Balkanlar’da Ekonomik Krizin Gölgesinde Yükselen Radikal Sağ Partiler: Altın Şafak Ve Ataka

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 97 - 120, 08.09.2017

Selahattin Ertürk Çiftçi

https://doi.org/10.30803/adusobed.337230

Cited By: 1

Abstract

İki büyük dünya savaşını
atlatan Avrupa, yaşanılan bu acı tecrübelerden dersler çıkarmıştır. Bu noktada
Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu fikri 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren önem
kazanmaya başlamıştır. Fakat gerek Avrupa ülkelerine gerçekleştirilen yasadışı
göçler gerekse 2008 yılında yaşanan ekonomik kriz, Avrupa Birliği fikrine karşı
olan radikal sağ akımları güçlendirmiştir. Bu makalede de öncelikle Avrupa’da
radikal sağ partilerin retorik ve ideolojilerine genel bir bakış atılacaktır.
Yunanistan’da Altın Şafak Partisi’nin 2010 Yunan yerel seçimlerinden itibaren
yükselen grafiğine paralel, partinin yükselişindeki söylem ve iç dinamikler ele
alınacaktır. Yine Bulgaristan’da ortaya çıkan Ataka Partisi’nin 2005
Bulgaristan genel seçimleriyle başlayan, yükselen oy grafiği çerçevesinde
söylemleri ve partinin güçlenmesindeki ülke iç dinamikleri ele alınacaktır. Her
ne kadar radikal sağ partiler temelde aynı retorik ve ideolojilere sahip
oldukları şeklinde değerlendirilse de, Ataka ve Altın Şafak örneği
karşılaştırılarak retorik ve ideolojilerindeki farklılıklar ortaya
koyulacaktır.

