaeology at Sagalassos and in its Territory (2008) 257-258.
16. Doonan 2004 O. P. Doonan, Sinop Landscapes. Exploring Connection in a Black Sea Hinterland (2004) 101-108.
17. Duncan-Jones 1982 R. Duncan-Jones, The economy of the Roman Empire : quantitative studies, second edition (1982) 262.
18. Engels 1990 D. Engels, Roman Corinth: an alternative for the Classical City (1990) 179-181.
19. Fentress - Badel 2003 E. Fentress – J. P. Badel, “Cosa in the Republic and early Empire”, in: E. Fentress (ed.), Cosa V. An Intermittent Town, Excavations 1991-1997 (2003) 24.
20. Finley 1999 M. I. Finley, The Ancient Economy. Updated Edition with a Foreword by Ian Morris (1999).
21. Frier 2000 B. W. Frier, “27. Demography”, in: A. Bowman – P. Garnsey – D. Rathbone (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XI (2000) 812.
22. Garnsey 2004 P. Garnsey, Cities, Peasants and Food in Classical Antiquity. Essays in Social and Economic History (2004).
23. Goren 2005 Y. Goren, “Appendix: the pottery technology”, in: B. Y. Arubas – H. Goldfus (eds.), Excavations on the site of the Jerusalem International Convention Center (Binyanei Ha’Uma). A settlement of the Late First to Second Temple period, the Tenth Legion’s kilnworks, and a Byzantine monastic complex. The pottery and other small finds. JRA Supplement 60 (2005) 192-194.
24. de Graaf 2012 P. de Graaf, Late Republican-Early Imperial Regional Italian Landscapes and Demography. BAR International Series S2330 (2012) 91-92.
25. Grainger 2009 J. Grainger, The Cities of Pamphylia (2009) 234.
26. Hansen 2006 M. H. Hansen, The Shotgun Method. The Demography of the Ancient Greek CityState Culture (2006).
27. Hayes 1985 J. W. Hayes, “Sigillate orientale”, in: Enciclopedia dell’Arte Antica. Classica e Orientale. Atlante della forme ceramiche II: ceramica fine romana nel bacino mediterraneo (tardo ellenismo e primo imperio) (1985) 71-78.
28. Hudson 2010 N. Hudson, “Changing Places: The Archaeology of the Roman Convivium”, AJA 114, 2010, 663-695.
29. Japp 2009 S. Japp, “Archäometrisch-archäologische Untersuchungen an Keramik aus Pergamon und Umgebung”, IstMitt 59, 2009, 208-209.
30. Kaniewski et al. 2008 D. Kaniewski – E. Paulissen – V. De Laet – M. Waelkens, “Late Holocene fire impact and post-fire regeneration from the Bereket Basin, Taurus Mountains, southwest Turkey”, Quaternary Research 70, 2008, 228-239.
31. Kaptijn et al. 2012 E. Kaptijn – R. Vandam – J. Poblome – M. Waelkens, “Inhabiting the Plain of Burdur. Results from the 2010 and 2011 Sagalassos Project Survey”, Anmed 10, 2012, 142-147.
32. Kehrberg 2011 I. Kehrberg, “Roman Gerasa Seen from below. An Alternative Study of Urban Landscape”, Australasian Society for Classical Studies 32, 2011, 5-8.
33. Kehrberg 2007 I. Kehrberg, “Gerasa as provider for Roman frontier stations: A view seen from Late Roman potters’ waste at the Hippodrome and the Upper Zeus Temple”, Studies in History and Archaeology of Jordan 9, 2007, 31-48.
34. Kolb 1984 F. Kolb, Die Stadt im Altertum (1984) 191.
35. Landels 2000 J. G. Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (2000) 170.
36. Lauwers et al. 2005 V. Lauwers – P. Degryse – J. Poblome – M. Waelkens, “Le verre de Sagalassos, de nouvelles preuves d’une production locale de verre”, in: H. Cabart (ed.), Eclats de verre. XIXième recontres de l’Association Française pour l’Archéologie du Verre (14-16 Octobre, Gaillac and Montanse) (2005) 28.
37. Levick 1967 B. Levick, Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minor (1967) 38-39, 93-95.
38. de Ligt 1993 L. de Ligt, Fairs and Markets in the Roman Empire. Economic and Social Aspects of Periodic Trade in Pre-Industrial Society (1993).
39. de Ligt 2012 L. de Ligt, Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers. Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100 (2012) 220.
