Limestone, Diorite and Radiolarite: First Petrographic Data of Fired Clay Objects from Limyra Southwest Turkey

Year 2017, Issue: 20, 237 - 266, 01.06.2017

Lisa Peloschek Martin Seyer Banu Yener Marksteıner Philip Bes

Abstract

Bu makalede Limyra antik kentinden alınan seramik örneklerin ilk petrografik analizlerinin sonuçları verilmektedir. Analizlerin amacı, Limyra kent alanındaki Roma Hamam Yapısı Batı Kapısı, Doğu Kapısı ve Batı kentteki 9 no.lu sondaj gibi değişik kazılardan gün ışığına çıkartılmış MS 1.-7. yy. arasına tarihlenen ve kendi içerisinde makroskopik olarak bir grup oluşturan seramiklerin hammadde kaynaklarının antik kent çevresindeki coğrafyada yerlerinin belirlenmesidir.

Kireçtaşı, Diyorit ve Radyolarit: Limyra Güneybatı Türkiye Buluntusu Pişmiş Toprak Objelerin İlk Petrografik Analizleri

Abstract

During the archaeological excavations that have taken place in the ancient city of Limyra in Eastern Lycia since 1969, a number of spectacular individual finds have been made including the Heroon of Perikle, a local ruler of the city in the 4th century B.C.1, a ruler-cult building for the Ptolemaic dynasty dating to the early 3rd century B.C.2, and the cenotaph for Gaius Caesar, the grandson and adopted son of Augustus who died in Limyra in 4 A.D.3. In addition, numerous structures of the Roman Imperial and the Byzantine periods 1st century B.C. to 7th century A.D. have been discovered, as well as valuable evidence regarding nearly every aspect of civic life and funerary practices during all phases of the settlement

