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Afrika Genelinde İstisnaî Bir Devlet: Botsvana

Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 74 - 88, 01.06.2014

Abstract

Bir Güney Afrika ülkesi olan Botsvana, Afrika kıtasına yönelik istikrarsızlık ve azgelişmişlik algısını değiştirebilecek örneklerden biridir. Botsvana, bağımsızlığını elde ettiği dönemde Afrika’nın en fakir ülkeleri arasında yer alırken 1967’de elmas madenlerinin keşfedilmesi ile birlikte hızlı bir ekonomik büyüme sürecine girmiştir. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma temelli politikalar sayesinde dünyanın en hızlı büyüyen ekonomisi haline gelen Botsvana, “Afrika’da bir başarı öyküsü” olarak nitelendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Ülkede ekonomik büyümenin yanı sıra siyasî istikrar da sağlanmıştır. Nitekim Botsvana, askerî darbe tecrübesi olmayan nadir Afrika ülkelerinden biridir. Buradan hareketle çalışmamızda, en az Botsvana kadar zengin yer altı kaynakları olmasına rağmen birçok Afrika ülkesi siyasî istikrarsızlık ve ekonomik çöküntü içindeyken Botsvana’nın böylesine istisnaî bir gelişme göstermesinin altında yatan sebepler ele alınmıştır.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler: Afrika, Botsvana, Siyasî İstikrar, Ekonomik Büyüme, Afropesimizm, Afro-optimizm

