Research Article
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Evaluation of conservative treatment outcome in traumatic pneumocephalus in terms of patient profile, etiology, clinical and radiological findings and risk factors

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 1470 - 1481, 15.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.30569/adiyamansaglik.570628

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate outcome of
conservative treatment in traumatic pneumocephalus in terms of patient profile,
etiology, clinical and radiological findings and risk factors

Material and Method: A total of 73
patients (median age, 32(2-80) years, 78.1% were males) with traumatic
pneumocephalus after head trauma and medical treatment were included. Data on
patient demographics, trauma types, cocomitant hemorrhage and fractures, risk
factors (otorrhea and/or rhinorrhea, seizure and meningitis development), three
consesutive (0-24 h, 1-3 day, 3-20 day) brain computerized tomography (CT)
findings (intracranial location of pnuemocephalus, absorption time) and
concomitantly assessed GCS scores were determined. Length of hospital stay
(LOS) and treatment outcome (discharge, discharge with neurological sequela and
death) were recorded.

Results: Traffic accident (38.3%) and
falls (35.6%) were the most common reasons, while rates for seizure, otorrhea/rinorrhea
and meningitis were 8.4%, 29.4% and 13.7% , respectively. Total recovery was
noted in 58(79.5%) patients, discharge with neurological sequela in 7(9.6%) and
death in 8(10.8%) patients. GCS scores differed significantly with respect to
location of pneumocephalus (p<0.001, p<0.05 and p<0.001,
respectively). In patients with meningitis concomitant otorhhea/rhinorrhea was
prevalant (30-40%), while LOS (mean±SD 11.88±6.35 vs. 7.01±3.50 days, p<0.01)
and mortality rates (20 vs. 9.5%, p<0.01) were significantly higher than
those without meningitis.







Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings
revealed the likelihood of full recovery with implementation of timely and
approriate conservative treatment in traumatic pneumocephalus, while emphasize
the role of repeated CT imaging along with concomitant neurological assessment
in provision of the appropirate treatment in accordance with the clinical
course. 