References

• Arnold 2005 D. E. Arnold, “Linking Society with the Compositional Analysis of Pottery: A Model from Comparative Ethnography”, in: A. Livingstone Smith – D. Bosquet – R. Martineau (eds.), Pottery Manufacturing Processes: Reconstitution and Interpretation. BAR International Series 1349 (2005) 15-21.
• Bağcı – Parlak 2009 U. Bağcı – O. Parlak, “Petrology of the Tekirova (Antalya) Ophiolite (Southern Turkey): Evidence for Diverse Magma Generations and their Tectonic Implications during Neotethyan-subduction”, International Journal of Earth Sciences 98, 2009, 387-405.
• Bes 2014 P. M. Bes, “Late Antique-Early Byzantine Pottery”, in: Seyer 2014, 78-79.
• Borchhardt 1976 J. Borchhardt, Die Bauskulptur des Heroons von Limyra: Das Grabmal des lykischen Königs Perikles. IstForsch 32 (1976).
• Borchhardt 1993 J. Borchhardt, Die Steine von Zẽmuri: Archäologische Forschungen an den verborgenen Wassern von Limyra (1993).
• Borchhardt 2002 J. Borchhardt, Der Fries vom Kenotaph für Gaius Caesar in Limyra. Forschungen in Limyra 2 (2002).
• Borchhardt et al. 1991/92 J. Borchhardt et al., “Grabungen und Forschungen in Limyra aus den Jahren 1984–1990”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts 61, 1991/92, Beiblatt 125-192.
• Borchhardt et al. 1997 J. Borchhardt et al., “Grabungen und Forschungen in Limyra aus den Jahren 1991- 1996”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts 66, 1997, Beiblatt 321-426.
• Çevik et al. 2009 N. Çevik – I. Kızgut – S. Bulut, “Rhodiapolis Baths: The First Evaluation following the Excavations and its Contribution to the Knowledge on Lycian Baths Architecture and Technique”, Adalya 12, 2009, 231-260.
• Çevik et al. 2010 N. Çevik – I. Kizgut – S. Bulut, “Rhodiapolis as a Unique Example of Lycian Urbanism”, Adalya 13, 2010, 29-63.
• Deer et al. 2013 W. A. Deer – R. A. Howie – J. Zussman, An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals (2013).
• Dilek et al. 1999 Y. Dilek – P. Thy – B. Hacker – S. Grundvig, “Structure and Petrology of Tauride Ophiolites and Mafic Dike Intrusions (Turkey): Implications for the Neotethyan Ocean”, Geological Society of America Bulletin 111.8, 1999, 1192-1216.
• Dündar 2016 E. Dündar, “Likya’da Seramik: Üretim ve Ticarete Genel Bir Bakış/Ceramics in Lycia: an Overview on Production and Trade”, in: H. İşkan – E. Dündar (eds.), Lukka’dan Likya’ya. Sarpedon ve Aziz Nikolaos’un Ülkesi/From Lukka to Lycia. The Land of Sarpedon and St. Nicholas. Anatolian Civilizations Series 5 (2016) 504-519.
• Farrington – Coulton 1990 A. Farrington – J. J. Coulton, “Terracotta Spacer Pins in Lycian Bath Buildings”, AnatSt 40, 1990, 55-67.
• Ganzert 1984 J. Ganzert, Das Kenotaph für Gaius Caesar in Limyra. IstForsch 35 (1984). Hayward 1984 A. B. Hayward, “Sedimentation and Basin Formation related to Ophiolite Nappe Emplacement, Miocene, SW Turkey”, Sedimentary Geology 40, 1984, 105-129.
• Hayward – Robertson 1982 A. B. Hayward – A. H. F. Robertson, “Direction of Ophiolite Emplacement Inferred from Cretaceous and Tertiary Sediments of an Adjacent Authochthon, the Bey Dağları, Southwest Turkey”, Geological Society of America Bulletin 93.1, 1982, 68-75.
• Hellenkemper – Hild 2004 F. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Lykien und Pamphylien. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 8 (2004).
• Jacobek 1991/92 R. Jacobek, “Die Arbeiten am sog. Bischofspalast (Grabung 1989)”, in: J. Borchhardt et al. 1991/92, 171-176.
• Jacobek 1993 R. Jacobek, “Limyra als Sitz byzantinischer Bischöfe”, in: Borchhardt 1993, 112-113.
• Kelly 2006 A. Kelly, “The Roman Baths of Mylopotamos: A Distribution Study”, in: I. Gavrilaki – G. Z. Tziphopoulos (eds.), Ο Μυλοπόταμος από την αρχαιότητα ως σήμερα. Περιβάλλον – Αρχαιολογία – Iστορία – Λαογραφία – Κοινωνιολογία (2006) 239-252. Kelly 2013 A. Kelly, “Roman Bathhouses on Crete as Indicators of Cultural Transition: The Dynamics of Roman Influence”, in: A. Gardiner – E. Herring – K. Lomas, Creating Ethnicities and Identities in the Roman World (2013) 131-167.
• Kögler 2010 P. Kögler, Feinkeramik aus Knidos vom mittleren Hellenismus bis in die mittlere Kaiserzeit (2010).
• Konecny – Marksteiner 2007 A. Konecny – Marksteiner, “Zur Bebauungsgeschichte des Areals hinter der klassischen Stadtmauer im Bereich der Weststadt von Limyra”, in: M. Seyer (ed.)
• Studien in Lykien. Ergänzungshefte zu den Jahresheften des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 8 (2007) 15-28.
• Lemaître et al. 2013 S. Lemaître – S. Y. Waksman – M.-C. Arqué – E. Pellegrino – C. Rocheron – B. Yener-Marksteiner, “Identité régionale et spécificités locales en Lycie antique: l’apport des céramiques culinaires”, in: P. Brun – L. Cavalier – K. Konuk – F. Prost (eds.), Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques. Dynamiques des territoires, échanges et identités. Actes du colloque de Bordeaux, 5, 6, et 7 novembre 2009 (2013) 189-461.
• Marksteiner 1988 T. Marksteiner, “Sondage 9 in der Weststadt”, KST 10.2, 1988, 113-116. Marksteiner 1991/92 T. Marksteiner, “Die Grabungen in der Weststadt von Limyra”, in: Borchhardt et al. 1991/92, 133-140.
