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Figürliche Reliefs frühchristlicher Zeit in Kleinasien (4.-6. / 7. Jahrhundert n.Chr.)

Year 2023, Issue: 26, 197 - 232, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47589/adalya.1415129

Abstract

Anadolu’da, Erken Hıristiyanlık Dönemi’ne
(dördüncü-altıncı / yedinci yüzyıl) ait İncil ve
Tevrat konulu kabartmalar günümüze oldukça
az sayıda ulaşmıştır. Bunlar orijinal üretimin
sadece çok küçük bir kısmını oluşturur, günümüze ulaşamayanların sayısı çok daha fazladır. Tanınan örneklerle, MS ikinci ve üçüncü
yüzyıl mezar taşları gibi bölgesel gruplar
oluşturulamamaktadır. Bu kabartmalar, Küçük Asya Erken Hıristiyan teolojisi için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Erken Bizans Dönemi’ne ait çok sayıda kilise korunmuş veya en azından belgelenmiştir. Bunların birçoğu mükemmel duvar tekniği gösteren, bazıları alışılmadık karaktere sahip, büyük ve görkemli yapılardır. Kiliseler; sütun başlıkları, bariyer levhaları, ambonlar ve zemin mozaikleri gibi zengin donatılara sahipti. Günümüzde bunlardan sadece birkaç duvar resmi ve mozaik kalıntısı korunmakla birlikte, birçok kilisenin bunlarla donatıldığı kabul edilebilir. Mükemmel kalitede portre heykelleri ve büstleri mevcut iken, konusunu İncil ve Tevrat’tan alan kabartmaların sayısı çok azdır. Kabartmaların neredeyse tamamı, birkaç istisna dışında, işçilik açısından oldukça basittir. Fakat sadece İncil ve Tevrat sahnelerinin alışılmış ikonografisinin yanı sıra, ender ve ünik karakter taşıyan tasvirler Küçük Asya’nın uzak bölgelerinde bilindiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Tüm bu kabartmalar, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun ana damarı olan Küçük Asya’ya ışık tuttuğundan, Geç Antik Çağ sanatının önemli tanıklarıdır.

References

  • Akkaya, T. 1994. Herakleia Pontike (Karadeniz Ereğlisi)’nin Tarihi Gelişimi ve Eski Eserleri. Istanbul: Troya Yayıncılık.
  • Alpaslan, S. 2001a. “Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesindeki Bizans Dönemi Taş Eserleri.” In Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 2000 Yıllığı, edited by Kültür Bakanlığı Anadolu Medeniyetler Müzesi, 265-99. Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesini Koruma ve Yaşatma Yayın 2.15. Ankara: Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesini Koruma ve Yaşatma Derneği.
  • Alpaslan, S. 2001b. “Architectural Sculpture in Constantinople and the Influence of the Capital in Anatolia.” In Byzantine Constantinople. Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life, edited by N. Necipoğlu, 187-201. Leiden: Brill.
  • Angiolini Martinelli, P. 1968. Altari, amboni, cibori, cornici, plutei con figure di animali e con intrecci, transenne e frammenti vari, edited by G. Bovini. Corpus della scultura paleocristiana, bizantina ed altomedioevale di Ravenna 1. Rome: De Luca.
  • Asgari, N., ed. 1983. The Anatolian Civilisations. Vol. 2, Greek, Roman, Byzantine. St. Irene Istanbul, May 22-October 30, 1983. Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
  • Ataç, N., and G. Koch. Forthcoming. “Durchzug durch das Rote Meer. Ein spätantikes Relief in Kappadokia.” In Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Nikolaos Gkioles.
  • Auber de Lapierre, J., and A. Jeudy. 2018. Catalogue général du Musée copte du Caire. Vol. 1, Objects en bois. Bibliothèque d’études coptes 26. Cairo: Institute français d’archéologie orientale.
  • Aydın, A. 2003. “Tarsus Müzesi’ndeki Daniel Betimli Levha.” Adalya 6:265-80.
  • Boyd, S. 1999. “Champlevé Production in Early Byzantine Cyprus.” In Medieval Cyprus. Studies in Art, Architecture and History in Memory of Doula Mouriki, edited by N. Patterson Sˇevcˇenko and C. Moss, 49-70. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Brands, G. 2018. “Eine spätantike Artemis aus Antakya.” JdI 133:259-88.
  • Buchthal, H. l979. The Musterbuch of Wolfenbüttel and its Position in the Art of the Thirteenth Century. Byzantina Vindobonensia 12. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Büchsenschütz, N. 2018. Repertorium der christlich-antiken Sarkophage. Vol. 4, Iberische Halbinsel und Marokko. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert.
  • Castiglia, G., P. Pergola, S. Massa, S. Bertoldi, M. Ciliberti, O. Larentis, B. Maletic´, C. Mandelli, and M. Pola. 2021. “Un nuovo complesso episcopale nel Corno d’Africa di età tardo antica? Gli scavi del Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana ad Adulis (Eretria): 2018-2020.” Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie 27:9-58.
  • Chiricat, É. 2013. “The ‘Crypto-Christian’ Inscriptions of Phrygia.” In Roman Phrygia. Culture and Society, edited by P. Thonemann, 198-214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Christern-Briesenick, B. 2003. Repertorium der christlich-antiken Sarkophage. Vol. 3, Frankreich, Algerien und Tunesien. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

