Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Kilise Tepe in Rough Cilicia before the Late Bronze Age: An Overview of the Architecture, Pottery Traditions, and Cultural Contacts

Year 2019, Issue: 22, 69 - 100, 11.10.2019

Abstract

Kilise Tepe, Türkiye’nin güneyinde Göksu Vadisi’nde, Hellenistik Dönem öncesi katmanlara sahip kazısı yapılmış tek eski yerleşimdir. Yerleşimdeki arkeolojik çalışmalar Tunç ve
Demir çağlarında yerel kültür ve bunun komşu bölgelerle olan bağlantıları hakkında paha biçilmez veriler sunmuştur. Bu makalede 2007 ve 2011 yıllarında Erken ve Orta Tunç Çağı
katmanlarında gerçekleştirilen kazıların ön sonuçları stratigrafi ve ilgili seramiklerin genel bir değerlendirmesiyle birlikte sunulmuş olup bunu Erken Tunç Çağı II Dönemi sonunda Kilise Tepe’de gerçekleşen yıkım ve sonrasındaki kültürel değişimlere odaklanan kısa bir tartışma takip etmektedir. Çalışmada yerleşim ve vadi sakinleri daha önceden çevre bölgelerle kültürel bağlar geliştirmiş olsalar da alanın bölgesel ticaret ağına daha ziyade Erken Tunç Çağı III Dönemi’nde büyük ölçüde entegre edildiği savunulmaktadır.

