Abstract

Bu makalede Adana Ceyhan Ovası’nda yer alan Tatarlı Höyük’te ortaya çıkarılarak, Geç Tunç Çağı II’ye MÖ 1450-1200 tarihlenen bir keramik fırını konu edilmektedir. Beraberinde bulunan cüruf ve keramik parçaları ile birlikte bu piroteknik ünite, Geç Tunç Çağı’nın son dönemlerinde Kilikya Bölgesi’ndeki keramik fırını teknolojisini değerlendirme olanağı sağlamaktadır. Tatarlı Höyük keramik fırınının teknolojik ve tipolojik ögeleri, Kuzey Suriye ve Kuzey Mezopotamya ile önemli benzerlikler göstermekle beraber, İç Anadolu’da yer alan Hitit başkenti ve dönemin Ege Dünyası ile benzer bir ilişki gözlemlenememektedir. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada, keramik ve mühür külliyatı ile MÖ 14-12.yy.’da Hitit İmparatorluğu ile yakın politik ve sosyal ilişki içerisinde olduğu belirlenen Tatarlı Höyük’ün, üretim birimleri bakımından daha ziyade Kuzey Suriye ve Kuzey Mezopotamya bölgeleri ile olan teknolojik ilişkisinin muhtemel sebepleri de tartışılmaktadır.

Keywords

• keramik fırını, Tatarlı Höyük, Anadolu, Hitit, Geç Tunç Çağı

A Pottery Kiln from Tatarlı Höyük Adana, Turkey and its Implications for Late Bronze Age Pottery Production in Cilicia and Beyond

Abstract

This article documents a Late Bronze Age II 1450-1200 B.C. pottery kiln unearthed at Tatarlı Höyük, Adana Turkey . This pyrotechnical installation, with its associated ceramic assemblage and production remains, offers an overview of the pottery kiln technologies in Cilicia during the end of the Late Bronze Age. The typological features of the Tatarlı Höyük pottery kiln presents encouraging similarities to northern Syrian and Mesopotamian updraft pottery kiln technologies rather than those of central Anatolia, even though the political and social influence of the Hittite Empire has been documented by ceramic and seal collections of the settlement.

Keywords

• Pottery kiln, Tatarlı Höyük, Anatolia, Hittite, Late Bronze Age

References

1. Akça et al. 2009 E. Akça – J. Arocena – G. Kelling – T. Nagano – P. Degryse – J. Poblome – H. Çambel – G. Büyük – T. Tümay – S. Kapur, “Firing temperatures and raw material sources of ancient Hittite ceramics of Asia Minor”, Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 68.1, 2009, 35-40.
2. Aykurt 2006 A. Aykurt, “Kocabaş Tepe Seramik Fırını”, in: E. Özgen – S. Günel – A. T. Ökse – H. Hüryılmaz – H. Tekin – N. Çınardalı-Karaaslan – B. Uysal – F. Ayşe Karaduman – A. Engin – R. Spieß – A. Aykurt – R. Tuncel – U. Deniz – A. Rennie (eds.), Studies in Honor of Hayat Erkanal, Cultural Reflections in Armağan Erkanal-Öktü (2006) 113-19.
3. D’Agostino 2012 A. D’Agostino, “Kilns and Ovens from the 2nd Millennium BC Settlement Tell Barri (NE Syria)”, in: R. Matthews – J. Curtis in collaboration with John M. Seymour – A. Fletcher – A. Gascoigne – C. Glatz – St. J. Simpson – H. Taylor – J. Tubb – R. Chapman (eds), Mega-cities & Mega-sites, The Archeology of Consumption & Disposal. Landscape, Transport & Communication, Proceedings of the 7 International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 12 April – 16 April 2010 (2012) 421-445.
4. Dardeniz 2012 G. Dardeniz, The investigation of a Late Bronze Age (14th Century B.C.) Domestic Craft Quarter: Pyrotechnology at Tell Atchana/ancient Alalakh (Koç University Unpublished MA Thesis 2012).
5. Dardeniz 2017 G. Dardeniz, “Sharing technologies and workspaces for ceramic and vitrified material production at Tell Atchana-Alalakh”, in: Ç. Maner – M. T. Horowitz – A. Gilbert (eds.), Overturning Certainties in Near Eastern Archaeology. A Festschrift in Honor of K. Aslıhan Yener (2017) 139-156.
6. Di Vita et al. 1984 A. Di Vita – V. La Rosa – M. Rizzo, Creta Antica: Cento anni di Archeologia Italiana, 1884-1984 (1984).
7. Duistermaat 2008 K. Duistermaat, The pots and potters of Assyria: Technology and Organization of Production, Ceramics Sequence and Vessel Function at Late Bronze Age Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria, Papers on Archaeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities (2008).
8. Dupré 1983 S. Dupré, Porsuk I: La Céramique de L’Âge Du Bronze et de L’Âge du fer (1983).