Keywords

Avrupa, Radikal-Sağ, Euroseptisizm, Altın Şafak, Ataka

References

• Adalet Bakanlığı. (1951). Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmeleri, <http://www.uhdigm.adalet.gov.tr/sozlesmeler/coktaraflisoz/bm/bm_11.pdf >, [E.T. 09.11.2016]
• AĞIR, B.S. (2012). Romanya’nın Avrupa Birliği Bütünleşme Sürecinde Romen Milliyetçiliği ve Etnik Macar Azınlığın Konumu , Uluslararasi Hukuk ve Politika, 8 (30) , 125-148.
• AKKERMAN, T. (2012). Comparing Radical Right Parties in Government: Immigration and Integration Policies in Nine Countries (1996-2010).West European Politics, 35 (3), 511-529.
• ALMEIDA, D. (2010). Europeanized Eurosceptics? Radical Right Parties and European Integration. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(3), 237-253.
• ANGOURI, J. ve WODAK R. (2014). They Became Big in the Shadow of the Crisis The Greek Success Story and the Rise of the Far Right. Discourse Society, 25(4), 540-565.
• Ataka Partisi, (2005). Parti Manifestosu, <http://www.ataka.bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=5>, [E.T. 20.04.2016]
• ATUN, A. (2004). EOKA-B Hala Yaşıyor, < http://www.ataatun.org/eoka-b-hala-yasiyor.html >, [E.T. 09.11.2016]
• BBC TÜRKÇE. (2015). Yunanistan: Altın Şafak lideri ve üyeleri yargılanıyor, <http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/04/150420_altin_safak_dava>, [E.T. 02.05.2016]
• BRACK, M. ve STARTIN, N. (2015). Introduction: Euroscepticism, From the Margins to the Mainstream. International Political Science Review, 36(3), 239-249.
• BUSTIKOVA, L. (2014). Revenge of the Radical Right. Comparative Political Studies, 47(12), 1738-1765.
• CARUS, P. (1898). Gnosticism in Its Relation to Christianity, The Monist, 8(4), 502-546.
• DINAS, E. ve RORI L. (2013). The 2012 Greek Parliamentary Elections: Fear and Loathing in the Polls. West European Politics, 36(1), 270-282.
• DINAS, E., GEORGIADOU, V., KONSTANTINIDIS I., ve RORI L. (2016). From Dusk to Dawn Local Party Organization and Party Success of Right-Wing Extremism. Party Politics, 22(1), 80-92. Dünya Bülteni,(2015). Bulgar Irkçı Siderov'un Dokunulmazlığı Kaldırılabilir < http://www.dunyabulteni.net/balkanlar/344440/bulgar-irkci-siderovun-dokunulmazligi-kaldirilabilir > , [E.T. 03.05.2016] Dünya Bülteni,(2016). Bulgarların kafası karışık!, <http://www.dunyabulteni.net/haber/357071/bulgarlarin-kafasi-karisik>, [E.T. 03.05.2016]
• ELLINAS, A.A. (2013). The Rise of Golden Dawn: The New Face of the Far Right in Greece. South European Society and Politics, 18(4), 543-565.
• ELLINAS, A.A. (2015). Neo-Nazism in an Established Democracy: The Persistence of Golden Dawn in Greece. South European Society and Politics, 20(1), 1-20.
• ERSOY-HACISALIHOĞLU, N. (2013). Bulgaria’s Policy Toward Muslims During the Balkan Wars, M. Hakan Yavuz ve Isa Blumi (Ed.), War and Nationalism: The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, and Their Sociopolitical Implications içinde (s. 361-370), Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.
• EurActiv, (2015). Nationalists Vow to Topple Bulgarian Cabinet over Russia, <http://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/nationalists-vow-to-topple-bulgarian-cabinet-over-russia/>, [E.T. 29.04.2016]
• GENOV, N. (2010). Radical Nationalism in Contemporary Bulgaria. Review of European Studies, 2(2), 35-53.
• GERODIMOS, R. (2013). Greece: Politics at the Crossroads. Political Insight, 16-19.
• GHODSEE, K. (2008). Left Wing, Right Wing, Everything: Xenophobia, Neo-totalitarianism, and Populist Politics in Bulgaria. Problems of Post-Communism, 55(3), 26-39.
• GÜLER, S. (2014). Avrupa’da Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi: Yunanistan'da Altın Şafak Partisi Örneği, Bilgesam, <http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/285/-avrupa%E2%80%99da-asiri-sagin-yukselisi--yunanistan'da-altin-safak-partisi-ornegi/#.VwpPPvmLTIV> ,[E.T. 13.04.2016]
• Hürriyet, (2006) . AP’de Çingene vekile hakaret, <http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ap-de-cingene-vekile-hakaret-5179025>, [E.T. 18.04.2016]
• Hürriyet, (2007). Bulgar iftirası yalan çıktı, <http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/bulgar-iftirasi-yalan-cikti-6401811>, [E.T. 10.11.2016]
• Hürriyet, (2011). Camiye saldırdılar, Türkleri dövdüler, cezası komik, <http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/camiye-saldirdilar-turkleri-dovduler-cezasi-komik-17919611>, [E.T. 03.05.2016]
• KIRBAKI, Y. (2012). Yunan ‘Führer’ Meclise Yürüyor, Hürriyet, <http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yunan-fuhrer-meclise-yuruyor-20456991 >, [E.T. 03.05.2016]
• KOEV, D. (2015). Interactive Party Effects on Electoral Performance: How Ethnic Minority Parties aid the Populist Right in Central and Eastern Europe?. Party Politics, 21(4), 649-659.