References

  • Acemoğlu, Daron, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson (2002), An African Success Story: Botswana, CEPR Discussion Paper.
  • Arnold, Guy (2000), World Strategic Highways, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London.
  • Ataöv, Türkkaya (2010), Emperyalizmin Afrika Sömürüsü, İleri Yayınları, İstanbul., (1975), Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Ayittey, George N. B. (1992), Africa Betrayed, St. Martin’s Press, New York., (1991), Indigenous African Institutions, Transnational Publishers, New York.
  • Beaulier, Scott A. (2003), “Explaining Botswana’s Success: The Critical Role of Post-Colonial Policy, Cato Journal, 23/2: 227-40.
  • Butale, Phenyo (2014), “Botswana’s Foreign Policy Theatrics: A Heroic Act of Futility,” Weekend Post, 16 January.
  • Dale, Richard (1995), Botswana’s Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa, Greenwood Press, Westport and London.
  • Dubbeld, Gys (1992), The Fought for Freedom: Seretse Khama, Maskew Miller Longman, Cape Town.
  • Dutfield, Michael (1990), A Marriage of Inconvenience: The Persecution of Ruth and Seretse Khama, Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Düsing, Sandra (2002), Traditional Leadership and Democratisation in Southern Africa: A Comparative Study of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa, LIT Verlag, Hamburg.
  • Erasmus, Ursula (1992), Bushman Culture, Excalibur Press, London.
  • Fawcus, Peter (2000), Botswana: The Road to Independence, Pula Press, Gaborone.
  • Feng, Yi (1997), “Democracy, Political Stability and Economic Growth”, British Journal of Political Science, 27/3 :391-418.
  • Fredriksen, John C. (2003), Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders: 1992 to the Present, Facts on File, New York.
  • Gann, Lewis H. and Peter Duignan (1971), Burden of Empire: An Appraisal of Western Colonialism in Africa South of the Sahara, Hoover Press, Stanford.
  • Good, Kenneth (2010), “The Presidency of General Ian Khama: The Militarization of the Botswana Miracle,” African Affairs, 109/435: 315-24., (2008), Diamonds, Dispossession and Democracy in Botswana, James Currey and Jacana Media, Oxford and Johannesburg., (2003), “Bushman and Diamonds: (Un)Civil Society in Botswana”, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet Discussion Paper 23, Göteborg/Sweden., (1999), “Enduring Elite Democracy in Botswana”, Democratization, 6/3: 50-66., (1996), “Authoritarian Liberalism: A Defining Characteristic of Botswana”, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 14/1: 29-51.
  • Good, Kenneth and Ian Taylor (2008), “Botswana: A Minimalist Democracy”, Democratization, 15/4: 750-65.
  • Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012), The State And The Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies, Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford.
  • Hatch, John (1965), A History of Postwar Africa, Praeger, New York.
  • Hillbom, Ellen (2008), “Diamonds or Development? A Structural Assessment of Botswana’s Forty Years of Success”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 46/2: 191-214.
  • Hope, Kempe Ronald and Gloria Somolekae (1998), Public Administration and Policy in Botswana, Juta & Co., Kenwyn.
  • Hrbek, Ivan (1992), Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Hyam, Ronald and Peter Henshaw (2003), The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa since the Boer War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Iwan-Müller, Ernest Bruce (1902), Lord Milner and South Africa, W. Heinemann, London.
  • Jackson, Ashley (1999), Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Killingray, David and Martin Plaut (2010), Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War, James Currey, Woodbridge.
  • Lange, Matthew (2009), Lineages of Despotism and Development: British Colonialism and State Afrika Genelinde İstisnaî Bir De vlet: Botsvana 87 Power, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Lea, David and Annamarie Rowe (2001), A Political Chronology of Africa, Europa Publications, London.
  • Leith, James Clark (2005), Why Botswana Prospered, McGill-Queen’s Press, Montreal [Quebec].
  • Lodge, Tom, Denis Kadima and David Pottie (2002), Compendium of Elections in Southern Africa, EISA Books, Johannesburg.
  • Marshall, Leon (2003), “Bushmen Driven from Ancestral Lands in Botswana,” National Geographic News, 16 (April).
  • Masire, Sir Ketumile Joni (2006), Very Brave or Very Foolish?: Memoirs of an African Democrat, Macmillan Botswana, Gaborone.
  • Meredith, Martin (2007), Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa, Public Affairs, New York.
  • Mogalakwe, Monageng (2003), “Botswana: An African Miracle or a Case of Mistaken Identity,” Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, 17/1: 85-93.
  • Mokhawa, Gladys (2005), “All that Glitters is not Diamond: The Politics of Diamond Dependence and Abundance in Botswana”, Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa, içinde, ed. Matthias Basedau and Andreas Mehler, GIGA-Hamburg.
  • Molomo, Mpho G. (2000), “Understanding government and opposition parties in Botswana”,
  • Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 38/1: 65-92.
  • Morton, Barry and Jeff Ramsay (1994), The Making of a President: Sir Ketumile Masire’s Early Years, Pula Press, Gaborone.
  • Morton, Fred, Jeff Ramsay and Part Themba Mgadla (2008), Historical Dictionary of Botswana, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland.
  • Mphone, Guy and Patrick Bond (2002), “Botswana and Zimbabwe: Relative Success and Comparative Failure?,” Globalization, Marginalization and Development, içinde, ed. S. Mansoob Murshed, Routledge, London and New York.
  • Müller, Johann Alexander (2012), The Inevitable Pipeline Into Exile: Botswana’s Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle, Basler Afrika Bibliographien, Windhoek.
  • Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2010), Botswana: Profile of a Nation, Continental Press, Dar es-Salaam.
  • N’Diaye, Boubacar (2001), The Challenge of Institutionalizing Civilian Control: Botswana, Ivory Coast, and Kenya in Comparative Perspective, Lexington Books, Lanham.
  • Öztürk, Namık Kemal (2002), “Bürokratik Devletten Etkin Yönetime Geçiş: İyi Yönetişim”, Türk İdare Dergisi, Sayı 437 (Aralık): 27-38.
  • Robinson, James (2009), “Botswana as a Role Model for Country Success”, UNU-WIDER Research Paper No. 2009/40 (June).
  • Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999), An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development, Heinemann, Portsmouth.
  • Schapera, Isaac (1994), A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom, LIT Verlag, Münster., (1930), The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa: Bushmen and Hottentots, Routledge, London.
  • Schmitt, Deborah Ann (2005), The Bechuanaland: Pioneers And Gunners, Praeger, Westport.
  • Sillery, Anthony (1974), Botswana: A Short Political History, Methuen, London.
  • Siphambe, Happy Kufigwa (2007), Growth and Employment Dynamics in Botswana: A Case Study of Policy Coherence, ILO Working Paper No. 82 (Geneva).
  • Stedman, Stephen John (1993), Botswana: The Political Economy of Democratic Development, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London.
  • Tlou, Thomas, Neil Parsons and Willie Henderson (1995), Seretse Khama, 1921-1980, Macmillan Botswana, Gaborone.
  • Williams, Gwyneth and Brian Hackland (1998), The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa, Routledge, London.
  • Williams, Susan (2006), Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation, Allen Lane, London.
Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 74 - 88, 01.06.2014