• Marksteiner et al. 2007 T. Marksteiner – S. Lemaître – B. Yener-Marksteiner, “Die Grabungen am Südtor in Limyra: Die Grabung der Jahre 1982-1986 am Südtor von Limyra”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 76, 2007, 171–277. Marksteiner et al. 2008
• T. Marksteiner und Mitarbeiter, “Bericht zur Grabungskampagne Limyra”, KST 30.1, 2008, 347-358.
• Marksteiner – Yener-Marksteiner 2009 T. Marksteiner – B. Yener-Marksteiner, “Die Grabungen in Sondage 30/36/37 in der Weststadt von Limyra: Der archäologische Befund und die Keramik”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes 78, 2009, 221-252.
• Peschlow 1984 U. Peschlow, “Die Bischofskirche in Limyra (Lykien)”, Studi di antichità Cristiana 37 (2), 1984, 409-421.
• Peschlow 1997 U. Peschlow, “Nachuntersuchungen an der Bischofskirche”, in: Borchhardt et al. 1997, 384-390.
• Robertson 1993 A. H. F. Robertson, “Mesozoic-Tertiary Sedimentary and Tectonic Evolution of Neotethyan Carbonate Platforms, Margins and Small Ocean Basins in the Antalya Complex, Southwest Turkey”, in: L. E. Frostick – R. J. Steel (eds.), Tectonic Controls and Signatures in Sedimentary Successions. Special Publication No. 20 of the International Association of Sedimentologists (1993) 415-465.
• Sarı 2009 B. Sarı, “Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Coniacian-Maastrichtian Sequences of the Bey Dağları Autochthon, Western Taurides, Turkey: Thin-section Zonation”, Cretaceous Research 30, 2009, 1103-1132.
• Sarı – Özer 2002 B. Sarı – S. Özer, “Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Bey Dağları Carbonate Platform, Korkuteli Area (Western Taurides, Turkey)”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 2002, 39-59.
• Sarı – Özer 2009 B. Sarı – S. Özer, “Upper Cretaceous Rudist Biostratigraphy of the Bey Dağları Carbonate Platform, Western Taurides, SW Turkey”, Geobios 42, 2009, 359-380.
• Schuh 2012a U. Schuh, “Die Theaterthermen von Limyra: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 2007- 2009”, in: Seyer 2012a, 287-299.
• Schuh 2012b U. Schuh, “Die Ausgrabungen in den Theaterthermen von Limyra: Vorläufige Ergebnisse 2007–2009”, in: C. Reinholdt – W. Wohlmayr (eds.), Akten des 13.
• Österreichischen Archäologentages Salzburg, 25. bis 27. Februar 2010 (2012) 161-167.
• Şenel 1995 M. Şenel, Geological Map of the Antalya-M10 and M11 Quadrangle. Scale 1:100.000 (1995).
• Sewing 2015 K. Sewing, “Die Südthermen (ehemals Bischofspalast) in Limyra. Bauaufnahme und Interpretation”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts 84, 2015, 213-257.
• Seyer 2011 M. Seyer, “Limyra 2010”, KST 33, 2011, 441-452.
• Seyer 2012a M. Seyer, 40 Jahre Grabung Limyra. Akten des internationalen Symposions Wien, 3.-5. Dezember 2009. Forschungen in Limyra 6 (2012).
• Seyer 2012b M. Seyer, “Limyra 2011”, Anmed 10, 2012, 59-64.
• Seyer 2013a M. Seyer, “Limyra 2012”, Anmed 11, 2013, 83-89.
• Seyer 2013b M. Seyer, “Urbanistische Forschungen in Limyra (Lykien)”, Archäologie Österreichs 24, 2013, 55-63.
• Seyer 2014 M. Seyer, “Limyra 2013”, Anmed 12, 2014, 73-80.
• Seyer et al. 2012 M. Seyer et al., “Limyra 2011”, KST 34, 2012, 221-234.
• Seyer et al. 2013 M. Seyer et al., “Limyra 2012”, KST 35, 2013, 404-418.
• Seyer et al. 2014 M. Seyer et al., “Limyra 2013”, KST 36, 2014, 535-554.
• Seyer – Lotz 2013 M. Seyer – H. Lotz, “A Synagogue in Limyra? – Preliminary Report on a Byzantine Building with Jewish Elements”, Journal of Ancient Judaism 4, 2013, 133-148.
• Seyer – Lotz 2014 M. Seyer – H. Lotz, “A Building with Jewish Elements in Limyra/Turkey – A Synagogue?”, in: A. Colella – A. Lange – M. Seyer (eds.), The Menorot of Limyra and Judaism in Asia Minor: Archaeology, Visual Culture, and Literature. Journal of Ancient Judaism 5, 2014, 142-152.
• Stanzl 2012 G. Stanzl, “Zur Neuaufnahme der Arbeiten am Ptolemaion in Limyra”, in: Seyer 2012a, 327-342.
• Türker 2006 A. C. Türker, “Myra Seramik Hamur Gruplarının Kap Tipleri ile Değerlendirilmesi”, Adalya 9, 2006, 117-148.
• Waksman – Lemaître 2010 Y. Waksman – S. Lemaître, “Céramiques culinaires de Lycie (Turquie) aux époques romaine et proto-byzantine: approches archéologiques et archéométriques”, in: S. Menchelli – S. Santoro – M. Pasquinucci – G. Guiducci (eds.), LRCW 3.
• Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and archaeometry. Comparison between Western and Eastern Mediterranean. BAR International Series 2185 (II) (2010) 781-790.
• Whitbread 1995 I. K. Whitbread, Greek Transport Amphorae. A Petrological and Archaeological Study. Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 4 (1995).
• Yener-Marksteiner 2012 B. Yener-Marksteiner, “Frühkaiserzeitliche Sigillata der Weststadtgrabung in Limyra 2002-2003”, in: Seyer 2012a, 371-386.
• Yener-Marksteiner 2016 B. Yener-Marksteiner, “Limyra als Bischofssitz. Einblicke in die Keramik mit christlicher Symbolik”, in: F. Blakolmer – M. Seyer – H. D. Szemethy (eds.), Angekommen auf Ithaka. Festgabe für Jürgen Borchhardt zum 80. Geburtstag (2016) 185-199.