References

  • 1. Apostolakos D, Roistacher K. Pneumocephalus. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82(11):1305.
  • 2. Cihangiroğlu M, Özdemir H, Yıldırım H, Oğur E. Pnömosefali. Tanı Girisim Radyol Derg 2003;9(1):31-5.
  • 3. Kankane VK, Jaiswal G, Gupta TK. Posttraumatic delayed tension pneumocephalus: Rare case with review of literature. Asian J Neurosurg 2016;11(4):343-7.
  • 4. Oge K, Akp›nar G, Bertan V. Traumatic subdural pneumocephalus causing rise in intracranial pressure in the early phase of head trauma: Report of two cases. Acta Neurochir 1998; 140(7):655-8.
  • 5. Steudel WI, Hacker H. Prognosis, incidence and management of acute traumatic intracranial pneumocephalus. A retrospective analysis of 49 cases. Acta Neurochir 1986; 80(3-4):93-9.
  • 6. Şekerci Z, Kılıç C, Taşkın Y, Gül B, Erdem H, Yüksel M. Pneumosephalus tanı ve tedavi; Türk Nöroşirurji Derg 1990; 1:115-21.
  • 7. Pillai P, Sharma R, MacKenzie L, Reilly EF, Beery PR, Papadimos TJ, Stawicki SP. Traumatic tension pneumocephalus - Two cases and comprehensive review of literature. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sc. 2017;7(1):58-64.
  • 8. Kilincoglu BF, Mukaddem AM, Lakadamyali H, Altinörs N. Posttraumatic tension pneumocephalus causing herniation. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2003;9(1):79-81.
  • 9. Chandran TH, Prepageran N, Philip R, Gopala K, Zubaidi AL, Jalaludin MA. Delayed spontaneous traumatic pneumocephalus. Med J Malaysia 2007;62(5):411-2.
  • 10. Orebaugh SL, Margolis JH. Post-traumatic intracerebral pneumatocele: case report. J Trauma 1990; 30(12):1577-80.
  • 11. Rathore AS, Satyarthee GD, Mahapatra AK. Post-Traumatic Tension Pneumocephalus: Series of Four Patients and Review of the Literature. Turk Neurosurg 2016;26(2):302-5.
  • 12. Sherman SC, Bokhari F. Massive pneumocephalus after minimal head trauma. J Emerg Med 25(3):319-20.
  • 13. Chee NW, Niparko JK. Imaging quiz case 1.Otogenic pneumocephalus with temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;126:1499-1503.14. Lunsford LD, Maroon JC, Sheptak PE, Albin MS. Subdural tension pneumocephalus. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1979;50(4):525-7.
  • 15. Yılmazlar S. Travmatik intrakranial komplikasyonlar: Temel Nöroşirurji. Türk Nöroşirurji Derneği Yayınları: Ankara; 2005; s. 346-53.
  • 16. Dalgic A, Okay HO, Gezici AR, Daglioglu E, Akdag R, Ergungor MF. An effective and less invasive treatment of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula: closed lumbar drainage system. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2008;51(3):154-7.
  • 17. Moore RS. Basal skull fracture with intracranial air. J Accid Emerg Med 1999;16(5): 384-5.
  • 18. Thapa A, Agrawal D. Mount Fuji sign in tension pneumocephalus. Indian J Neurotrauma 2009;6(2):161-2.
  • 19. Mendelson B, Hertzanu Y. Intracerebral pneumatoseles fallowing facial trauma: CT finding. Radiology 1985;154(1):115-8.
  • 20. Gönül E, Yetişer S, Şirin S, Coşar A,Taşar M, Birkent H. İntraventriküler traumatıc tension pneumocephalus a case report. Kulak Burun Boğaz Ihtis Derg 2007;17(4):231-4.
  • 21. McIntash BC, Strugar J, Narayan D. Traumatic frontal bone fracture resulting in intracerebral pneumocephalus. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16(3):461-3.
  • 22. Kıymaz N, Demir Ö, Yılmaz N. Posttraumatic delayed tension pneumocephalus. Case report. İnönü Üniv Tıp Fak Derg 2005;12(3):189-92.
  • 23. Ozturk E, Kantarci M, Karaman K, Basekim CC, Kizilkaya E. Diffuz pneumo- cephalus associated with infratentoryal and supratentorial hemorrhages as a complication of spinal surgery. Acta Radiol 2006; 47(5): 497-500.
  • 24. Eftekhar B, Ghotsi M, Hadadi A, Taghipoor M, Sigarchi SZ, Rahimi -Movaghar V, Kazemzadeh ES, Esmeli B, Nejat F, Yalda A, Ketabchi E. Prophylactic antibiotic for prevention of posttraumatic meningitis after traumatic pneumocephalus. Trials 2006; 18(7):2-3.
  • 25. Ulus H, Kuzeyli K, Cakır E, Ceylan R, İmamoğlu HI, Yazar U, Arslan E, Sayın CO, Arslan S. Meningitis and Pneumocephalus. A rare complication of external dacryocystorhinostomy. J Clin Neurosci 2004 11(8) 901-2.
  • 26. İscihivata Y, Fujitsu K, Sekino T, Fujino H, Kubokura T. Subdural tension pneumocephalus falloving surgery for chronicsubdur al hematoma. J Neurosurg 1980;68:58-61.
  • 27. Ergüngör M.F. Kafa Travmalarında Patofizyoloji. Temel Nöroşirurji. Türk Nöroşirurji Derneği Yayınları: Ankara, 2005, s. 299-304.
  • 28. Zierold D, Lee SL, Subramanian S, DuBois JJ. Supplemental oxygen improves resolution of injury-induced pneumothorax. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35(6):998-1001.
  • 29. Fishman G, Fliss DM, Benjamin S, Margalit N, Gil Z, Derowe A, Constantini S, Beni-Adani L. Multidisciplinary surgical approach for cerebrospinal fluid leak in children with complex head trauma. Childs Nerv Syst 2009;25(8):915-23.
  • 30. Goyal S, Batra AM, Rohatgi A, Acharya R, Sharma AG.Tension pneumo-cephalus: A neurosurgical emergency. J Assoc Physicians India 2008;56:985.

Travmatik pnömosefalus olgularında konservatif tedavi sonuçlarının hasta profili, etiyoloji, klinik ve radyolojik bulgular ve risk faktörleri ışığında değerlendirilmesi

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 1470 - 1481, 15.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.30569/adiyamansaglik.570628

Abstract

Amaç: Travmatik
pnömosefalus olgularında konservatif tedavi sonuçlarının hasta profili,
etiyoloji, klinik ve radyolojik bulgular ve risk faktörleri ışığında
değerlendirilmesi



Yöntem: Bu çalışma, kafa travması sonucu pnömosefalus tespit
edilerek medikal tedavi yapılan 73 hasta (medyan yaş 32(2–80) yıl, %78.1 erkek
hasta) ile yürütüldü. Hastaların demografik özellikleri, travma tipleri,
eşlik eden kanama ve fraktürler, risk faktörleri (otore ve/veya rinore, nöbet
gelişimi ve menenjit gelişimi), üç farklı zamanda (0-24 saat, 1-3 gün ve 3-20.
gün içinde) çekilen bilgisayarlı beyin tomografisi  (BBT) bulguları (pnömosefalusun intrakranial
yerleşimi, abzorbsiyon süresi) ve eş zamanlı GKS değerleri tespit edilerek,
hastanede kalış süresi ve tedavi sonucu (normal taburculuk, nörolojik sekel ile
taburculuk, eksitus)  kaydedildi.



