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Türkiye’de Çocuk ve Ergen Adli Olgularında Hastane Dışı Ölüm Belgelendirmesinin Belirleyicileri: Retrospektif Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1 , 1 - 10 , 30.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1811828
https://izlik.org/JA39GM28ZL

Öz

Amaç: Hastane içi ve hastane dışı ölüm belgelendirmesi arasındaki ayrım, önemli adli ve epidemiyolojik sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Pediatrik ölümlerin klinik sonuçları üzerine birçok çalışma yapılmış olsa da, adli uygulamalarda hastane dışı ölüm belgelendirmesinin demografik, durumsal ve nedene özgü belirleyicilerini inceleyen araştırmalar sınırlıdır.
Metod: 2019–2023 yılları arasında kaydedilen 2.214 pediatrik ve adolesan adli olgu retrospektif olarak incelendi. Değişkenler arasında ölüm nedeni, cinsiyet, uyruk, ölüm yaşı, olay yeri ve mevsim yer aldı. Ölüm nedenleri; kasıtlı yaralanmalar, kasıtsız yaralanmalar, tıbbi veya işlemsel nedenler ile diğer veya belirlenemeyen nedenler olarak sınıflandırıldı. Ölüm yeri, kurum/ambulans içi ve hastane dışı olarak iki kategoriye ayrıldı. Tanımlayıcı analizler, ki-kare testi, parametrik olmayan karşılaştırmalar ve çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizleri uygulandı.
Bulgular: Olguların genelinde %17,9’u hastane dışında belgelendirilmişti. Hastane dışı ölüm belgelendirmesi, tıbbi veya işlemsel nedenlere kıyasla kasıtsız yaralanmalar (OR=1,97; %95 GA: 1,45–2,67), kasıtlı yaralanmalar (OR=1,96; %95 GA: 1,15–3,35) ve diğer veya belirlenemeyen nedenler (OR=26,89; %95 GA: 18,10–39,97) için anlamlı derecede daha olasıydı. Yabancı uyruk (OR=1,90; %95 GA: 1,42–2,54) ve artan yaş (her yaş için OR=1,14; %95 GA: 1,12–1,17) de bağımsız belirleyicilerdi. Mevsimsel değişim açısından yaz mevsiminde, kışa göre daha düşük olasılık saptandı (OR=0,65; %95 GA: 0,46–0,93). Cinsiyet ile ölüm yeri arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmadı. Model tanılamaları, yaş için logit doğrusalığı, düşük kollineerlik ve güçlü genel uyum ile geçerliliği destekledi.
Sonuç: Çocuk ve adolesanlarda hastane dışı ölüm belgelendirmesi; dışsal ve belirlenemeyen nedenler, ileri yaş ve yabancı uyruk ile güçlü şekilde ilişkiliydi. Bu bulgular, pediatrik mortalitede adli uygulamalar, sağlık hizmetine erişim ve sosyal belirleyiciler arasındaki etkileşimi ortaya koymaktadır. Hastane öncesi yanıtın güçlendirilmesi ve sağlık hizmetine erişimde eşitliğin artırılması, adli gözetimin kalitesini iyileştirebilir ve eşitsizlikleri azaltabilir.

Etik Beyan

Yazarlar, bu makale ile ilgili herhangi bir çıkar çatışmaları olmadığını beyan eder.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu araştırma, kamu, ticari veya kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşlardan herhangi bir özel fon almamıştır.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma İstanbul Adli Tıp Kurumu Başkanlığında yürütülmüştür; Adli Tıp Kurumu Başkanlığının desteği için teşekkürlerimizi sunarız.