9. Erol 2010 A. F. Erol, “Architectural Interaction between Hittite and Mycenaean cultures”, in: Acts of the VIIth International Congress of Hittitology, Çorum, 25-31 August 2008, Vol. 1 (2010) 261-72.
10. Evely 2000 D. Evely, Minoan Crafts: Tools and Techniques (2000).
11. Fischer 1963 F. Fischer, Boğazköy- Ergebnisse Der Ausgrabungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts und der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. IV. Die Hethitische Keramik von Boğazköy (1963).
12. Fiorina 1997 P. Fiorina, “Khirbet Khatara- La stratigrafia”, Mesopotamia 32, 1997, 7-62.
13. Forlanini 2013 M. Forlanini, “How to Infer Ancient Roads and Itineraries from Heterogeneous Hittite Texts: The Case of the Cilician (Kizzuwatnean) Road System”, Kaskal 10, 2013, 1-34.
14. Forlanini 2015 M. Forlanini, “Some Hurrian Cult Centers North of the Taurus and the Travels of the Queen”, in: A. D’Agostino – V. Orsi – G. Torri (eds.), Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians, Proceedings of the International Conference in Honour of Franca Pecchioli Daddi Florence, February 6th-8th 2014, Studia Asiana 9 (2015) 27-36. Girginer – Collon 2014
15. K. S. Girginer – D. Collon, “Cylinder and stamp seals from Tatarlı Höyük”, AS 64, 2014, 59-72.
16. Girginer et al. 2010 K. S. Girginer, Özlem Oyman-Girginer – H. Akıl, “Tatarlı Höyük (Ceyhan) Kazısı: İlk İki Dönem”, KST 31.3 (2010) 453-476.
17. Girginer, et al. forthcoming K. S. Girginer – Ö. Oyman-Girginer – M. F. Tufan – A. Gerçek – H. Gerçek, “2016 Yılı Tatarlı Höyük Kazısı”, KST 2018.
18. Girginer- Oyman 2017 Ö. Oyman-Girginer, “A White Painted Pendant Line Style Jug Fragment from Tatarlı Höyük”, in: E. Kozal – M. Akar – Y. Heffron – Ç. Çilingiroğlu – T. E. Şerifoğlu – C. Çakırlar – S. Ünlüsoy – E. Jean (eds.), Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in the Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology. Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates (AOAT) (2017) 229-242.
19. Goldman 1956 H. Goldman, Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus: From the Neolithic through the Bronze Age (1956).
20. Intilia 2003 A. Intilia, “Pyrotechnic Installations in Tell Misrifeh: A Research Project”, Akkadica 124, 2003, 197-200.
21. Kapur et al. 1995 S. Kapur – N. Sakarya – C. Karaman – E. Fitzpatrick– M. Pagliai, “Micromorphology Of Basaltic Ceramics”, British Ceramic Transactions 94, 1995, 33-37.
22. Kılınç Mirdalı et al. 2017 N. Kılınç Mirdalı – K. S. Girginer – Ö. Oyman-Girginer, “Tatarlı Höyük’te Hititler Dönemine Ait Bazı Seramik Buluntularının Karakterizasyonu”, in: B. Kurt – Z. B. Öztürk – C. Çarboğa – N. Küçükdeveci (eds.), Paper presented in 2nd International Conference on Material Science and Technology in Cappadocia, 11-13 October, 2017, IMSTEC’17, Abstract Book (2017) 581.
23. Korbel 1987 G. Korbel, Materialheft Spätbronzezeitliche Keramik: Tarsus (Grabung H.Goldman) (1987).