Abstract

References

  • Acemoğlu, Daron, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson (2002), An African Success Story: Botswana, CEPR Discussion Paper.
  • Arnold, Guy (2000), World Strategic Highways, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London.
  • Ataöv, Türkkaya (2010), Emperyalizmin Afrika Sömürüsü, İleri Yayınları, İstanbul., (1975), Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Ayittey, George N. B. (1992), Africa Betrayed, St. Martin’s Press, New York., (1991), Indigenous African Institutions, Transnational Publishers, New York.
  • Beaulier, Scott A. (2003), “Explaining Botswana’s Success: The Critical Role of Post-Colonial Policy, Cato Journal, 23/2: 227-40.
  • Butale, Phenyo (2014), “Botswana’s Foreign Policy Theatrics: A Heroic Act of Futility,” Weekend Post, 16 January.
  • Dale, Richard (1995), Botswana’s Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa, Greenwood Press, Westport and London.
  • Dubbeld, Gys (1992), The Fought for Freedom: Seretse Khama, Maskew Miller Longman, Cape Town.
  • Dutfield, Michael (1990), A Marriage of Inconvenience: The Persecution of Ruth and Seretse Khama, Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Düsing, Sandra (2002), Traditional Leadership and Democratisation in Southern Africa: A Comparative Study of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa, LIT Verlag, Hamburg.
  • Erasmus, Ursula (1992), Bushman Culture, Excalibur Press, London.
  • Fawcus, Peter (2000), Botswana: The Road to Independence, Pula Press, Gaborone.
  • Feng, Yi (1997), “Democracy, Political Stability and Economic Growth”, British Journal of Political Science, 27/3 :391-418.
  • Fredriksen, John C. (2003), Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders: 1992 to the Present, Facts on File, New York.
  • Gann, Lewis H. and Peter Duignan (1971), Burden of Empire: An Appraisal of Western Colonialism in Africa South of the Sahara, Hoover Press, Stanford.
  • Good, Kenneth (2010), “The Presidency of General Ian Khama: The Militarization of the Botswana Miracle,” African Affairs, 109/435: 315-24., (2008), Diamonds, Dispossession and Democracy in Botswana, James Currey and Jacana Media, Oxford and Johannesburg., (2003), “Bushman and Diamonds: (Un)Civil Society in Botswana”, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet Discussion Paper 23, Göteborg/Sweden., (1999), “Enduring Elite Democracy in Botswana”, Democratization, 6/3: 50-66., (1996), “Authoritarian Liberalism: A Defining Characteristic of Botswana”, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 14/1: 29-51.
  • Good, Kenneth and Ian Taylor (2008), “Botswana: A Minimalist Democracy”, Democratization, 15/4: 750-65.
  • Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012), The State And The Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies, Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford.
  • Hatch, John (1965), A History of Postwar Africa, Praeger, New York.
  • Hillbom, Ellen (2008), “Diamonds or Development? A Structural Assessment of Botswana’s Forty Years of Success”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 46/2: 191-214.
  • Hope, Kempe Ronald and Gloria Somolekae (1998), Public Administration and Policy in Botswana, Juta & Co., Kenwyn.
  • Hrbek, Ivan (1992), Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Hyam, Ronald and Peter Henshaw (2003), The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa since the Boer War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Iwan-Müller, Ernest Bruce (1902), Lord Milner and South Africa, W. Heinemann, London.
  • Jackson, Ashley (1999), Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Killingray, David and Martin Plaut (2010), Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War, James Currey, Woodbridge.
  • Lange, Matthew (2009), Lineages of Despotism and Development: British Colonialism and State Afrika Genelinde İstisnaî Bir De vlet: Botsvana 87 Power, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Lea, David and Annamarie Rowe (2001), A Political Chronology of Africa, Europa Publications, London.