40. Loeschke 1912 S. Loeschke, “Sigillata-topfereien in Tschandarli”, AthMitt 37, 1912, 342-407.
41. MacMullen R. MacMullen, Romanization in the time of Augustus (2000) 9-10.
42. Magness 2005 J. Magness, “The Roman legionary pottery”, in: B.Y. Arubas – H. Goldfus (eds.), Excavations on the site of the Jerusalem International Convention Center (Binyanei Ha’Uma). A settlement of the Late First to Second Temple period, the Tenth Legion’s kilnsworks, and a Byzantine monastic complex. The pottery and other small finds. JRA. Supplement 60 (2005) 69.
43. Martens et al. 2008 F. Martens – H. Vanhaverbeke – M. Waelkens, “Town and suburbium at Sagalassos: an interaction investigated through survey”, in: H. Vanhaverbeke – J. Poblome – F. Vermeulen – M. Waelkens – R. Brulet (eds.), Thinking about space: the potential of surface survey and contextual analysis in the definition of space in Roman times (2008) 138, 139.
44. Martens 2004 F. Martens, Interdisciplinary research concerning the urban development of Sagalassos: settlement development, urban layout and infrastructure (University of Leuven Unpublished PhD Thesis 2004) 330.
45. Meyer-Schlichtmann 1988 C. Meyer-Schlichtmann, Die pergamenischen Sigillata aus der Stadtgrabung von Pergamon. Mitte 2. Jh. v. Chr. - Mitte 2. Jh. n. Chr. (1988)
46. Mitchell 2000 S. Mitchell, “The settlement of Pisidia in late antiquity and the Byzantine period: methodological problems”, in: K. Belke – F. Hild – J. Koder – P. Soustal (eds.), Byzanz als Raum. Zu Methoden und Inhalten der historischen Geographie des östlichen Mittelmeerraums (2000) 145.
47. Mitchell 1999 S. Mitchell, “Greek epigraphy and social change. A study of the Romanization of south-west Asia Minor in the third century AD”, in: XI Congresso Internazionale di Epigrafia Greca e Latina (1999) 432-433.
48. Mitchell 1993 S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 1. The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule (1993) 70-79.
49. Mitchell – Waelkens 1998 S. Mitchell – M. Waelkens. Pisidian Antioch: The Site and the Monuments (1998) 99-100.
50. Murphy, forthcoming E. Murphy, “From Formal to Technical Styles: Production Challenges and Economic Implications of Changing Tableware Styles in Roman Imperial to Late Antique Manufacturing Waste”, AJA, forthcoming. Murphy – Poblome 2012
51. E. Murphy – J. Poblome, “Technical and social considerations of tools from Roman-period ceramic workshops at Sagalassos (Southwest Turkey): not just tools of the trade?”, JMedA 25.2, 2012, 69-89.
52. Murphy – Poblome 2011 E. Murphy – J. Poblome, “Producing pottery vs. producing models: interpreting workshop organization at the Potters’ Quarter of Sagalassos”, in: M. Lawall – J. Lund (eds.), Pottery in the Archaeological Record: a view from the Greek World. Gösta Enbom Monograph Series 1 (2011) 32-33, 36.
53. Murphy 2007 E. Murphy, Speaking Volumes about Production: Innovative Approaches towards the Study of Roman Table Wares (University of Leuven Unpublished MA Thesis 2007) 14-26.
54. Ottoni et al. forthcoming C. Ottoni – R. Rasteiro – R. Willet – J. Claeys – P. Talloen – K. Van de Vijver – R. Yaka – J. Poblome – L. Chikhi, R. Decorte, “Contrasting maternal genetic variation across two millennia reveals the demographic history of an ancient human population in Southwest Turkey”, forthcoming.
55. Paulissen et al. 1993 E. Paulissen – J. Poesen – G. Govers – J. De Ploey, “The Physical Environment at Sagalassos (Western Taurus, Turkey). A Reconnaissance Survey”, in: M. Waelkens – J. Poblome (eds.), Sagalassos II. Report on the Third Excavation Campaign of 1992.
56. Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 6 (1993) 231-233.
57. Peña 2007 J. T. Peña, Roman Pottery in the Archaeological Record (2007) 58, 331.
58. Pétridis 2010 P. Pétridis, La céramique protobyzantine de Delphes: une production et son contexte. Fouilles de Delphes V. École française d’Athènes (2010).
