The Sanctuary with the Relief of the “Twelve Gods” in the Elmalı Highlands: On the Iconography of “Leto, her children, and the Nymphs” in Ancient Southwest Anatolia

Abstract

Yukarıovacık, located in the surrounding countryside around Cabalian Oinoanda, promises more than an anonymous work of art recently added to the artistic repertoire of Late Roman southwest Anatolia. Its particular importance lies in its content that enables to recognize for the first time the visual peculiarities of Leto, her children, and the Nymphs, and hence provides a direct contribution to our understanding of Lycian religious iconography.

Keywords

• Elmalı
• Sanctuary
• Rock Relief
• “Leto
• her children
• and the Nymphs”

The Sanctuary with the Relief of the “Twelve Gods” in the Elmalı Highlands: On the Iconography of “Leto, her children, and the Nymphs” in Ancient Southwest Anatolia

Abstract

Kabalis Bölgesi’ndeki Oinoanda kentinin dağlık kırsalında konumlanan Yukarıovacık Kutsal Alanı, Güneybatı Anadolu tasvir repertuarına eklenen yeni bir kaya kabartmasından daha fazlasını vaat etmektedir. Zira anıt, bugüne değin ancak yazılı kaynaklar aracılığıyla tanıdığımız “Leto, çocukları ve Nympheler”den oluşan tanrılar alayını ilk kez tasvir sanatları aracılığıyla tasdik etme fırsatı sağlamakta ve böylece Likya din tarihi üzerine süre giden araştırmalara yeni ve farklı bakış açıları sunmaktadır

Keywords

• Elmalı
• Kutsal Alan
• Kaya Kabartması
• “Leto
• çocukları ve Nympheler”

References

1. Atik-Korkmaz 2016 S. Atik-Korkmaz, “Ana Tanrıçanın Kutsal alanı: Letoon / Sanctuary of Mother Goddess: Letoon”, in: H. İşkan – E. Dündar (eds.), Lukka’dan Likya’ya. Sarpedon ve Aziz Nikolaos’un Ülkesi / From Lukka to Lycia. The Land of Sarpedon and St. Nicolas (2016) 186-205.
2. von Aulock 1974 H. von Aulock, Die Münzprägung des Gordian III und der Tranquilliana in Lykien, IstMitt, Beiheft 11 (1974).
3. Balzat 2014 J. S. Balzat, “Names in EPM- in Southern Asia Minor. A Contribution to the Cultural History of Ancient Lycia”, Chiron. Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologie, 2014, 253-284.
4. Bryce 1983 T. R. Bryce, “The Arrival of the Goddess Leto in Lycia”, Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 32/1, 1983, 1-13.
5. Bryce 1986 T. R. Bryce, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources, Copenhagen, Museum Tusculum Press (1986).
6. Borchhardt et al. 2003 J. Borchhardt – G. Neumann – K. Schulz, “Tuminehi-Tymnessos”, Adalya 6, 2003, 21-90.
7. Borchhardt – Bleibtreu 2013 J. Borchhardt – E. Bleibtreu, Strukturen lykischer Residenzstädte im Vergleich zu älteren Städten des Vorderen Orients, Suna-İnan Kıraç Vakfı Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, Adalya Supplement Series 12 (2013).
8. Coulton 2012 J. J. Coulton, The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia 1. Balboura and the History of Highland Settlement, Monograph/British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 43 (2012).