Figürliche Reliefs frühchristlicher Zeit in Kleinasien (4.-6. / 7. Jahrhundert n.Chr.)

Year 2023, Issue: 26, 197 - 232, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47589/adalya.1415129

Abstract

In Asia Minor, only a relatively small number of reliefs with biblical depictions or images of saints from the early Christian period (fourth to sixth / seventh centuries AD) have been preserved. They represent an exceedingly small percentage of what was likely actually produced, with a substantial amount considered to be lost. This makes it difficult to classify the art based on geographic region, in comparison, for example, to the proliferation of the Roman grave reliefs of the second and third centuries. Nevertheless, Asia Minor was of an area of great importance for the theology of early Christianity. Numerous churches from the Early Byzantine period have been preserved or at least documented. Many were large and magnificent buildings, showing excellent masonry techniques, and some had unusual shapes. The churches were richly adorned with capitals, barrier plates, and ambons, as well as floor mosaics. Although only a few remnants of wall paintings and mosaics are preserved today, it can be assumed that most of churches possessed them. While there are portrait sculptures and busts of excellent quality, very few reliefs are based on the Bible. They are almost all very simple pieces, in terms of craftsmanship, with a few exceptions. The existence, not only, of the customary iconography, but also rare and unique character depictions of the reliefs of biblical scenes, illustrates the reach of the Byzantine Church in even the most remote areas of that region, shedding light on Late Antique art in Asia Minor as the heartland of the Byzantine Empire.