• KOMPSOPOULOS, J. ve CHASOGLOU J. (2014). The Collapse and Transformation of the Greek Party System. Socialism and Democracy, 28(1), 90-112.
• KORONAIOU, A. ve SAKELLARIOU, A. (2013). Reflections on ‘Golden Dawn’, Community Organizing and Nationalist Solidarity: Helping (only) Greeks. Community Development Journal, 48(2), 332-338.
• MANDACI, N. (2012). “Avrupa’daki Radikal Sağ Partilerin Balkanlı Kuzenleri: Çanlar Türkiye için Çalıyor’’, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 9(33), 41-71.
• MILLMAN, R. (1980). The Bulgarian Massacres Reconsidered, The Slavonic and East Europe Review, 58(2), 218-231.
• MINKENBERG, M. (2013). “The European Radical Right and Xenophobia in West and East: Trends,Patterns and Challenges”, Ralf Melzer ve Sebastian Serafin (Ed.), Right-Wing Extremism in Europe içinde (s. 9-35), Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert Foundation.
• NAVOTH M. (2013). The Greek Elections of 2012: The Worrisome Rise of the Golden Dawn. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 7(1), 87-94.
• NOVAKOVIC, I. (2008). The Rise of Political Extremism in Bulgaria-The Political Party ‘Ataka’. Master’s Thesis, University of Bologna / Interdisciplinary Research and Studies on Eastern Europe, Bologna
• OLZAK, S. (1992). The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• PAPASTATHIS, K. (2015). Religious Discourse and Radical Right Politics in Contemporary Greece. 2010–2014, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 16(3), 218-247.
• PIRRO, A.L.P. (2014). Digging into the Breeding Ground: Insights into the Electoral Performance of Populist Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe. East European Politics, 30(2), 246-270.
• POPOVA, M. (2016). Who Brought Ataka to the Political Scene? Analysis of the Vote for Bulgaria’s Radical Nationalist, Theodora Dragostinova ve Yana Hashamova (Ed.), Beyond Mosque, Church and State: Alternative Narratives of the Nation in the Balkans içinde (s. 259-287). Budapest: Central European University Press.
• STEFANOVA, B. (2009). Ethnic Nationalism, Social Structure, and Political Agency: Explaining Electoral Support for the Radical Right in Bulgaria. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(9), 1534-1556.
• SYGKELOS, Y. (2015). Nationalism versus European Integration: The Case of ATAKA. East European Quarterly, 43(3), 163-188.
• TAGGART, P. ve SZCZERBIAK, A. (2000). A. Oppsing Europe:Party Systems and Opposition to the Union,the Euro and Europeanisation, Yazılı Bildiri, SEİ, Araştırma Sempozyumu 2000, Brighton, 1-19.
• The Golden Dawn, (2012). Information, <http://www.xryshaygh.com/en/information> [E.T. 15.04.2016] The Guardian, (2015). Europe News, <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/greece-far-right-golden-dawn-nikos-michaloliakos-trial-start>, [E.T. 01.03.2016]
• TODOROVA, M. (2015). Balkanları Tahayyül Etmek (Çev. Dilek Şendil). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• TOLOUDIS, N. (2014). The Golden Dawn: The Financial Crisis and Greek Fascisms New Day. New Labor Forum, 23(1), 38-43.
• TSIRBAS, Y. (2015a). The 2014 Local Elections in Greece: Looking for Patterns in a Changing Political System. South European Society and Politics, 20(1), 133-155.
• TSIRBAS, Y. (2015b). The January 2015 Parliamentary Election in Greece: Government Change. Partial Punishment and Hesitant Stabilization, South European Society and Politics, 1-20.
• ÜSTE, A.N. (2014). Bulgaristan Cumhuriyeti, Murat Necip Arman ve Nazif Mandacı (Ed.), Çağdaş Balkan Siyaseti: Devletler, Halklar, Parçalanma, Bütünleşme (2. Baskı) İçinde (s. 45-65) . Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
• VASSILEV, R. (2010). Why Was the Monarchy Not Restored in Post-Communist Bulgaria? . East European Politics and Societies, 24(4), 503-519.
• VERNEY, S. (2015). Waking the ‘Sleeping Giant’ or Expressing Domestic Dissent? Mainstreaming Euroscepticism in Crisis-Stricken Greece. International Political Science Review, 36(3), 279-295.
• VOUTYRAS, S. (2016). This Radicalization which is not one: Contentious Politics against the Backdrop of the Greek Crisis. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24(2), 223-239.
• WERTS, H., SCHEEPERS, P., ve LUBBERS, M. (2012). Euro-scepticism and Radical Right-Wing Voting in Europe, 2002–2008: Social Cleavages, Socio-Political Attitudes and Contextual Characteristics Determining Voting for the Radical Right. European Union Politics, 14(2), 183-205.
• ZHELYAZKOVA, A. ve ANGELOVA, V. (2007). Racism in Post-Communist Bulgaria and Trade Union Responses. European Review of Labour and Research, 13(3), 447-462.