24. Levi – Laviosa 1986 D. Levi – C. Laviosa, “Il Forno Minoico da Vasaio di Haghia Triada”, ASAtene 57- 58, 1986, 7-47.
25. López Varela 2001 S. L. López Varela – P. A. McAnany – K. A. Berry, “Ceramics Technology at Late Classic K’axob, Belize”, Journal of Field Archaeology 28, 1/2, 2001, 177-191.
26. Mielke 2006 D. P. Mielke, Die Keramik vom Westhang. Kuşaklı-Sarissa 2 (2006).
27. Mielke 2016 D. P. Mielke, Produktion und Distribution im Rahmen der hethitischen Wirtschaftsorganisation, in: K. Piesker (ed.), Wirtschaft als Machtbasis, Beiträge zur Rekonstruktion vor moderner Wirtschaftssysteme in Anatolien, BYZAS 22 (2016) 155-186.
28. Mielke 2017 D. P. Mielke, from “Anatolian” to “Hittite”. The Development of Pottery in Central Anatolia in the 2nd Millennium BC, in: A. Schachner (ed.), Innovation versus Beharrung: Was macht den Unterschied des hethitischen Reichs im Anatolien des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr?, BYZAS 24 (2017) 121-144.
29. Moorey 1994 P. R. S. Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence (1994).
30. Morandi Bonacossi 2008 D. Morandi Bonacossi, “Excavations on the Acropolis of Mishrifeh, Operation J.A New Early Bronze Age III-Iron Age III Sequence for Central Inner Syria, Part 1 Stratigraphy, Chronology and Architecture”, Akkadica 129, 2008, 55-127.
31. Mühlenbruch 2014 T. Mühlenbruch, Kayalıpınar 1: Hethitische Keramik im Kontext: Das Gebäude B von Kayalıpınar und die Nutzung institutioneller Gebäude des 2. Jt.s v. Chr. im ostmediterranen Raum (2014).
32. Müller-Karpe 1988 A. Müller-Karpe, Hethitische Töpferei der Oberstadt von Hattusa (1988).
33. Neve 1990 P. Neve, “Tanrılar ve Tapınaklar Kenti Hattuşa”, in: Uluslararası I. Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, Çorum (1990) 112-125.
34. Niemeier 1997 W.-D. Niemeier, “The Mycenaean Potter’s Quarter at Miletus”, TEXNH, 1997, 347-352.
35. Niemeier 2005 W.-D. Niemeier, “Minoans, Mycenaeans, Hittites, and Ionians in Western Asia Minor: New Excavations in Bronze Age Miletus-Millawanda”, in: A. Villing (ed.), The Greeks in the East (2005) 1-36.
36. Novak – Rutishauser 2017 M. Novak – S. Rutishauser, “Kizzuwatna: Archaeology”, in: M. Weeden – L. Z. Ullmann (eds.), Hittite Landscape and Geography (2017) 134-145.
37. Novak et al. 2017 M. Novak – A. L. D’Agata – I. Caneva – C. Eslick – C. Gates – M.-H. Gates – K. S. Girginer – Ö. Oyman-Girginer – E. Jean – G. Köroğlu – E. Kozal – S. Kulemann-Ossen – G. Lehmann – A. Özyar – T. Özaydın – J. N. Postgate – F. Şahin – E. Ünlü – R. Yağcı – D. Yaşin-Meier, “A Comparative Stratigraphy of Cilicia. Results of the first three Cilician Chronology Workshops”, AoF 44/2, 2017, 150-186.
38. Parzinger – Sanz 1992 H. Parzinger – R. Sanz, Die Oberstadt von Hethitische Keramik aus dem Zentralen Tempelviertel (1992).