References

  • Akkermans, P.M.M.G., and G.M. Schwartz. 2003. The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter- Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Amiran, R. 1969. Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land: From its Beginnings in the Neolithic Period to the End of the Iron Age. Jerusalem: Massada Press.
  • Beck, P. 1975. “The Pottery of the Middle Bronze Age IIA at Tel Aphek.” TelAviv 2/2: 45–85.
  • Bikoulis, P. 2012. “Revisiting Prehistoric Sites in the Göksu Valley: a GIS and Social Network Approach.” AnatSt 62: 35–60.
  • Blegen, C.W., J.L. Caskey, and M. Rawson. 1951. Troy. Vol. 2, The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Settlements. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Blegen, C.W., J.L. Caskey, M. Rawson, and J. Sperling. 1950. Troy. Vol. 1, General Introduction. The First and Second Settlements. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Bouthillier, C., C. Colantoni, S. Debruyne, C. Glatz, M.M. Hald, D. Heslop, E. Kozal, B. Miller, P. Popkin, J.N. Postgate, C.S. Steele, and A. Stone. 2014. “Further Work at Kilise Tepe, 2007–11: Exploring the Bronze to Iron Age Transition.” AnatSt 64: 95–161.
  • Braidwood, R.J., and L.S. Braidwood. 1960. Excavations in the Plain of Antioch. Vol. 1, The Earlier Assemblages, Phases A-J. OIP 61. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Easton, D.F. 2002. Schliemann’s Excavations at Troia 1870-1873. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Efe, T. 2007. “The Theories of the ‘Great Caravan Route’ between Cilicia and Troy: The Early Bronze Age III Period in Inland Western Anatolia.” AnatSt 57: 47–64.
  • Fitzgerald, G.M. 1939–40. “Pottery of Levels V, VI and VII.” Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 26: 131–35.
  • Garstang, J. 1953. Prehistoric Mersin: Yümük Tepe in Southern Turkey. The Neilson Expedition in Cilicia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Goldman, H. 1956. Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus. Vol. 2, From the Neolithic through the Bronze Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hansen, C.K., and J.N. Postgate 2007. “Pottery from Level III.” In Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994–98, From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia, edited by J.N. Postgate and D. Thomas, 329–41. Cambridge, London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, British Institute at Ankara.
  • Jackson, M.P.C., J.N. Postgate, and T.E. Şerifoğlu. 2015. “Kilise Tepe Kazıları (1994-2012).” In Mersin Arkeolojik Kazıları ve Araştırmaları, edited by Ü. Aydınoğlu, 58–71. Mersin: Mersin Valiliği.
  • Kâmil, T. 1982. Yortan Cemetery in the Early Bronze Age of Western Anatolia. Oxford: BAR Publishing.
  • Korfmann, M. 1983. “Red Cross Bowl: Angeblicher Leittyp für Troja V.” In Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens: Festschrift für Kurt Bittel, edited by R.M. Boehmer and H. Hauptmann, 291–97. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Kozal, E. 2015. “A Discussion of the Origin and the Distribution Patterns of Red Lustrous Wheelmade Ware in Anatolia: Cultural Connections across the Taurus and Amanus Mountains.” In La Cappadoce Méridionale de la préhistoire à la période byzantine, 3èmes Recontres d’archéologie de l’IFÉA, 8-9 Novembre 2012, Istanbul, edited by D. Beyer, O. Henry, and A. Tibet, 53–64. İstanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes – Georges Dumézil.
  • Küçükbezci, H.G. 2012. “Konya-Karaman Bölgesi Kalkolitik ve Erken Tunç Çağ Çanak-Çömlek Kültürü.” Karadeniz 13: 63–95.
  • Kühne, H. 1976. Die Keramik vom Tell Chuera und ihre Beziehungen zu Funden aus Syrien-Palästina, der Türkei und dem Iraq. Vorderasiatische Forschungen der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung 1. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag.
  • Lamb, W. 1937. “Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar.” Archaeologia 86: 1–64.
  • Lloyd, S., and J. Mellaart. 1965. Beycesultan. Vol. 2, Middle Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery. London: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
  • Lloyd, S., and J. Mellaart. 1962. Beycesultan. Vol. 1, The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. London: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
  • Mac Sweeney, N., and T.E. Şerifoğlu. 2017. “Never the Same River Twice: The Göksu Valley Through the Ages.” In At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J.N. Postgate, edited by Y. Heffron, A. Stone, and M. Worthington, 335–54. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
