Risk Factors of Oral Cancer

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1609 - 1616, 01.01.2018

Hümeyra Yazar İnci Rana Karaca

Öz

Oral cancer is a major health problem for most countries, with overall five-year survival rates around 50-60%, and it has a multifactorial aetiology. Squamous cell carcinomas accounts for more than 90% of malignant tumours of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between oral cancer and environmental carcinogens, particularly the habitual use of tobacco, alcohol and betel quid. Hence, it is important for the public and the clinicians to be completely aware of the risk factors for oral cancer. It is prudent for dentists to look carefully for early signs of oral cancer, while routine examination of the oral cavity especially in patients with history of known risk factors. In this review, we aimed to give some information about etiologic factors of oral cancer such as tobacco, alcohol, viruses and also want to draw attention to the importance of oral cancers’ early diagnosis

Anahtar Kelimeler

oral cancer, risk factors, smoking, alcohol consumption, carcinogens

Oral Kanserin Risk Faktörleri

Öz

Ağız kanseri %50-60 oranındaki beş yıllık sağ kalım oranlarıyla birçok ülkede başlıca sağlık problemlerindendir ve birden fazla risk faktörü vardır. Ağızda görülen kanserlerin %90’ından fazlası epitel yüzeyinden köken alan skuamöz hücreli karsinomlardır. Epidemiyolojik çalışmalar özellikle tütün ürünleri, alkol ve betel-nut kullanım alışkanlığı gibi çevresel karsinojenlerle ağız kanseri arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle toplumun ve klinisyenlerin ağız kanserinin riskleri konusunda farkındalığının olması önemlidir. Diş hekimleri özellikle bilinen risk faktörlerinin olduğu hastalarda rutin muayene sırasında ağız kavitesini oral kanserin erken bulguları açısından da dikkatlice incelemelidirler. Bu derlemede tütün, alkol, virüsler gibi ağız kanserinin risk faktörleri ile ilgili bilgi verilmesi ve ağız kanserlerinin erken teşhisinin önemine dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