9. des Courtils 2009 J. des Courtils, “From Eliyanas to Leto: The Physical Evaluation of the Sanctuary of Letoon at Xanthos”, in: C. Gates (ed.), Sacred Landscapes in Anatolia and Neighboring Regions, BAR International Series: 2034 (2009).
10. Dağlı 2011 İ. Dağlı, Nympheler ve Lykia’da Nympheler’e Adanmış. Kabartmalar (İstanbul Üniversitesi Unpublished Master Thesis 2011).
11. Davesne 2000 A. Davesne, “La région des portiques du Létôon de Xanthos”, Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 144/2, 2000, 615-631.
12. Delemen 1994 İ. Delemen, “Lykia - Kabalia - Pisidia bölgesinden Roma dönemi ‘Dioskurlar ve Tanrıça‘ Kabartmaları”, Belleten 59/225, 1994, 295-321.
13. Delemen 1999 İ. Delemen, Anatolian Rider-Gods. A Study on Stone Finds from the Regions of Lycia, Pisidia, Isauria, Lycaonia, Phrygia, Lydia and Caria in the Late Roman Period, AsiaMS 35 (1999).
14. Erbil-Mouton 2012 Y. Erbil – A. Mouton, “Water in Ancient Anatolian Religions: An Archaeological and Philological Inquiry on the Hittite Evidence”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 71/1, 2012, 53-74.
15. Frei 1990 P. Frei, “Die Götterkulte Lykiens in der Kaiserzeit”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, II 18/3 (1990) 1729-1864.
16. Freyer-Schauenburg 1994 B. Freyer-Schauenburg, Die lykischen Zwölfgötter-Reliefs, AsiaMS 13 (1994).
17. de la Genière 2007 J. de la Genière, “Sanctuaire d’Apollon à Claros. Etat de la question”, in: J. Cobet – V. von Greave – W. D. Niemeier – K. Zimmerman (eds.), Frühes Ionien. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Panionion-Symposion Güzelçamlı, 26 September-1 October 1999 (2007).
18. Gygax – Tietz 2005 D. M. Gygax – W. Tietz, “‘He who of all mankind set up the most numerous trophies to Zeus’, The Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos Reconsidered”, AnatSt 55, 2005, 89-98.
19. Hall 1977 A. Hall, “Sanctuary of Leto at Oenoanda”, AnatSt 27, 1977, 193- 197.
20. Harmanşah 2014 Ö. Harmanşah, “Event, place, performance: Rock Reliefs and Spring Monuments in Anatolia”, in: Ö. Harmanşah (ed.), Of Rocks and Water: Towards an Archaeology of Place (2014) 140-168.
21. Heberdey – Kalinka 1896 R. Heberdey – E. Kalinka, “Bereich über Zwei Reisen im Südwestlischen Kleinasien”, Denkschrifften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien 45/I, 1896, 1-56.
22. Hülden 2006 O. Hülden, “Ein Felsheiligtum mit Dreifigurenrelief im nördlichen Yavu-Bergland (Zentrallykien)”, IstMitt 56, 2006, 215-225.
23. Işık 2000 F. Işık, Die Statuetten vom Tumulus D bei Elmalı: Ionisierung der neuhethitischphrygischen Bildformen in Anatolien, Lykia 5 (2000).
24. Işık 2001 F. Işık, “Die anthropomorphe Halbstatue der “Eni Mahanahi” aus Letoon”, in: N. Birkle (ed.), Macellum. Culinaria Archaeologica. Robert Fleischer zum 60. Geburtstag von Kollegen, Freunden und Schülern (2001) 143-151.
25. Işık 2010 F. Işık, “Das Leto-Heiligtum in Asarcık am Xanthostal. Zur sog. Akkulturation in Lykien anhand seiner frühen Tempelbauten: mit einem epigraphischen Beitrag von Recai Tekoğlu”, IstMitt 60, 2010, 81-115.
26. İplikçioğlu et. al 2000 B. İplikçioğlu – G. Çelgin – V. Çelgin, “Doğu ve Kuzeydoğu Lykia-Güneybatı Pisidia Epigrafik-Tarihi Coğrafya Yüzey Araştırmaları (1991-1998 Çalışmaları)”, AST 17.1 (2000) 199-208.
27. Kahil 1992 L. Kahil, LIMC VI/1, 1992, 256-264. s.v. “Leto” Keen 1998 A. G. Keen, Dynastic Lycia. A Political History of the Lycians and Their Relations with Foreign Powers, c. 545-362 BC. (1998).
28. Krauskopf 1992 I. Krauskopf, LIMC VI/1, 1992, 264-266. s.v. “Leto/Letun” Küster 1913 E. Küster, Die Schlange in der griechischen Kunst und Religion (1913).