  • Mazzoni, S. 1985. “Elements of the Ceramic Culture of Early Syrian Ebla in Comparison with Syro- Palestinian EB IV.” BASOR 257: 1–18.
  • Mellaart, J. 1963. “Early Cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau.” AnatSt 13: 199–236.
  • Mellink, M.J. 1969. “Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1968.” AJA 73/3: 319–31.
  • Mellink, M.J. 1967. “Archaeology in Asia Minor.” AJA 71/2: 155–74.
  • Mellink, M.J. 1965. “Archaeology in Asia Minor.” AJA 69/2: 133–49.
  • Newhard, M.L., N. Levine, and A. Rutherford. 2008. “Least-Cost Pathway Analysis and Inter-Regional Interaction in the Göksu Valley, Turkey.” AnatSt 58: 87–102.
  • Özten, A. 1989. “A Group of Early Bronze Age Pottery from the Konya and Niğde Region.” In Anatolia and the Ancient Near East, Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, edited by K. Emre, M. Mellink, and N. Özgüç, 407–18. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Postgate, J.N. 2007. “The Ceramics of Centralisation and Dissolution: A Case Study from Rough Cilicia.” AnatSt 57: 141–50.
  • Postgate, J.N., and D. Thomas, eds. 2007. Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994-98: From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia. Cambridge. London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, British Institute at Ankara.
  • Redmount, C.A. 1995. “Ethnicity, Pottery, and the Hyksos at Tell El-Maskhuta in the Egyptian Delta.” The Biblical Archaeologist 58/4: 182–90.
  • Rova, E. 1989. “Die sogenannte ‘Smeared-Wash Ware’: Ein Beitrag zur syrischen Keramik des III. Jahrtausends v. Chr.” BaM 20: 139–96.
  • Schliemann, H. 1880. Ilios: The City and Country of the Trojans. The Results of Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Troy and Throughout the Troad in the Years 1871-72-73-78-79. London: John Murray.
  • Spiteris, T. 1970. The Art of Cyprus. Translated by T. Burton. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Symington, D. 2007a. “The Middle Bronze Age Pottery.” In Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994–98, From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia, edited by J.N. Postgate and D. Thomas, 319–28.
  • Cambridge, London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, British Institute at Ankara.
  • Symington, D. 2007b. “The Early Bronze Age Pottery.” In Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994-98, From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia, edited by J.N. Postgate and D. Thomas, 295–318. Cambridge, London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, British Institute at Ankara.
  • Symington, D. 2001. “Hittites at Kilise Tepe.” In La Cilicie: Espaces et pouvoirs locaux: (2e millénaire av. J. C. - IVe s. ap. J. C.), Actes de la Table ronde internationale d’Istanbul, 2-5 novembre 1999, Kilikia: Mekanlar ve Yerel Güçler (M.Ö. 2. Binyıl-M.S. 4. Yüzyıl), Uluslararası Yuvarlak Masa Toplantısı Bildirileri, İstanbul 2-5 Kasım 1999, edited by É. Jean, A.M. Dinçol, and S. Durugönül, 167–84. Istanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes – Georges Dumézil.
  • Şerifoğlu, T.E. 2017a. “The Late Early Bronze Age Regional Catastrophe: A View from Cilicia.” In Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology: Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates, edited by E. Kozal, M. Akar, Y. Heffron, Ç. Çilingiroğlu, T.E. Şerifoğlu, C. Çakırlar, S. Ünlüsoy, and É. Jean, 127–50. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • Şerifoğlu, T.E. 2017b. “Lower Göksu Archaeological Salvage Survey Project: The Results of the 2015–2016 Seasons.” In The Archaeology of Anatolia. Vol. 2, Recent Discoveries (2015–2016), edited by S.R. Steadman and G. McMahon, 279–301. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Şerifoğlu, T.E. 2012. “Kilise Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı Çalışmaları.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 33.1: 375–88.
  • Şerifoğlu, T.E., N. Mac Sweeney, and C. Colantoni. 2015. “Lower Göksu Archaeological Salvage Survey Project: The Results of the 2013–2014 Seasons.” In The Archaeology of Anatolia: Recent Discoveries (2011–2014), edited by S.R. Steadman and G. McMahon, 228–54. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Weiss, H. 1997. “Late Third Millennium Abrupt Climate Change and Social Collapse in West Asia and Egypt.” North Atlantic Treaty Organization Advanced Science Institutes Series 49: 711–23.