References

  • Akkaya, T. 1994. Herakleia Pontike (Karadeniz Ereğlisi)’nin Tarihi Gelişimi ve Eski Eserleri. Istanbul: Troya Yayıncılık.
  • Alpaslan, S. 2001a. “Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesindeki Bizans Dönemi Taş Eserleri.” In Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 2000 Yıllığı, edited by Kültür Bakanlığı Anadolu Medeniyetler Müzesi, 265-99. Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesini Koruma ve Yaşatma Yayın 2.15. Ankara: Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesini Koruma ve Yaşatma Derneği.
  • Alpaslan, S. 2001b. “Architectural Sculpture in Constantinople and the Influence of the Capital in Anatolia.” In Byzantine Constantinople. Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life, edited by N. Necipoğlu, 187-201. Leiden: Brill.
  • Angiolini Martinelli, P. 1968. Altari, amboni, cibori, cornici, plutei con figure di animali e con intrecci, transenne e frammenti vari, edited by G. Bovini. Corpus della scultura paleocristiana, bizantina ed altomedioevale di Ravenna 1. Rome: De Luca.
  • Asgari, N., ed. 1983. The Anatolian Civilisations. Vol. 2, Greek, Roman, Byzantine. St. Irene Istanbul, May 22-October 30, 1983. Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
  • Ataç, N., and G. Koch. Forthcoming. “Durchzug durch das Rote Meer. Ein spätantikes Relief in Kappadokia.” In Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Nikolaos Gkioles.
  • Auber de Lapierre, J., and A. Jeudy. 2018. Catalogue général du Musée copte du Caire. Vol. 1, Objects en bois. Bibliothèque d’études coptes 26. Cairo: Institute français d’archéologie orientale.
  • Aydın, A. 2003. “Tarsus Müzesi’ndeki Daniel Betimli Levha.” Adalya 6:265-80.
  • Boyd, S. 1999. “Champlevé Production in Early Byzantine Cyprus.” In Medieval Cyprus. Studies in Art, Architecture and History in Memory of Doula Mouriki, edited by N. Patterson Sˇevcˇenko and C. Moss, 49-70. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Brands, G. 2018. “Eine spätantike Artemis aus Antakya.” JdI 133:259-88.
  • Buchthal, H. l979. The Musterbuch of Wolfenbüttel and its Position in the Art of the Thirteenth Century. Byzantina Vindobonensia 12. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Büchsenschütz, N. 2018. Repertorium der christlich-antiken Sarkophage. Vol. 4, Iberische Halbinsel und Marokko. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert.
  • Castiglia, G., P. Pergola, S. Massa, S. Bertoldi, M. Ciliberti, O. Larentis, B. Maletic´, C. Mandelli, and M. Pola. 2021. “Un nuovo complesso episcopale nel Corno d’Africa di età tardo antica? Gli scavi del Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana ad Adulis (Eretria): 2018-2020.” Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie 27:9-58.
  • Chiricat, É. 2013. “The ‘Crypto-Christian’ Inscriptions of Phrygia.” In Roman Phrygia. Culture and Society, edited by P. Thonemann, 198-214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Christern-Briesenick, B. 2003. Repertorium der christlich-antiken Sarkophage. Vol. 3, Frankreich, Algerien und Tunesien. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

Figürliche Reliefs frühchristlicher Zeit in Kleinasien (4.-6. / 7. Jahrhundert n.Chr.)

Year 2023, Issue: 26, 197 - 232, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47589/adalya.1415129

Abstract

In Asia Minor, only a relatively small number of reliefs with biblical depictions or images of saints from the early Christian period (fourth to sixth / seventh centuries AD) have been preserved. They represent an exceedingly small percentage of what was likely actually produced, with a substantial amount considered to be lost. This makes it difficult to classify the art based on geographic region, in comparison, for example, to the proliferation of the Roman grave reliefs of the second and third centuries. Nevertheless, Asia Minor was of an area of great importance for the theology of early Christianity. Numerous churches from the Early Byzantine period have been preserved or at least documented. Many were large and magnificent buildings, showing excellent masonry techniques, and some had unusual shapes. The churches were richly adorned with capitals, barrier plates, and ambons, as well as floor mosaics. Although only a few remnants of wall paintings and mosaics are preserved today, it can be assumed that most of churches possessed them. While there are portrait sculptures and busts of excellent quality, very few reliefs are based on the Bible. They are almost all very simple pieces, in terms of craftsmanship, with a few exceptions. The existence, not only, of the customary iconography, but also rare and unique character depictions of the reliefs of biblical scenes, illustrates the reach of the Byzantine Church in even the most remote areas of that region, shedding light on Late Antique art in Asia Minor as the heartland of the Byzantine Empire.

Thanks

Die Verfasser danken der Generaldirektion für die Forschungs-Genehmigung sowie den Direktorinnen und Direktoren der Museen in Adana, Akşehir, Ankara, Antalya, Ereğli, Kayseri, Konya, Selçuk, Uşak und Yozgat für die Arbeits- und Photogenehmigung. Sehr dankbar wären wir für Hinweise auf Stücke, die hier nicht erfasst worden sind. Der Byzantion Stiftung, Marburg, sei für einen Zuschuss zu den Reisekosten von Dr. Nergis Ataç gedankt.