Kaynakça

  • Parks, S. E., Johnson, L. L., McDaniel, D. D., & Gladden, M. (2014). Surveillance for violent deaths-National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 states, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 63(1), 1-33.
  • World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018.
  • Byard RW. Pediatric forensic pathology in review: practice, problems, and prospects. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2001;4(2):140-151.
  • Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B, Mitchell EA, et al. Standards for performing a pediatric autopsy: a commentary by the ESPR/CAR/SIDSbiobank. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2021;17(2):321-328.
  • Friedman MA, Caruso P, Kinney HC, et al. sudden infant death syndrome: guidelines for investigation of sudden unexpected infant deaths. Pediatrics. 2014;134(1):e210-e218.
  • MacKenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ, et al. A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(4):366-378.
  • Somma V, Pflaumer A, Connell V, et al. Epidemiology of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared with adults. Heart Rhythm. 2023;20(11):1525-1531.
  • Moler FW, Meert K, Donaldson AE, et al. In-hospital versus out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(7):2259-2267.
  • World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva: WHO; 2016.
  • Stone DM, Holland KM, Bartholow B, Crosby AE, Davis S, Wilkins N. Preventing suicide: A technical package of policies, programs, and practices. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC; 2017.
  • Hedegaard H, Johnson RL, Garnett MF, Thomas KE. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) External Cause-of-injury Framework for Categorizing Mechanism and Intent of Injury. Natl Health Stat Report. 2019;(136):1-22.
  • Evans, J. A., van Wessem, K. J., McDougall, D., Lee, K. A., Lyons, T., & Balogh, Z. J. (2010). Epidemiology of traumatic deaths: a population-based study. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 68(2), 357-362.
  • Office for National Statistics. Mortality statistics in England and Wales: place of occurrence. London: ONS; 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk. Accessed September 23, 2025.
  • Xing XY, Wang P, Xu Z, et al. Mortality and Disease Burden of Injuries from 2008 to 2017 in Anhui Province, China. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:7303897.
  • Peden M, Oyegbite K, Ozanne-Smith J, et al, editors. World report on child injury prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
  • Zimmerman C, Kiss L, Hossain M. Migration and health: a framework for 21st century policy-making. PLoS Med. 2011;8(5):e1001034.
  • Abubakar I, Aldridge RW, Devakumar D, et al. The UCLLancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move. Lancet. 2018;392(10164):2606-2654.
  • Gosselin RA, Spiegel DA, Coughlin R, Zirkle LG. Injuries: the neglected burden in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2009;87(4):246-246a.
  • Chandran A, Hyder AA, Peek-Asa C. The global burden of unintentional injuries and an agenda for progress. Epidemiol Rev. 2010;32(1):110-120.

DETERMINANTS OF OUT-OF-HOSPITAL DEATH CERTIFICATION IN PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT FORENSIC CASES: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY FROM TURKIYE

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1 , 1 - 10 , 30.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1811828
https://izlik.org/JA39GM28ZL

Öz

Aim: The distinction between in-hospital and out-of-hospital death certification carries important forensic and epidemiologic implications. While many studies have examined clinical outcomes of pediatric deaths, few have investigated the demographic, circumstantial, and cause-specific predictors of out-of-hospital certification in forensic practice.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 2,214 pediatric and adolescent forensic cases recorded between 2019-2023. Variables included cause of death, sex, nationality, age at death, place of incident, and season. Causes of death were grouped as intentional injuries, unintentional injuries, medical or procedural causes, and other or undetermined. Place of death was dichotomized into in-facility/ambulance and out-of-hospital. Descriptive analyses, chi-square test, nonparametric comparisons, and multivariable logistic regression were applied.
Results: Overall, 17.9% of cases were certified out of hospital. Out-of-hospital certification was significantly more likely for unintentional injuries (OR=1.97; 95% CI: 1.45-2.67), intentional injuries (OR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.15-3.35), and other or undetermined causes (OR=26.89; 95% CI: 18.10-39.97) compared with medical or procedural causes. Foreign nationality (OR=1.90; 95% CI: 1.42-2.54) and increasing age (OR=1.14 per year; 95% CI: 1.12-1.17) were also independent predictors. Seasonal variation showed lower odds in summer relative to winter (OR=0.65; 95% CI: 0.46-0.93). Sex was not associated with place of death. Model diagnostics supported validity, with acceptable collinearity, linearity of the logit for age, and strong overall fit.
Conclusions: Out-of-hospital death certification among children and adolescents was strongly associated with external and undetermined causes, older age, and foreign nationality. These findings highlight the intersection of forensic practice, healthcare access, and social determinants in pediatric mortality. Addressing prehospital response and improving equity in healthcare access may reduce disparities and enhance the quality of forensic surveillance.