39. Raymond 2006 A. Raymond, “The MBA Hearths and Kiln at Miletus”, in: E. Özgen – S. Günel – A. T. Ökse – H. Hüryılmaz – H. Tekin – N. Çınardalı-Karaaslan – B. Uysal – F. Ayşe Karaduman – A. Engin – R. Spieß – A. Aykurt – R. Tuncel – U. Deniz – A. Rennie (eds.), Studies in Honor of Hayat Erkanal, Cultural Reflections in Armağan Erkanal-Öktü (2006) 612-17.
40. Rhodes 1971 D. Rhodes, Kilns, Design, Construction, and Operation (1971).
41. Schoop 2003 U. D. Schoop, “Pottery Traditions of the Later Hittite Empire: Problems of Definition”, in: E. Jean – B. Fischer – H. Genz – K. Köroğlu (eds.), Identifying changes: The Transition from Bronze to Iron Ages in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions (2003) 167-178.
42. Seeher 1996 J. Seeher, “Die Ausgrabungen in Boğazköy- 1995”, Archäeologischer Anzeiger 1996 Heft 3, 1996, 333-347.
43. Shaw 2001 J. W. Shaw, “The Excavation and the Structure of the Kiln”, in: J. W. Shaw – A. van de Moortel – P. M. Day – V. Kilikoglou (eds), A LM IA Ceramic Kiln in South Central Crete: Function and Pottery Production (2001) 5-24.
44. Shepard 1956 A. O. Shepard, Ceramics for the Archaeologists (1956).
45. Slane 1987 D. A. Slane, Middle and Late Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery in Gözlü Kule, Tarsus: A New Analysis (Bryn Mawr College Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation 1987).
46. Starr 1939 R. F. S. Starr, Nuzi: Report on the Excavations at Yorgan Tepa near Kirkuk, Iraq, 1927-1931 (1939).
47. Tomasello 1996 F. Tomasello (ed), Fornaci à Festòs ed Haghia Triada dall ‘età’ Mediominoica alla Geometrica (also E. Gavrilaki, ed.) (1996).
48. Trémouille 2013 M-C. Trémouille, “Remarques sur Comana de Cappadoce et sa déesse”, in: O. Loretz – S. Ribichini – W. G. E. Watson – J. A. Zamora (eds.), Ritual, Religion and Reason, Studies in the Ancient World in Honor of Paolo Xella, AOAT 404 (2013) 407-416.
49. Ünal – Girginer 2007 A. Ünal – K. S. Girginer, Kilikya-Çukurova. İlk Çağlardan Osmanlılar Dönemi’ne Kadar Kilikya’da Tarihi Coğrafya, Tarih ve Arkeoloji (2007).
50. Ünal – Girginer 2010 A. Ünal – K. S. Girginer, “Tatarlı Höyük Kazılarında Bulunan ‘Anadolu Hieroglifli’ Damga Mühür Baskısı”, in: Ş. Dönmez (ed.), Veysel Donbaz’a YAZILAR DUB.SAR E.DUB.BA.A / Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz (2010) 275-281.
51. Wertime 1973 T. Wertime, “Man’s First Industrial Uses of Fire: The Neolithic Revolution introduced man to the new energy resources to be had from agriculture and those to be gained by applying fire to fuels and earths”, American Scientist 61.6, 1973, 670-682.
52. Yener – Akar 2013 K. A. Yener – M. Akar, “Alalah-Aççana Höyük”, in: M. Doğan-Alparslan – M. Alparslan (eds.), Hititler: Bir Anadolu İmparatorluğu (2013) 264-271.
53. Yener et al. 2010 K. A. Yener (ed.), The 2003-2004 Excavations Seasons, Vol. 1, Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh (2010).
54. Yener – Yazıcığlu 2010 K. A. Yener – G. B. Yazıcıoğlu, “Excavation Results”, in: K. A. Yener (eds.) The 2003-2004 Excavations Seasons, Vol. 1 (2010) 11-49.