  • Leith, James Clark (2005), Why Botswana Prospered, McGill-Queen’s Press, Montreal [Quebec].
  • Lodge, Tom, Denis Kadima and David Pottie (2002), Compendium of Elections in Southern Africa, EISA Books, Johannesburg.
  • Marshall, Leon (2003), “Bushmen Driven from Ancestral Lands in Botswana,” National Geographic News, 16 (April).
  • Masire, Sir Ketumile Joni (2006), Very Brave or Very Foolish?: Memoirs of an African Democrat, Macmillan Botswana, Gaborone.
  • Meredith, Martin (2007), Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa, Public Affairs, New York.
  • Mogalakwe, Monageng (2003), “Botswana: An African Miracle or a Case of Mistaken Identity,” Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, 17/1: 85-93.
  • Mokhawa, Gladys (2005), “All that Glitters is not Diamond: The Politics of Diamond Dependence and Abundance in Botswana”, Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa, içinde, ed. Matthias Basedau and Andreas Mehler, GIGA-Hamburg.
  • Molomo, Mpho G. (2000), “Understanding government and opposition parties in Botswana”,
  • Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 38/1: 65-92.
  • Morton, Barry and Jeff Ramsay (1994), The Making of a President: Sir Ketumile Masire’s Early Years, Pula Press, Gaborone.
  • Morton, Fred, Jeff Ramsay and Part Themba Mgadla (2008), Historical Dictionary of Botswana, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland.
  • Mphone, Guy and Patrick Bond (2002), “Botswana and Zimbabwe: Relative Success and Comparative Failure?,” Globalization, Marginalization and Development, içinde, ed. S. Mansoob Murshed, Routledge, London and New York.
  • Müller, Johann Alexander (2012), The Inevitable Pipeline Into Exile: Botswana’s Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle, Basler Afrika Bibliographien, Windhoek.
  • Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2010), Botswana: Profile of a Nation, Continental Press, Dar es-Salaam.
  • N’Diaye, Boubacar (2001), The Challenge of Institutionalizing Civilian Control: Botswana, Ivory Coast, and Kenya in Comparative Perspective, Lexington Books, Lanham.
  • Öztürk, Namık Kemal (2002), “Bürokratik Devletten Etkin Yönetime Geçiş: İyi Yönetişim”, Türk İdare Dergisi, Sayı 437 (Aralık): 27-38.
  • Robinson, James (2009), “Botswana as a Role Model for Country Success”, UNU-WIDER Research Paper No. 2009/40 (June).
  • Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999), An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development, Heinemann, Portsmouth.
  • Schapera, Isaac (1994), A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom, LIT Verlag, Münster., (1930), The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa: Bushmen and Hottentots, Routledge, London.
  • Schmitt, Deborah Ann (2005), The Bechuanaland: Pioneers And Gunners, Praeger, Westport.
  • Sillery, Anthony (1974), Botswana: A Short Political History, Methuen, London.
  • Siphambe, Happy Kufigwa (2007), Growth and Employment Dynamics in Botswana: A Case Study of Policy Coherence, ILO Working Paper No. 82 (Geneva).
  • Stedman, Stephen John (1993), Botswana: The Political Economy of Democratic Development, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London.
  • Tlou, Thomas, Neil Parsons and Willie Henderson (1995), Seretse Khama, 1921-1980, Macmillan Botswana, Gaborone.
  • Williams, Gwyneth and Brian Hackland (1998), The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa, Routledge, London.
  • Williams, Susan (2006), Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation, Allen Lane, London.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mürsel Bayram

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Submission Date March 4, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bayram, M. (2014). Afrika Genelinde İstisnaî Bir Devlet: Botsvana. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 74-88.

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