Epigenetiğin Odontogenez ve Dental Hastalıkların Patogenezindeki Rolü

Abstract

Tüm canlı organizmaların hücrelerinde bulunan ve genetik bilginin temel yapı taşı olan deoksiribonükleik asidin (DNA) temel yapısı ve işlevi ile ilgili bilgilerin, gen düzenlemesi ve hastalık gelişimindeki tüm mekanizmaları açıklamada yeterli olmadığı görülmektedir. Çevresel faktörlerin, beslenmenin, stresin, toksinlerin ve yaşam tarzı gibi dış etkenlerin gen ifadesi üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen epigenetik bilimi, genomik yapı ve gen ifadesinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamada önemli bir rol üstlenmektedir. Alzheimer, Parkinson, kanser, yaşlanma, infertilite gibi sağlık sorunlarının patogenezlerinde epigenetik mekanizmaların etkileri ile ilgili son dönemde birçok araştırma gerçekleştirilmiş olmasına karşın, diş hekimliği ile ilgili epigenetik araştırmaların henüz başlangıç aşamasında olduğu görülmektedir. Diş hekimliğinde epigenetik değişimler, özellikle dişlerin ve çenelerin gelişim sürecinde gen ekspresyonunda oynadıkları roller nedeniyle mine defektleri, dental anomaliler, çürük, ortodontik anomaliler, pulpa iltihabı, periodontal hastalık gelişimi gibi pek çok alanda etkisini gösterebilmektedir. Ayrıca kök hücreler ve rejeneratif diş hekimliği alanında epigenetik mekanizmaların yönlendirilmesiyle doku mühendisliğinde yeni yaklaşımlar geliştirilmektedir. Epigenetik mekanizmalar ve ağız hastalıklarının gelişimi ile ilgili henüz doğrudan bir neden-sonuç ilişkisi kurmak mümkün olmamakla birlikte, olası epigenetik değişimlerin belirlenmesi hastalık patogenezinin aydınlatılmasına katkı sunacağı gibi hastalıkların önlenmesi, kişiselleştirilmiş tedavi yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesi ve diş hekimliğinde yenilikçi yaklaşımların önünün açılması açısından da büyük bir potansiyel taşımaktadır. Bu derlemede öncelikle epigenetik bilimi ile ilgili temel kavramlar açıklandıktan sonra diş hekimliğinin farklı alanlarındaki epigenetik çalışmalar güncel literatürler eşliğinde değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

• Diş anomalileri
• Diş Hekimliği
• Epigenomik
• Gen ekspresyonunun düzenlenmesi

The Role of Epigenetics in Odontogenesis and the Pathogenesis of Dental Diseases

Abstract

The structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the fundamental carrier of genetic information in all living cells, are often insufficient to fully explain gene regulation and the mechanisms involved in disease development. Epigenetics, the science that explores how environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, toxins, and lifestyle influence gene expression, plays a significant role in enhancing the understanding of genomic structure and gene expression. Although significant progress has been made in uncovering the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of various systemic conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cancer, aging, and infertility, epigenetic research in the field of dentistry is still in its early stages. Epigenetic changes in dentistry can influence a wide range of areas, including enamel defects, dental anomalies, caries, orthodontic anomalies, and the development of periodontal diseases and pulpitis, particularly due to their roles in gene expression during tooth and jaw development. Furthermore, the manipulation of epigenetic mechanisms in stem cell research and regenerative dentistry opens promising avenues for novel tissue engineering approaches. While a direct causal relationship between epigenetic alterations and oral diseases has yet to be clearly established, the identification of such changes could enhance understanding of disease pathogenesis, aid in prevention strategies, and support the development of personalized treatment modalities. This review first introduces the basic principles of epigenetics and then evaluates current epigenetic research across various subfields of dentistry based on the existing literature.

Keywords

• Tooth abnormalities
• Dentistry
• Epigenomics
• Gene expression regulation

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