ağız kanseri, risk faktörleri, sigara içme, alkol tüketimi, karsinojenler

Kaynakça

• Sankaranarayanan R, Somanathan T, Thomas G, Ramadas K. Screening for Oral Cancer. Kuriakose MA, editor. Contemporary Oral Oncology: Biology, Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention. 10th ed. 2016. p.423-44.
• Shield KD, Ferlay J, Jemal A, Sankaranarayanan R, Chaturvedi AK, Bray F, Soerjomataram I. The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite in 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:51-64.
• World Health Organization [İnternet], Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Cancer Today; [cited 2017 July]. Available from: http://gco.iarc .fr/today.
• Vijay KKV, Suresan V. Knowledge, attitude and screening practices of general dentists concerning oral cancer in Bangalore city. Indian J Cancer. 2012;49:33-8.
• Johnson NW, Gupta B, Ariyawardana A, Amarasinghe H. Epidemiology and site-specific risk factors for oral cancer. In: Kuriakose M. (eds) Contemporary Oral Oncology. Springer, Cham. 2017. p. 103-53.
• Kumar M, Nanavati R, Modi TG, Dobariya C. Oral Cancer: Etiology and risk factors: A review. J Can Res Ther. 2016;12:458-63.
• Harris CM, Ghali GE. Oral Cancer: Etiology, diagnosis, classification and staging. Miloro M, Ghali GE, Larsen PE, Waite PD, editor. Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 3rd ed. Connecticut: People’s Medical Publishing House; 2011; p. 677-92.
• oralcancerfoundation.org [İnternet]. Kaliforniya: The Oral Cancer Foundation ; [cited 2017 July]. Available from: http://oralcancerfoundation. org/cdc
• General S. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014: Citeseer.
• Goldstein BY, Chang SC, Hashibe M, La Vecchia C, Zhang ZF. Alcohol consumption and cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx from 1988 to 2009: An update. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2010;19:431-65.
• Huber MA, Tantiwongkosi B. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Med Clin N Am. 2014;98:1299-321.
• Jovanovic A, Schulten EA, Kostense PJ, Snow GB, van der Waal I. Tobacco and alcohol related to the anatomical site of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993;22:459-62.
• Klotch DW, Muro-Cacho C, Gal TJ. Factors affecting survival for floor-of-mouth carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;122:495-8.
• Rodu B, Jansson C. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: A review of the risks and determinants. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004;15:252-63.
• Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, Gustavsson P, Wennerberg J, Biorklund A, Rutqvist LE. Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A population-based case-referent study in Sweden. Cancer 1998;82:1367–75.
• Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P. Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: A case–control study in the Doubs region of France. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1995;31B:301-9.
• Köseoğlu E, Uğur F, Saraymen R, Canatan H, Coşkun A, Bilgen M. Elektronik sigara kullanımına objektif bakış. Cukurova Medical Journal (Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi). 2014;39:572-80.
• Börekçi Ş, Bilir N, Karlıkaya C, TUSAD Tobacco Working Group. A New Area to Fight: Electronic Cigarette. Eurasian J Pulmonol. 2015;17:80-4.
• Chen IL. FDA summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:615-6.
• Çakmak V, Çınar N. Gençler arasında giderek yaygınlaşan nargilenin sağlığa etkileri. Yıldırım Beyazıt 2014;2:43-50. Hemşirelik E-Dergisi.
• Köse E, Moçin OY, Çelik H, Gencer M. Dumansız tütün “Maraş otu” kullanımına bağlı artmış oksidatif stres. Tur Toraks Der. 2011;12:94-9.
• PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Screening (PDQ®). 2017.
• Islami F, Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, Jenab M, Scotti L, Rota M, Corrao G, Garavello W, Schüz J, Straif K, Negri E, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. Alcohol drinking and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with focus on light-drinkers and never-smokers: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Int J Cancer. 2011;129:2473-84.
• Muwonge R, Ramadas K, Sankila R, Thara S, Thomas G, Vinoda J, Sankaranarayanan R. Role of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum, India: a nested case-control design using incident cancer cases. Oral Oncol. 2008;44:446-54.
• Castellsagué X, Quintana MJ, Martínez MC, Nieto A, Sánchez MJ, Juan A, Monner A, Carrera M, Agudo A, Quer M, Muñoz N, Herrero R, Franceschi S, Bosch FX. The role of type of tobacco and type of alcoholic beverage in oral carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer. 2004;108:741-9.
• Zheng T, Boyle P, Hu H, Duan J, Jiang P, Ma DQ, Shui LP, Niu SR, MacMahon B. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of oral cancer: a case-control study in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Causes Control. 1990;1:173-9.
• oralcancerfoundation.org [İnternet]. Kaliforniya: The Oral Cancer Foundation; [cited 2017 July]. Available from:http://oralcancerfoundation.org/ understanding.