Bulgular: Trafik
kazası (%38.4) ve yüksekten düşme (%35.6) en sık nedenler olup, hastaların %8.4’ünde
nöbet gelişimi, %29.4’ünde otore veya rinore ve 10(%13.7) hastada menenjit
gelişimi gözlendi. Toplamda 58(%79.5) vakada tam iyileşme görülürken, 7(% 9.6)
hasta nörolojik defisit ile taburcu edildi ve 8(%10.8) hasta eksitus oldu.
Ortalama GKS değerinde pnömosefalus yerleşim yerine göre her üç ölçümde de
(sırasıyla p<0.001, p<0.05 ve p<0.001) fark gözlendi. Menenjit
gelişenlerde eş-zamanlı otore/rinore yaygın (%30-40), hastanede kalış süreleri
(ort±SS 11.88±6.35 gün ve 7.01±3.50  gün,
p<0.01) ve mortalite oranları (%20 ve %9.5, p<0.01) ise menenjit olmayan
hastalara göre anlamlı şekilde daha yüksekti.



Sonuç: Sonuç
olarak, bulgularımız, travmatik pnömosefalusun uygun ve zamanında başlatılan
konservatif tedavi ile yüksek oranda tam iyileşme ile sonuçlandığını göstermekte,
ancak  tedavinin klinik seyirle uyumlu
şekilde yürütülmesinde tekrarlı BBT değerlendirmesi ve eş-zamanlı nörolojik
değerlendirmenin rolüne işaret etmektedir. 