29. Lambrinudakis 1984 W. Lambrinudakis, LIMC II/1, 1984, 314-327, s.v. “Apollo” Laroche 1980 E. Laroche, “Les Dieux de la Lycie classique d’après les textes lyciens”, in: H. Metzger (ed.), Actes du Colloque sur la Lycie antique 13-14 Octobre 1977 (1980) 1-6.
30. Larson 2001 J. Larson, Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore (2001).
31. Megrelis 2013 M. Megrelis, Religion and Cultural Conservatism in Lycia: Xanthos and Lycia (University of Edinburgh Unpublished PhD Dissertation 2013).
32. Metzger 1952 H. Metzger, Catalogue des monuments Votifs du Musée d’Adalia. Etudes Orientalis 11 (1952).
33. Mitchell 2005 S. Mitchell, “İ.Ö. I. Yüzyılda Likya’nın Kuzey Sınırı : İ.Ö. 46’da Roma - Likya Anlaşması”, in: K. Dörtlük – B. Varkıvanç – T. Kahya (eds.), III. Likya Sempozyumu, 7 - 10 Kasım 2005, Antalya: Sempozyum Bildirileri/The 3rd Symposium on Lycia, 7 - 10 November 2005, Antalya: Symposium Proceedings (2005) 471-488.
34. Nour 1976 C. Nour, “Inscriptions et reliefs de Kibyratide et de Cabalide”, ZPE 22, 1976, 109-136.
35. Nour 1980 C. Nour, Tyriaion en Cabalide: Epigraphie et Géographie Historique, Studia Amstelodamensia ad Epigraphicam, Ius Antiquum et Papyrologicam Pertinentia 20 (1980).
36. Özdilek 2012 B. Özdilek, Lykia’da Gün Yüzüne Yeni Çıkarılan Rhodiapolis Tiyatrosu (2012).
37. Pace 1916-1920 B. Page, “La Zona Costiera de Adalia a Side, ASAtene 3, 1916-1920, 29-71.
38. Perdikou 1986 A. Perdikou, Das Alketas Grab in Termessos, IstMitt, Beiheft 32 (1986).
39. Pérez 2011 D. R. Pérez, “Contextualizing Symbols. ‘The Eagle and Snake’ in the Ancient Greek World”, Boreas, Münsterische Beiträge zur Archälogie 33, 2011, 1-18.
40. Renberg 2014 G. Renberg, “Unexplored Aspects of the ‘Twelve Gods Relief’”, Epigraphica Anatolica 47, 2014, 107-132.
41. Rousset 2010 D. Rousset, De Lycie en Cabalide : La convention entre les Lyciens et Termessos près d’Oinoanda, Fouilles de Xanthos 10 (2010).
42. Le Roy 1980 C. Le Roy, “Aspects grecs et anatoliens des divinities vénérés au Lètoon de Xanthos”, in: J. Borchhardt – G. Dobesch (eds.), Akten des II. Internationalen Lykien-Symposions, Band I (1980) 241-248.
43. Le Roy 1984 C. Le Roy, “Le Letoon de Xanthos en Lycie (Turquie). La Lutte d’un Sanctuaire Contre l’evolution du Milieu Naturel”, Bulletin de l’Association de géographes français, vol. 61/499, 1984, 41-44.
44. Le Roy 1990 C. Le Roy, “Létoon”, Varia Anatolica 4.2, 1990, 28-30.
45. Saraçoğlu 1989 H. Saraçoğlu, Akdeniz Bölgesi (1989).
46. Schürr 2013 D. Schürr, “Beobachtungen zu den Zwölfgötter-Relief in Lykien”, Adalya XVI, 2013, 213-224.
47. Smith 1997 T. J. Smith, “Votive Reliefs from Balboura and its Environs” AnatSt 47, 1997, 3-49.
48. Smith 2011 T. J. Smith, “Highland Gods: Rock-cut Votive Reliefs from the Pisidian Survey”, AnatSt 61, 2011, 133-150.
49. Şahin 2014 S. Şahin, Stadiasmus Patarensis: Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae / Likya Eyaleti Roma Yolları, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları (2014).
50. Tıbıkoğlu 2009 O. Tıbıkoğlu, “Toplantı Salonu”, in: N. Çevik et al., “Rhodiapolis 2008 Kazısı”, KST 31 (2009) 212-213.
51. Tiryaki 2006 S. G. Tiryaki, “A Preliminary Evaluation of the Spring Cult and Related Structures in Lycia”, Adalya IX, 2006, 33-52.
52. Tosun 2015 M. Tosun, “Fethiye Müzesi’ndeki Dioskurlar ve Tanrıça Tasvirli Adak Stellerinin İkonografik, Epigrafik ve Tipolojik Özellikleri”, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2.1, 2015, 1-30.
53. Wörrle 1999 M. Wörrle, Stadt und Fest im kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien: Studien zu einer agonistischen Stiftung aus Oinoanda, Vestigia. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte (1999).
54. Yücel 1950 T. Yücel, “Teke Yöresi Orta Bölümünün Mevzii Coğrafyası”, A.Ü. DTCF Dergisi 16.1, 1950, 143-204.