59. Poblome (in press) J. Poblome, “The potters of Sagalassos revisited” in: M. Flohr – A. Wilson (eds.), Beyond Marginality. Craftsmen, Traders and the Socioeconomic History of urban communities in the Roman World (in press).
60. Poblome et. al 2013 J. Poblome – D. Braekmans – B. Music – M. Van Der Enden – B. Neyt – B. De Graeve – P. Degryse, “A pottery kiln underneath the Odeon of ancient Sagalassos, SW Turkey. The excavation results, the table wares and their archaeometrical analysis”, in: N. Fenn – C. Römer-Strehl (eds.), Networks in the Hellenistic World according to the pottery in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond, BAR Int. Series 2539 (2013)
61. Poblome 2008 J. Poblome, “Sherds and coins from a place under the sun. Further thoughts from Sagalassos”, FACTA 2, 2008, 207, fig. 4.
62. Poblome 2006a J. Poblome, “Mixed feelings on Greece and Asia Minor in the third century AD”, in: D. Malfitana – J. Poblome – J. Lund (eds.), Old pottery in a new century: innovating perspectives on Roman pottery studies. Convegno internazionale di studi. Catania, 22-24 Aprile 2004 (2006) 201-207.
63. Poblome 2006b J. Poblome, “Made in Sagalassos: modelling regional potential and constraints”, in: S. Menchelli – M. Pasquinucci (eds.), Territorio e produzioni ceramiche: paesaggi, economia e società in età romana. Convegno internazionale. Pisa, 20-22 ottobre 2005 (2006) 357.
64. Poblome et al. 2005 J. Poblome – P. Bes – P. Degryse, “The Decline and Fall of Sagalassos. A Ceramic Perspective”, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores Acta 39 (2005) 225-226.
65. Poblome 2004 J. Poblome, “Comparing ordinary crafts: textile and pottery in production in Roman Asia Minor”, Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 47, 2004, 493.
66. Poblome 2002 J. Poblome, “Textiel- en aardewerkproductie in Romeins Klein-Azië: een vergelijkend onderzoek”, Tijdschrift voor mediterrane archeologie 26, 2002, 51.
67. Poblome – Zelle 2002 J. Poblome – M. Zelle, “The table ware boom: a socio-economic perspective from western Asia Minor”, in: C. Berns – H. von Hesberg – L. Vandeput – M. Waelkens (eds.), Patris und Imperium: kulturelle und politische Identität in den Städten der römischen Provinzen Kleinasiens in der frühen Kaiserzeit. BABesch Supplement 8 (2002) 276-277.
68. Poblome et al. 2001 J. Poblome – O. Bounegru – P. Degryse – W. Viaene – M. Waelkens – S. Erdemgil, “The sigillata manufactories of Pergamon and Sagalassos”, JRA 14, 2001, 145-146.
69. Poblome et al. 2000 J. Poblome – R. Brulet – O. Bounegru, “The concept of sigillata: regionalism or integration?”, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores Acta 36, 2000, 279-283.
70. Poblome 1999 J. Poblome, Sagalassos Red Slip Ware. Typology and Chronology (1999) 25, 314, 339.
71. Poblome et al. 1998 J. Poblome – P. Degryse – I. Librecht – W. Viaene – M. Waelkens, “Sagalassos red slip ware: the organization of a manufactory”, Münstersche Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 17, 1998, 52-64.
72. Poblome 1995 J. Poblome, “Sherds and Coins. A Question of Chronology”, in: M. Waelkens – J. Poblome (eds.), Sagalassos III. Report on the Fourth Excavation Campaign of 1993. Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 7 (1995) 194.
73. Price 2011 S. Price, “Estimating Ancient Greek Populations. The Evidence of Field Survey”, in: A. Bowman – A. Wilson (eds.), Settlement, Urbanization, and Population (2011) 23.
74. Quilici 2008 L. Quilici, “Land Transport, Part 1: Roads and Bridges”, in: J. P. Oleson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World (2008) 575.
75. Radt 1999 W. Radt, Pergamon: Geschichte und Bauten einer antiken Metropole (1999).
76. Raepsaet 2008 G. Raepsaet, “Land Transport, Part 2: Riding, Harnesses, and Vehicles”, in: J. P. Oleson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World (2008) 600-602.