References

  • Akkaya, T. 1994. Herakleia Pontike (Karadeniz Ereğlisi)’nin Tarihi Gelişimi ve Eski Eserleri. Istanbul: Troya Yayıncılık.
  • Alpaslan, S. 2001a. “Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesindeki Bizans Dönemi Taş Eserleri.” In Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 2000 Yıllığı, edited by Kültür Bakanlığı Anadolu Medeniyetler Müzesi, 265-99. Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesini Koruma ve Yaşatma Yayın 2.15. Ankara: Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesini Koruma ve Yaşatma Derneği.
  • Alpaslan, S. 2001b. “Architectural Sculpture in Constantinople and the Influence of the Capital in Anatolia.” In Byzantine Constantinople. Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life, edited by N. Necipoğlu, 187-201. Leiden: Brill.
  • Angiolini Martinelli, P. 1968. Altari, amboni, cibori, cornici, plutei con figure di animali e con intrecci, transenne e frammenti vari, edited by G. Bovini. Corpus della scultura paleocristiana, bizantina ed altomedioevale di Ravenna 1. Rome: De Luca.
  • Asgari, N., ed. 1983. The Anatolian Civilisations. Vol. 2, Greek, Roman, Byzantine. St. Irene Istanbul, May 22-October 30, 1983. Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
  • Ataç, N., and G. Koch. Forthcoming. “Durchzug durch das Rote Meer. Ein spätantikes Relief in Kappadokia.” In Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Nikolaos Gkioles.
  • Auber de Lapierre, J., and A. Jeudy. 2018. Catalogue général du Musée copte du Caire. Vol. 1, Objects en bois. Bibliothèque d’études coptes 26. Cairo: Institute français d’archéologie orientale.
  • Aydın, A. 2003. “Tarsus Müzesi’ndeki Daniel Betimli Levha.” Adalya 6:265-80.
  • Boyd, S. 1999. “Champlevé Production in Early Byzantine Cyprus.” In Medieval Cyprus. Studies in Art, Architecture and History in Memory of Doula Mouriki, edited by N. Patterson Sˇevcˇenko and C. Moss, 49-70. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Brands, G. 2018. “Eine spätantike Artemis aus Antakya.” JdI 133:259-88.
  • Buchthal, H. l979. The Musterbuch of Wolfenbüttel and its Position in the Art of the Thirteenth Century. Byzantina Vindobonensia 12. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Büchsenschütz, N. 2018. Repertorium der christlich-antiken Sarkophage. Vol. 4, Iberische Halbinsel und Marokko. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert.
  • Castiglia, G., P. Pergola, S. Massa, S. Bertoldi, M. Ciliberti, O. Larentis, B. Maletic´, C. Mandelli, and M. Pola. 2021. “Un nuovo complesso episcopale nel Corno d’Africa di età tardo antica? Gli scavi del Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana ad Adulis (Eretria): 2018-2020.” Mitteilungen zur Christlichen Archäologie 27:9-58.
  • Chiricat, É. 2013. “The ‘Crypto-Christian’ Inscriptions of Phrygia.” In Roman Phrygia. Culture and Society, edited by P. Thonemann, 198-214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Christern-Briesenick, B. 2003. Repertorium der christlich-antiken Sarkophage. Vol. 3, Frankreich, Algerien und Tunesien. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language German
Subjects Archaeological Science, History of The Byzantine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nergis Ataç 0000-0002-8598-6029

Guntram Koch 0000-0003-1696-9556

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 26

Cite

Chicago Ataç, Nergis, and Guntram Koch. “Figürliche Reliefs frühchristlicher Zeit in Kleinasien (4.-6. / 7. Jahrhundert n.Chr.)”. Adalya, no. 26 (December 2023): 197-232. https://doi.org/10.47589/adalya.1415129.

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