Determinants of Out-of-Hospital Death Certification In Pediatric and Adolescent Forensic Cases: A Retrospective Study From Türkiye
Abstract
Aim: The distinction between in-hospital and out-of-hospital death certification carries important forensic and epidemiologic implications. While many studies have examined clinical outcomes of pediatric deaths, few have investigated the demographic, circumstantial, and cause-specific predictors of out-of-hospital certification in forensic practice.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 2,214 pediatric and adolescent forensic cases recorded between 2019-2023. Variables included cause of death, sex, nationality, age at death, place of incident, and season. Causes of death were grouped as intentional injuries, unintentional injuries, medical or procedural causes, and other or undetermined. Place of death was dichotomized into in-facility/ambulance and out-of-hospital. Descriptive analyses, chi-square test, nonparametric comparisons, and multivariable logistic regression were applied.
Results: Overall, 17.9% of cases were certified out of hospital. Out-of-hospital certification was significantly more likely for unintentional injuries (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.45-2.67), intentional injuries (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.15-3.35), and other or undetermined causes (OR=26.89, 95% CI: 18.10-39.97) compared with medical or procedural causes. Foreign nationality (OR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.42-2.54) and increasing age (OR=1.14 per year, 95% CI: 1.12-1.17) were also independent predictors. Seasonal variation showed lower odds in summer relative to winter (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.46-0.93). Sex was not associated with place of death. Model diagnostics supported validity, with acceptable collinearity, linearity of the logit for age, and strong overall fit.
Conclusions: Out-of-hospital death certification among children and adolescents was strongly associated with external and undetermined causes, older age, and foreign nationality. These findings provide context-specific evidence from Türkiye and suggest that out-of-hospital death certification may reflect differences in case circumstances, access to care, and social vulnerability. Better integration of forensic data with public health surveillance may improve the interpretation of pediatric mortality patterns.
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References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Forensic Epidemiology
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
M. Fevzi Esen
0000-0001-7823-0883
Türkiye
Fatih Güner
Türkiye
Muhammed Oduncu
0000-0001-5831-6583
Türkiye
Publication Date
April 30, 2026
Submission Date
November 28, 2025
Acceptance Date
April 24, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 40 Number: 1