References

  • 1. Apostolakos D, Roistacher K. Pneumocephalus. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82(11):1305.
  • 2. Cihangiroğlu M, Özdemir H, Yıldırım H, Oğur E. Pnömosefali. Tanı Girisim Radyol Derg 2003;9(1):31-5.
  • 3. Kankane VK, Jaiswal G, Gupta TK. Posttraumatic delayed tension pneumocephalus: Rare case with review of literature. Asian J Neurosurg 2016;11(4):343-7.
  • 4. Oge K, Akp›nar G, Bertan V. Traumatic subdural pneumocephalus causing rise in intracranial pressure in the early phase of head trauma: Report of two cases. Acta Neurochir 1998; 140(7):655-8.
  • 5. Steudel WI, Hacker H. Prognosis, incidence and management of acute traumatic intracranial pneumocephalus. A retrospective analysis of 49 cases. Acta Neurochir 1986; 80(3-4):93-9.
  • 6. Şekerci Z, Kılıç C, Taşkın Y, Gül B, Erdem H, Yüksel M. Pneumosephalus tanı ve tedavi; Türk Nöroşirurji Derg 1990; 1:115-21.
  • 7. Pillai P, Sharma R, MacKenzie L, Reilly EF, Beery PR, Papadimos TJ, Stawicki SP. Traumatic tension pneumocephalus - Two cases and comprehensive review of literature. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sc. 2017;7(1):58-64.
  • 8. Kilincoglu BF, Mukaddem AM, Lakadamyali H, Altinörs N. Posttraumatic tension pneumocephalus causing herniation. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2003;9(1):79-81.
  • 9. Chandran TH, Prepageran N, Philip R, Gopala K, Zubaidi AL, Jalaludin MA. Delayed spontaneous traumatic pneumocephalus. Med J Malaysia 2007;62(5):411-2.
  • 10. Orebaugh SL, Margolis JH. Post-traumatic intracerebral pneumatocele: case report. J Trauma 1990; 30(12):1577-80.
  • 11. Rathore AS, Satyarthee GD, Mahapatra AK. Post-Traumatic Tension Pneumocephalus: Series of Four Patients and Review of the Literature. Turk Neurosurg 2016;26(2):302-5.
  • 12. Sherman SC, Bokhari F. Massive pneumocephalus after minimal head trauma. J Emerg Med 25(3):319-20.
  • 13. Chee NW, Niparko JK. Imaging quiz case 1.Otogenic pneumocephalus with temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;126:1499-1503.14. Lunsford LD, Maroon JC, Sheptak PE, Albin MS. Subdural tension pneumocephalus. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1979;50(4):525-7.
  • 15. Yılmazlar S. Travmatik intrakranial komplikasyonlar: Temel Nöroşirurji. Türk Nöroşirurji Derneği Yayınları: Ankara; 2005; s. 346-53.
  • 16. Dalgic A, Okay HO, Gezici AR, Daglioglu E, Akdag R, Ergungor MF. An effective and less invasive treatment of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula: closed lumbar drainage system. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2008;51(3):154-7.
  • 17. Moore RS. Basal skull fracture with intracranial air. J Accid Emerg Med 1999;16(5): 384-5.
  • 18. Thapa A, Agrawal D. Mount Fuji sign in tension pneumocephalus. Indian J Neurotrauma 2009;6(2):161-2.
  • 19. Mendelson B, Hertzanu Y. Intracerebral pneumatoseles fallowing facial trauma: CT finding. Radiology 1985;154(1):115-8.
  • 20. Gönül E, Yetişer S, Şirin S, Coşar A,Taşar M, Birkent H. İntraventriküler traumatıc tension pneumocephalus a case report. Kulak Burun Boğaz Ihtis Derg 2007;17(4):231-4.
  • 21. McIntash BC, Strugar J, Narayan D. Traumatic frontal bone fracture resulting in intracerebral pneumocephalus. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16(3):461-3.
  • 22. Kıymaz N, Demir Ö, Yılmaz N. Posttraumatic delayed tension pneumocephalus. Case report. İnönü Üniv Tıp Fak Derg 2005;12(3):189-92.
  • 23. Ozturk E, Kantarci M, Karaman K, Basekim CC, Kizilkaya E. Diffuz pneumo- cephalus associated with infratentoryal and supratentorial hemorrhages as a complication of spinal surgery. Acta Radiol 2006; 47(5): 497-500.
  • 24. Eftekhar B, Ghotsi M, Hadadi A, Taghipoor M, Sigarchi SZ, Rahimi -Movaghar V, Kazemzadeh ES, Esmeli B, Nejat F, Yalda A, Ketabchi E. Prophylactic antibiotic for prevention of posttraumatic meningitis after traumatic pneumocephalus. Trials 2006; 18(7):2-3.
  • 25. Ulus H, Kuzeyli K, Cakır E, Ceylan R, İmamoğlu HI, Yazar U, Arslan E, Sayın CO, Arslan S. Meningitis and Pneumocephalus. A rare complication of external dacryocystorhinostomy. J Clin Neurosci 2004 11(8) 901-2.
  • 26. İscihivata Y, Fujitsu K, Sekino T, Fujino H, Kubokura T. Subdural tension pneumocephalus falloving surgery for chronicsubdur al hematoma. J Neurosurg 1980;68:58-61.
  • 27. Ergüngör M.F. Kafa Travmalarında Patofizyoloji. Temel Nöroşirurji. Türk Nöroşirurji Derneği Yayınları: Ankara, 2005, s. 299-304.
  • 28. Zierold D, Lee SL, Subramanian S, DuBois JJ. Supplemental oxygen improves resolution of injury-induced pneumothorax. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35(6):998-1001.
  • 29. Fishman G, Fliss DM, Benjamin S, Margalit N, Gil Z, Derowe A, Constantini S, Beni-Adani L. Multidisciplinary surgical approach for cerebrospinal fluid leak in children with complex head trauma. Childs Nerv Syst 2009;25(8):915-23.
  • 30. Goyal S, Batra AM, Rohatgi A, Acharya R, Sharma AG.Tension pneumo-cephalus: A neurosurgical emergency. J Assoc Physicians India 2008;56:985.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şeyho Cem Yücetaş 0000-0001-6421-724X

Necati Üçler 0000-0002-0561-5819

Safiye Kafadar 0000-0003-4070-9615

Süleyman Kılınç This is me 0000-0001-8481-4025

M. Fuat Torun This is me

Publication Date August 15, 2019
Submission Date May 27, 2019
Acceptance Date June 24, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Yücetaş ŞC, Üçler N, Kafadar S, Kılınç S, Torun MF. Travmatik pnömosefalus olgularında konservatif tedavi sonuçlarının hasta profili, etiyoloji, klinik ve radyolojik bulgular ve risk faktörleri ışığında değerlendirilmesi. ADYÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Derg. August 2019;5(2):1470-1481. doi:10.30569/adiyamansaglik.570628