Etik Beyan

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this article.

Destekleyen Kurum

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Teşekkür

This study was conducted at the Istanbul Council of Forensic Medicine; we gratefully acknowledge the support of the Presidency of the Council of Forensic Medicine

Kaynakça

  • Parks, S. E., Johnson, L. L., McDaniel, D. D., & Gladden, M. (2014). Surveillance for violent deaths-National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 states, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 63(1), 1-33.
  • World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018.
  • Byard RW. Pediatric forensic pathology in review: practice, problems, and prospects. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2001;4(2):140-151.
  • Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B, Mitchell EA, et al. Standards for performing a pediatric autopsy: a commentary by the ESPR/CAR/SIDSbiobank. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2021;17(2):321-328.
  • Friedman MA, Caruso P, Kinney HC, et al. sudden infant death syndrome: guidelines for investigation of sudden unexpected infant deaths. Pediatrics. 2014;134(1):e210-e218.
  • MacKenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ, et al. A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(4):366-378.
  • Somma V, Pflaumer A, Connell V, et al. Epidemiology of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared with adults. Heart Rhythm. 2023;20(11):1525-1531.
  • Moler FW, Meert K, Donaldson AE, et al. In-hospital versus out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(7):2259-2267.
  • World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva: WHO; 2016.
  • Stone DM, Holland KM, Bartholow B, Crosby AE, Davis S, Wilkins N. Preventing suicide: A technical package of policies, programs, and practices. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC; 2017.
  • Hedegaard H, Johnson RL, Garnett MF, Thomas KE. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) External Cause-of-injury Framework for Categorizing Mechanism and Intent of Injury. Natl Health Stat Report. 2019;(136):1-22.
  • Evans, J. A., van Wessem, K. J., McDougall, D., Lee, K. A., Lyons, T., & Balogh, Z. J. (2010). Epidemiology of traumatic deaths: a population-based study. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 68(2), 357-362.
  • Office for National Statistics. Mortality statistics in England and Wales: place of occurrence. London: ONS; 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk. Accessed September 23, 2025.
  • Xing XY, Wang P, Xu Z, et al. Mortality and Disease Burden of Injuries from 2008 to 2017 in Anhui Province, China. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:7303897.
  • Peden M, Oyegbite K, Ozanne-Smith J, et al, editors. World report on child injury prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
  • Zimmerman C, Kiss L, Hossain M. Migration and health: a framework for 21st century policy-making. PLoS Med. 2011;8(5):e1001034.
  • Abubakar I, Aldridge RW, Devakumar D, et al. The UCLLancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move. Lancet. 2018;392(10164):2606-2654.
  • Gosselin RA, Spiegel DA, Coughlin R, Zirkle LG. Injuries: the neglected burden in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2009;87(4):246-246a.
  • Chandran A, Hyder AA, Peek-Asa C. The global burden of unintentional injuries and an agenda for progress. Epidemiol Rev. 2010;32(1):110-120.
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Adli Epidemiyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Muhammed Emre Yılmaz 0000-0002-5836-4654

Esra Güzel Tanoğlu 0000-0002-0909-8935

M. Fevzi Esen 0000-0001-7823-0883

Fatih Güner

Muhammed Oduncu 0000-0001-5831-6583

Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Nisan 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1811828
IZ https://izlik.org/JA39GM28ZL
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Muhammed Emre Yılmaz, Esra Güzel Tanoğlu, M. Fevzi Esen, Fatih Güner, Muhammed Oduncu. DETERMINANTS OF OUT-OF-HOSPITAL DEATH CERTIFICATION IN PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT FORENSIC CASES: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY FROM TURKIYE. ATD. 01 Nisan 2026;40(1):1-10. doi:10.61970/adlitip.1811828

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