• Znaor A, Brennan P, Gajalakshmi V, Mathew A, Shanta V, Varghese C, Bofetta P. Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men. Int J Cancer. 2003;105:681-6.
• Anaya-Saavedra G, Ramírez-Amador V, Irigoyen- Camacho ME, García-Cuellar CM, Guido- Jiménez M, Méndez-Martínez R, García-Carrancá A. High association of human papillomavirus infection with oral cancer: a case-control study. Arch Med Res. 2008;39:189-97.
• Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Pindborg JJ, Daftary DK, Gupta PC, Mehta FS. Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17- year period. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1985;13:340-1.
• Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K. Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: A meta-analysis with implications for cancer control. Int J Cancer. 2014;135:1433-43.
• Garrote LF, Herrero R, Reyes RO, Vaccarella S, Anta JL, Ferbeye L, Muñoz N, Franceschi S. Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro- pharynx in Cuba. Br J Cancer. 2001;85:46-54.
• B. S. World Cancer Report. Diet and nutrition. Lyon: International agency for research on cancer, 2003.
• Freedman ND, Park Y, Subar AF, Hollenbeck AR, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC. Fruit and vegetable intake and head and neck cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2008;122:2330-6.
• Hirota SK, Braga FP, Penha SS, Sugaya NN, Migliari DA. Risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in young and older Brazilian patients: A comparative analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13:E227-31.
• Jeng JH, Chang MC, Hahn LJ. Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives. Oral Oncol. 2001;37:477-92.
• Bravi F, Bosetti C, Filameno M, Levi F, Garavello W, Galimberti S, Negri E, la Vecchia C. Foods, nutrients and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013;109:2904-10.
• Hashibe M, Mathew B, Kuruvilla B, Thomas G, Sankaranarayanan R, Parkin DM, Zhang ZF. Chewing tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of erythroplakia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9:639-45.
• Dikshit RP, Kanhere S. Tobacco habits and risk of lung, oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer: a population-based case-control study in Bhopal, India. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29:609-14.
• Oreggia F, e Stefani E, Correa P, Fierro L. Risk factors for cancer of the tongue in Uruguay. Cancer. 1991;67:180-3.
• Pintos J, Franco EL, Oliveira BV, Kowalski LP, Curado MP, Dewar R. Maté, coffee, and tea consumption and risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in southern Brazil. Epidemiology. 1994;5:583-90.
• Preprint [İnternet]. Basel: Perera M, Al-hebshi NN, Perera I, Ipe D, Ulett G, Speicher DJ, Chen T, Johnson N. A dysbiotic mycobiome dominated by Candida albicans is identified within oral squamous cell carcinomas. [cited 2017 Sept 11]. Available from: www.preprints.org
• Öhman J, Rexius H, Mjörnstedt L, Gonzalez H, Holmberg E, Dellgren G, Hasséus B. Oral and lip cancer in solid organ transplant patients--A cohort study from a Swedish Transplant Centre. Oral Oncol. 2015;51:146-50.
• Balaram P, Sridhar H, Rajkumar T, Vaccarella S, Herrero R, Nandakumar A, Ravichandran K, Ramdas K, Sankaranarayanan R, Gajalakshmi V, Muñoz N, Franceschi S. Oral cancer in southern India: The influence of smoking, drinking, paan-chewing and oral hygiene. Int J Cancer. 2002;98:440-5.
• Radoï L, Luce D. A review of risk factors for oral cavity cancer: the importance of a standardized case definition. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2013;41:97-109.
• Ke LD, Adler-Storthz K, Mitchell MF, Clayman GL, Chen Z. Expression of human papillomavirus E7 mRNA in human oral and cervical neoplasia and cell lines. Oral Oncol. 1999;35:415-20.
• Herrero R, Castellsagué X, Pawlita M, Lissowska J, Kee F, Balaram P, Rajkumar T, Sridhar H, Rose B, Pintos J, Fernández L, Idris A, Sánchez MJ, Nieto A, Talamini R, Tavani A, Bosch FX, Reidel U, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ, Viscidi R, Muñoz N, Franceschi S; IARC Multicenter Oral Cancer Study Group. Human papillomavirus and oral cancer: The International Agency for Research on Cancer multicenter study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1772-83.
• Yücetaş Ş. Ağız ve Çevre Dokusu Hastalıkları. Premalign Lezyonlar. Ankara: Atlas Kitapçılık. 2005; s.259- 82.
• Copper MP, Jovanovic A, Nauta JJ, Braakhuis BJ, de Vries N, van der Waal I, Snow GB. Role of genetic factors in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:157- 60.
• Conway DI, Petticrew M, Marlborough H, Berthiller J, Hashibe M, Macpherson LM. Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Int J Cancer. 2008;122:2811-9. Dr. Hümeyra YAZAR
• Gazi Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ağız Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalı
• Bişkek Cad. 82. Sokak No: 4 E Blok Emek/Ankara
• Tel: [phone] • e-posta: [e-mail]