Research Article

Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye

Volume: 40 Number: 1 April 30, 2026
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Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye

Abstract

Aim: The distinction between in-hospital and out-of-hospital death certification carries important forensic and epidemiologic implications. While many studies have examined clinical outcomes of pediatric deaths, few have investigated the demographic, circumstantial, and cause-specific predictors of out-of-hospital certification in forensic practice. 

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 2,214 pediatric and adolescent forensic cases recorded between 2019-2023. Variables included cause of death, sex, nationality, age at death, place of incident, and season. Causes of death were grouped as intentional injuries, unintentional injuries, medical or procedural causes, and other or undetermined. Place of death was dichotomized into in-facility/ambulance and out-of-hospital. Descriptive analyses, chi-square test, nonparametric comparisons, and multivariable logistic regression were applied. 

Results: Overall, 17.9% of cases were certified out of hospital. Out-of-hospital certification was significantly more likely for unintentional injuries (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.45-2.67), intentional injuries (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.15-3.35), and other or undetermined causes (OR=26.89, 95% CI: 18.10-39.97) compared with medical or procedural causes. Foreign nationality (OR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.42-2.54) and increasing age (OR=1.14 per year, 95% CI: 1.12-1.17) were also independent predictors. Seasonal variation showed lower odds in summer relative to winter (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.46-0.93). Sex was not associated with place of death. Model diagnostics supported validity, with acceptable collinearity, linearity of the logit for age, and strong overall fit. 

Conclusions: Out-of-hospital death certification among children and adolescents was strongly associated with external and undetermined causes, older age, and foreign nationality. These findings provide context-specific evidence from Türkiye and suggest that out-of-hospital death certification may reflect differences in case circumstances, access to care, and social vulnerability. Better integration of forensic data with public health surveillance may improve the interpretation of pediatric mortality patterns.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this article.

Thanks

This study was conducted at the Istanbul Council of Forensic Medicine; we gratefully acknowledge the support of the Presidency of the Council of Forensic Medicine

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Forensic Epidemiology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

April 30, 2026

Submission Date

November 28, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 24, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 40 Number: 1

APA
Yılmaz, M. E., Güzel Tanoğlu, E., Esen, M. F., Güner, F., & Oduncu, M. (2026). Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye. Adli Tıp Dergisi, 40(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1811828
AMA
1.Yılmaz ME, Güzel Tanoğlu E, Esen MF, Güner F, Oduncu M. Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye. J For Med. 2026;40(1):1-10. doi:10.61970/adlitip.1811828
Chicago
Yılmaz, Muhammed Emre, Esra Güzel Tanoğlu, M. Fevzi Esen, Fatih Güner, and Muhammed Oduncu. 2026. “Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye”. Adli Tıp Dergisi 40 (1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1811828.
EndNote
Yılmaz ME, Güzel Tanoğlu E, Esen MF, Güner F, Oduncu M (April 1, 2026) Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye. Adli Tıp Dergisi 40 1 1–10.
IEEE
[1]M. E. Yılmaz, E. Güzel Tanoğlu, M. F. Esen, F. Güner, and M. Oduncu, “Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye”, J For Med, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.61970/adlitip.1811828.
ISNAD
Yılmaz, Muhammed Emre - Güzel Tanoğlu, Esra - Esen, M. Fevzi - Güner, Fatih - Oduncu, Muhammed. “Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye”. Adli Tıp Dergisi 40/1 (April 1, 2026): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1811828.
JAMA
1.Yılmaz ME, Güzel Tanoğlu E, Esen MF, Güner F, Oduncu M. Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye. J For Med. 2026;40:1–10.
MLA
Yılmaz, Muhammed Emre, et al. “Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye”. Adli Tıp Dergisi, vol. 40, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 1-10, doi:10.61970/adlitip.1811828.
Vancouver
1.Muhammed Emre Yılmaz, Esra Güzel Tanoğlu, M. Fevzi Esen, Fatih Güner, Muhammed Oduncu. Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye. J For Med. 2026 Apr. 1;40(1):1-10. doi:10.61970/adlitip.1811828
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