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The Diplomatic and Strategic Maneuvers of Tissaphernes, Satrap of Sardis

Year 2017, Issue: 20, 107 - 134, 01.06.2017

Abstract

Tissaphernes, son of Hydarnes and one of the Seven who with Darius I were the founders of the new Persian dynasty, apparently had his first official contact with Ionia and the Greeks during the revolt of Pissuthnes in 420-412 B.C. Due to the insufficiency of evidence, the reasons which led to the rebellion of Pissuthnes, son of Hystaspes, grandson of Darius I Thuc. I.115 , and satrap of Sardis along with his illegitimate son Amorges, today remain obscure. According to the narrative of Ctesias of Cnidus FGrHist III C 1 688 F 15 53 = Phot. Bib. 72. 41b38-43b2 , King Darius II Ochus 424-405 B.C. sent Tissaphernes, Spithradates, and Parmises to suppress this revolt. Pissuthnes, with the Greeks commanded by an Athenian named Lycon, showed great resistance to them. The generals of the king drew Lycon to their side by bribing him and separated him from Pissuthnes. Within a short time Pissuthnes was delivered, and accompanied by Tissaphernes, he was brought before the king. By the king’s decree he was killed by being thrown into ashes, and Tissaphernes, as a result of his noteworthy success in this task, was given the satrapy of Sardis

References

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Bir Sardis Satrabı’nın Diplomatik ve Stratejik Manevraları: Tissaphernes

Year 2017, Issue: 20, 107 - 134, 01.06.2017

Abstract

Tissaphernes’e ilişkin sınırlı sayıda çalışmalar olmakla birlikte, cursus honorum’undaki kariyer icraatları sayesinde Pers kralı II. Dareios ile II. Artakserkses’in dönemin satraplarına nadiren tanıdıkları büyük yetkilerle donatılmasındaki askeri, idari ve diplomatik başarıları; üst mertebeden alt statüye ve sonunu ölüme sürükleyen taktiksel hataları ile politik başarısızlıkları üzerinde durulmamıştır. Dolayısıyla bu makalede Tissaphernes’in askeri diplomasisi ve stratejisi ortaya konulmaya ve bu perspektifte Batı Anadolu’daki önemli tarihsel olaylar yeniden ele alınmaya çalışılmaktadır. Tissaphernes hakkında rasyonel bir değerlendirmenin önündeki aşılmaz engel, satraba ilişkin bilgilerin sadece Hellen antik yazarların başka kültürleri oldukları gibi değil; kendi algıları doğrultusunda duyumsayıp alımlayarak çizdikleri aktarımlarıyla sınırlı kalmasıdır. Bu nedenle konuya ilişkin bütün veriler derlenip büyük titizlikle analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır

References

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  • Aristoph. Vesp. Aristophanes, Vespae, vol. III, B. B. Rogers (ed.) (1930).
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  • Aristot. Ath. Pol. Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia. The Athenian Constitution: The Eudemian Ethics; On Virtues and Vices, H. Rackham (trans.) (1935).
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  • Diod. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike, vols. I-VI: C. H. Oldfather (trans.) (1933- 1954); vol. VII: C. H. Sherman (trans.) (1952); vols. VIII: C. B. Welles (trans.) (1963)
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  • Anderson 1974 J. K. Anderson, “The Battle of Sardis in 395 B.C.”, CSCA 7, 1974, 27-53.
  • Andrewes 1971 A. Andrewes, “Thucydides and the Persians”, Historia X, 1971, 1-18.
  • Arslan 2010 M. Arslan, İstanbul’un Antikçağ Tarihi: Klasik ve Hellenistik Dönemler (2010). Arta Achaemenid Research on Texts and Archaeology.
  • Badian 1987 E. Badian, “The Peace of Callias”, JHS CVII, 1987, 1-39.
  • Binder 2008 C. Binder, Plutarchs Vita des Artaxerxes Ein historischer Kommentar (2008).
  • Bosworth 1990 A. B. Bosworth, “Plutarch, Callisthenes and the Peace of Callias”, JHS 110, 1990, 1-13.
  • Botha 1988 L. Botha, “The Asiatic Campaign of Agesilaus the Topography of the Route from Ephesus to Sardis”, AClass 31, 1988, 71-8.
  • Briant 2002 P. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire (2002).
  • Busolt 1908 G. Busolt, “Der Neue Historiker und Xenophon”, Hermes 43, 1908, 255-285.
  • Bruce 1967 I. A. F. Bruce, An Historical Commentary on the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia (1967).
  • Cawkwell 1997 G. L. Cawkwell, “The Peace between Athens and Persia”, Phoenix 51, 115-130.
  • Childs 1981 W. A. P. Childs, “Lycian Relations with Persians and Greeks in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries Re-examined”, AnatSt 31, 1981, 55-80.
  • CPh Classical Philology. CSCA California Studies in Classical Antiquity. CJ The Classical Journal.
  • Cowley 1923 A. E. Cowley, Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C. (1923). CQ Classical Quarterly
  • Danzing 2007 G. Danzing, “Xenophon’s Wicked Persian, or What’s Wrong with Tissaphernes? Xenophons Views on Lying and Breaking Oaths”, in: C. Tuplin (ed.), In Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire (2007) 27-50.
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  • Dillery 1995 J. Dillery, Xenophon and The History of his Times (1995).
  • Driver 1954 G. R. Driver, Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century BC (1954).
  • Dugas 1910 C. Dugas, “La campagne d’Agésilas en Asie Mineure (395): Xénophon et I’Anonyme d’Oxyrynchos”, BCH 34, 1910, 58-95.
  • Gray 1979 V. J. Gray, “Two Different Approaches to the Battle of Sardis in 395 B.C. Xenophon Hellenica 3.4.20-24 and Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 11 (6).4-6”, CSCA 12, 1979, 183-200.
  • Gribble 1999 D. Gribble, Alcibiades and Athens: A Study in Literary Presentation (1999).
  • Gomme 1981 A. W. Gomme, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides, vol. V (1981).
  • Fornara 1983 C. W. Fornara, Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War (1983).
  • Haebler 1982 C. Haebler, “Karanos: Eine sprachwissenschaftliche Betrachtung zu Xen. Hell. I 4,3”, in: J. Tischler (ed.), Serta Indogermanica. Festschrift G. Neumann (1982) 81-90.
  • Hallock 1969 R. T. Hallock, Persepolis Fortification Tablets (1969).
  • Hornblower 19912 S. Hornblower, The Greek World, 479-323 BC2 (1991).
  • Hornblower 20042 S. Hornblower, A Commentary on Thucydides2, vols. II, VI-V (2004).
  • Hyland 2007 J. Hyland, “Thucydides’ Portrait of Tissaphernes Re-examined”, in: C. Tuplin (ed.), In Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire (2007) 1-25.
  • Hyland 2008 J. Hyland, “Pharnabazos, Cyrus’ Rebellion, and the Spartan War of 399”, Arta 2008, 1-26. Kagan 1987 D. Kagan, The Fall of the Athenian Empire (1987).
  • Kallet 2001 L. Kallet, Money and the Corrosion of Power in Thucydides: The Sicilian Expedition and i ts Aftermath (2001).
  • Keen 1998 A. G. Keen, Dynastic Lycia: A Political History of the Lycians and their Relations with Foreign Powers c. 545-362 B.C. (1998).
  • Klinkott 2005 H. Klinkott, Der Satrap ein Achaimenidischer Amtsträger und seine Handlungsspielräume (2005). Koch 1992 H. Koch, Es kündet Dareios der König (1992).
  • Lafarga 2007 R. L. Lafarga, Comentario histórico de las Helénicas de Oxirrinco (2007).
  • Lateiner 1976 D. Lateiner, “Tissaphernes and the Phoenician Fleet (Thucydides 8. 87)”, TAPhA 106, 1976, 267-290.
  • Lewis 1958 M. Lewis, “The Phoenician Fleet in 411”, Historia 7, 1958, 392-397.
  • Lewis 1977 D. M. Lewis, Sparta and Persia (1977).
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevgi Sarıkaya This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Issue: 20

Cite

Chicago Sarıkaya, Sevgi. “The Diplomatic and Strategic Maneuvers of Tissaphernes, Satrap of Sardis”. Adalya, no. 20 (June 2017): 107-34.

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