77. Rice 2005 P. M. Rice, Pottery Analysis. A Sourcebook (2005) 66-70, 173, 178.
78. Roth 2007 R. E. Roth, Styling Romanisation. Pottery and Society in Central Italy (2007).
79. Rye 1981 O. S. Rye, Pottery Technology: Principles and Reconstruction (1981).
80. Rye – Evans 1976 O. S. Rye – C. Evans, Traditional Pottery Techniques of Pakistan: Field and Laboratory Studies (1976).
81. Scheidel 2007 W. Scheidel, “3. Demography”, in: W. Scheidel – I. Morris – R. Saller (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World (2007) 48.
82. Seigne 2002 J. Seigne, “Gerasa-Jerasch - Stadt der 1000 Säulen”, in: A. Hoffman - S. Kerner (eds.), Gadara-Gerasa und die Dekapolis (2002) 6, 20-22.
83. Sinopoli 1991 C. M. Sinopoli, Approaches to Archaeological Ceramics (1991).
84. Six 2004 S. Six, Holocene geomorphological evolution of the territory of Sagalassos.
85. Contribution to the palaeo-environmental reconstruction of Southwest Turkey. (University of Leuven Unpublished PhD Thesis 2004).
86. Steegen et al. 2000 A. Steegen – K. Cauwenberghs – G. Govers – M. Waelkens – E. J. Owens – P. Desmet, “The water supply to Sagalassos”, in: M. Waelkens – L. Loots (eds.), Sagalassos V: report on the survey and excavation campaigns of 1996 and 1997 (2000) 636.
87. Tuna 2012 N. Tuna, Knidos Teritoryumu’nda Arkeolojik Araştırmalar. Archaeological Investigations at the Knidian Territorium (2012) 41-48.
88. Uygun – Dökü 2008 Ç. Uygun – E. Dökü, “Kibyra Yerel Kırmızı Seramiklerinden Örnekler”, Adalya 11, 2008, 133-163.
89. Vanhaverbeke – Waelkens 2003 H. Vanhaverbeke – M. Waelkens (eds.), The chora of Sagalassos: the evolution of the settlement pattern from prehistoric until recent times. Studies in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology V (2003) 241-246, 247, fig. 121.
90. Waelkens et al. 2003 M. Waelkens – E. Paulissen – H. Vanhaverbeke, “The physical setting: topographical units within the territory of Sagalassos”, in: H. Vanhaverbeke – M. Waelkens (eds.), The chora of Sagalassos: the evolution of the settlement pattern from prehistoric until recent times. Studies in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology V (2003) 60-62.
91. Waelkens – Poblome 2011 M. Waelkens – J. Poblome, Sagalassos. City of Dreams (2011).
92. Waelkens et al. 2000 M. Waelkens et al., “The 1996 and 1997 excavation seasons at Sagalassos”, in: M. Waelkens – L. Loots (eds.), Sagalassos V: report on the survey and excavation campaigns of 1996 and 1997 (2000) 17-216.
93. Waelkens – Degryse 2003 M. Waelkens – P. Degryse, “Tectonic setting and natural mineral resources”, in: H. Vanhaverbeke – M. Waelkens (eds.), The chora of Sagalassos: the evolution of the settlement pattern from prehistoric until recent times. Studies in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology V (2003) 18-19.
94. Waelkens et al. 1997 M. Waelkens – E. Paulissen – H. Vanhaverbeke – I. Öztürk – B. De Cupere – H. Ekinci – P. Vermeersch – J. Poblome – R. Degeest, “The 1994 and 1995 surveys on the territory of Sagalassos”, in: M. Waelkens – J. Poblome (eds.), Sagalassos IV (1997) 11-102.
95. Wallace-Hadrill 2008 A. Wallace-Hadrill, Rome’s Cultural Revolution (2008).
96. Willet 2014 R. Willet, “Experiments with diachronic data distribution methods applied to Eastern Sigillata A in the Eastern Mediterranean”, Herom: Journal of Hellenistic and Roman Culture 3, 2014, 39-69.
97. Willet 2012 R. Willet, “Whirlwind of numbers. Demographic experiments for Roman Corinth”, Ancient Society 42, 2012, 151-153.
98. Willet – Poblome 2011 R. Willet – J. Poblome, “The pale red slipped dot”, FACTA 5, 2011, 104, 108.
99. Wulf 1994 U. Wulf, “Der Stadtplan von Pergamon. Zu Entwicklung und Stadtstruktur von der Neugründung unter Philetairos bis in spätantike Zeit”, IstMitt 44, 1994, 166.
100. Zanker 1998 P. Zanker, Pompeii. Public and Private Life, Revealing Antiquity (1998)