Kilise Tepe in Rough Cilicia before the Late Bronze Age: An Overview of the Architecture, Pottery Traditions, and Cultural Contacts

Year 2019, Issue: 22, 69 - 100, 11.10.2019

Abstract

Kilise Tepe is the only ancient settlement with
pre-Hellenistic levels in Göksu Valley in southern
Turkey that has been excavated. The archaeological
work conducted at the site has
produced valuable data about the local culture
and its links with the neighbouring areas
during the Bronze and Iron Ages. This article
presents the preliminary results of the excavations
of the Early and Middle Bronze Age
levels conducted in 2007 and in 2011, with a
general evaluation of the stratigraphy and related
ceramics, followed by a brief discussion focusing
on the destruction at Kilise Tepe at the
end of the Early Bronze Age II period and the
cultural changes that occurred subsequently. It
is argued that, although the inhabitants of the
settlement and the valley had developed cultural
ties with the surrounding regions earlier,
only during the Early Bronze Age III period the
area became substantially integrated into the
regional trade network.

References

  • Akkermans, P.M.M.G., and G.M. Schwartz. 2003. The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter- Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Amiran, R. 1969. Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land: From its Beginnings in the Neolithic Period to the End of the Iron Age. Jerusalem: Massada Press.
  • Beck, P. 1975. “The Pottery of the Middle Bronze Age IIA at Tel Aphek.” TelAviv 2/2: 45–85.
  • Bikoulis, P. 2012. “Revisiting Prehistoric Sites in the Göksu Valley: a GIS and Social Network Approach.” AnatSt 62: 35–60.
  • Blegen, C.W., J.L. Caskey, and M. Rawson. 1951. Troy. Vol. 2, The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Settlements. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Blegen, C.W., J.L. Caskey, M. Rawson, and J. Sperling. 1950. Troy. Vol. 1, General Introduction. The First and Second Settlements. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Bouthillier, C., C. Colantoni, S. Debruyne, C. Glatz, M.M. Hald, D. Heslop, E. Kozal, B. Miller, P. Popkin, J.N. Postgate, C.S. Steele, and A. Stone. 2014. “Further Work at Kilise Tepe, 2007–11: Exploring the Bronze to Iron Age Transition.” AnatSt 64: 95–161.
  • Braidwood, R.J., and L.S. Braidwood. 1960. Excavations in the Plain of Antioch. Vol. 1, The Earlier Assemblages, Phases A-J. OIP 61. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Easton, D.F. 2002. Schliemann’s Excavations at Troia 1870-1873. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Efe, T. 2007. “The Theories of the ‘Great Caravan Route’ between Cilicia and Troy: The Early Bronze Age III Period in Inland Western Anatolia.” AnatSt 57: 47–64.
  • Fitzgerald, G.M. 1939–40. “Pottery of Levels V, VI and VII.” Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 26: 131–35.
  • Garstang, J. 1953. Prehistoric Mersin: Yümük Tepe in Southern Turkey. The Neilson Expedition in Cilicia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Goldman, H. 1956. Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus. Vol. 2, From the Neolithic through the Bronze Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hansen, C.K., and J.N. Postgate 2007. “Pottery from Level III.” In Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994–98, From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia, edited by J.N. Postgate and D. Thomas, 329–41. Cambridge, London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, British Institute at Ankara.
  • Jackson, M.P.C., J.N. Postgate, and T.E. Şerifoğlu. 2015. “Kilise Tepe Kazıları (1994-2012).” In Mersin Arkeolojik Kazıları ve Araştırmaları, edited by Ü. Aydınoğlu, 58–71. Mersin: Mersin Valiliği.
  • Kâmil, T. 1982. Yortan Cemetery in the Early Bronze Age of Western Anatolia. Oxford: BAR Publishing.
  • Korfmann, M. 1983. “Red Cross Bowl: Angeblicher Leittyp für Troja V.” In Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens: Festschrift für Kurt Bittel, edited by R.M. Boehmer and H. Hauptmann, 291–97. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Kozal, E. 2015. “A Discussion of the Origin and the Distribution Patterns of Red Lustrous Wheelmade Ware in Anatolia: Cultural Connections across the Taurus and Amanus Mountains.” In La Cappadoce Méridionale de la préhistoire à la période byzantine, 3èmes Recontres d’archéologie de l’IFÉA, 8-9 Novembre 2012, Istanbul, edited by D. Beyer, O. Henry, and A. Tibet, 53–64. İstanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes – Georges Dumézil.
  • Küçükbezci, H.G. 2012. “Konya-Karaman Bölgesi Kalkolitik ve Erken Tunç Çağ Çanak-Çömlek Kültürü.” Karadeniz 13: 63–95.
  • Kühne, H. 1976. Die Keramik vom Tell Chuera und ihre Beziehungen zu Funden aus Syrien-Palästina, der Türkei und dem Iraq. Vorderasiatische Forschungen der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung 1. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag.
  • Lamb, W. 1937. “Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar.” Archaeologia 86: 1–64.
  • Lloyd, S., and J. Mellaart. 1965. Beycesultan. Vol. 2, Middle Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery. London: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
  • Lloyd, S., and J. Mellaart. 1962. Beycesultan. Vol. 1, The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. London: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.
  • Mac Sweeney, N., and T.E. Şerifoğlu. 2017. “Never the Same River Twice: The Göksu Valley Through the Ages.” In At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J.N. Postgate, edited by Y. Heffron, A. Stone, and M. Worthington, 335–54. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
  • Mazzoni, S. 1985. “Elements of the Ceramic Culture of Early Syrian Ebla in Comparison with Syro- Palestinian EB IV.” BASOR 257: 1–18.
  • Mellaart, J. 1963. “Early Cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau.” AnatSt 13: 199–236.
  • Mellink, M.J. 1969. “Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1968.” AJA 73/3: 319–31.
  • Mellink, M.J. 1967. “Archaeology in Asia Minor.” AJA 71/2: 155–74.
  • Mellink, M.J. 1965. “Archaeology in Asia Minor.” AJA 69/2: 133–49.
  • Newhard, M.L., N. Levine, and A. Rutherford. 2008. “Least-Cost Pathway Analysis and Inter-Regional Interaction in the Göksu Valley, Turkey.” AnatSt 58: 87–102.
  • Özten, A. 1989. “A Group of Early Bronze Age Pottery from the Konya and Niğde Region.” In Anatolia and the Ancient Near East, Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, edited by K. Emre, M. Mellink, and N. Özgüç, 407–18. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Postgate, J.N. 2007. “The Ceramics of Centralisation and Dissolution: A Case Study from Rough Cilicia.” AnatSt 57: 141–50.
  • Postgate, J.N., and D. Thomas, eds. 2007. Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994-98: From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia. Cambridge. London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, British Institute at Ankara.
  • Redmount, C.A. 1995. “Ethnicity, Pottery, and the Hyksos at Tell El-Maskhuta in the Egyptian Delta.” The Biblical Archaeologist 58/4: 182–90.
  • Rova, E. 1989. “Die sogenannte ‘Smeared-Wash Ware’: Ein Beitrag zur syrischen Keramik des III. Jahrtausends v. Chr.” BaM 20: 139–96.
  • Schliemann, H. 1880. Ilios: The City and Country of the Trojans. The Results of Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Troy and Throughout the Troad in the Years 1871-72-73-78-79. London: John Murray.
  • Spiteris, T. 1970. The Art of Cyprus. Translated by T. Burton. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Symington, D. 2007a. “The Middle Bronze Age Pottery.” In Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994–98, From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia, edited by J.N. Postgate and D. Thomas, 319–28.
  • Cambridge, London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, British Institute at Ankara.
  • Symington, D. 2007b. “The Early Bronze Age Pottery.” In Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994-98, From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia, edited by J.N. Postgate and D. Thomas, 295–318. Cambridge, London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, British Institute at Ankara.
  • Symington, D. 2001. “Hittites at Kilise Tepe.” In La Cilicie: Espaces et pouvoirs locaux: (2e millénaire av. J. C. - IVe s. ap. J. C.), Actes de la Table ronde internationale d’Istanbul, 2-5 novembre 1999, Kilikia: Mekanlar ve Yerel Güçler (M.Ö. 2. Binyıl-M.S. 4. Yüzyıl), Uluslararası Yuvarlak Masa Toplantısı Bildirileri, İstanbul 2-5 Kasım 1999, edited by É. Jean, A.M. Dinçol, and S. Durugönül, 167–84. Istanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes – Georges Dumézil.
  • Şerifoğlu, T.E. 2017a. “The Late Early Bronze Age Regional Catastrophe: A View from Cilicia.” In Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology: Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates, edited by E. Kozal, M. Akar, Y. Heffron, Ç. Çilingiroğlu, T.E. Şerifoğlu, C. Çakırlar, S. Ünlüsoy, and É. Jean, 127–50. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • Şerifoğlu, T.E. 2017b. “Lower Göksu Archaeological Salvage Survey Project: The Results of the 2015–2016 Seasons.” In The Archaeology of Anatolia. Vol. 2, Recent Discoveries (2015–2016), edited by S.R. Steadman and G. McMahon, 279–301. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Şerifoğlu, T.E. 2012. “Kilise Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı Çalışmaları.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 33.1: 375–88.
  • Şerifoğlu, T.E., N. Mac Sweeney, and C. Colantoni. 2015. “Lower Göksu Archaeological Salvage Survey Project: The Results of the 2013–2014 Seasons.” In The Archaeology of Anatolia: Recent Discoveries (2011–2014), edited by S.R. Steadman and G. McMahon, 228–54. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Weiss, H. 1997. “Late Third Millennium Abrupt Climate Change and Social Collapse in West Asia and Egypt.” North Atlantic Treaty Organization Advanced Science Institutes Series 49: 711–23.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tevfik Emre Şerifoğlu 0000-0003-2542-7011

Publication Date October 11, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 22

Cite

Chicago Şerifoğlu, Tevfik Emre. “Kilise Tepe in Rough Cilicia before the Late Bronze Age: An Overview of the Architecture, Pottery Traditions, and Cultural Contacts”. Adalya, no. 22 (October 2019): 69-100.

Submition Date for ADALYA

The submission of the articles is between 1 September and 30 November.

Please submit your articles to the mail address adalya@ku.edu.tr in this date range; post or cargo will not be accepted. Submissions shoul be made before November 30.