Food Defense

Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 609 - 615, 01.01.2019

Gamze Turkal , A. Ezgi Telli Yusuf Doğruer

Abstract

Background/Aim: Food defense, which is expressed as a struggle against intentional contamination, threatens public health as well as its economic damage. Intentional actions are illogical actions that are difficult to predict. For this reason, the food defense system is carried out according to a specific plan. Conclusion: Food defense practices are an inevitable step in strengthening the entire food safety system. It is therefore important to raise awareness of food defense in the food industry. It is thought that studies with systems will be beneficial such as CARVER + Shock Criticality, Accessibility, Recuperability, Vulnerability, Effect, Recognizability + Shock software and evaluation of operational risk issues to reduce potential threats against hazards in food defense.

Keywords

Food defense, food safety, intentional contamination

Gıda Savunması

Abstract

Özbilgi/Amaç: Kasıtlı kontaminasyona karşı mücadele şeklinde ifade edilen gıda savunması, ekonomik olarak zarar vermenin yanı sıra halk sağlığını da tehdit etmektedir. Kasıtlı eylemler önceden tahmin edilmesi zor olan mantık dışı eylemlerdir. Bu nedenle gıda savunma sistemi belirli bir plan dahilinde yürütülmektedir. Sonuç: Gıda savunması uygulamaları tüm gıda güvenliği sisteminin güçlendirilmesinde kaçınılmaz bir adımdır. Bu yüzden gıda endüstrisinde gıda savunması bilincini artırmak önemlidir. Gıda savunmasında tehlikelere karşı potansiyel tehditlerin azaltılması için operasyonel risk konularının değerlendirilmesi, CARVER+Shock Criticality, Accessibility, Recuperability, Vulnerability, Effect, Recognizability + Shock, Kritiklik, Erişilebilirlik, Telafi Edilebilirlik, Güvenlik Açığı, Etki, Tanınabilirlik + Şok yazılımı gibi sistemlerle yapılan çalışmaların fayda sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Gıda güvenliği, gıda savunması, kasıtlı kontaminasyon

References

• Applebaum RS (2004). Terrorism and the na� on’s Food supply perspec� ves of the Food industry: Where we are, what we have, and what we need. Journal of Food Science, 69(2), 48-50.
• Biegel B, Beach K (2010). Global food defense. AIB Update, March/April. h� ps://www.aibinterna� onal.com/aibonline_/www.aibonline.org/ newsletter/Magazine/Mar_Apr2010/7GlobalFoodDefense.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 03 Nisan 2018).
• Bogadi NP, Banović M, Babić I (2016). Food defence system in food industry: perspec� ve of the EU countries. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmi� elsicherheit, 11(3), 217-226.
• Bri� sh Standards Ins� tu� on (BSI) (2014). PAS 96:2014 Guide to protec� ng and defending food and drink deliberate a� ack. h� ps:// www.bsigroup.com/LocalFiles/en-MY/PAS%2096%20Food%20 Defence/PAS%2096%20(2014).pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 03 Nisan 2018).
• Burrows WD, Renner SE (1999). Biological warfare agents as threats to potable water. Environmental HGealth Perspec� ves, 107(12), 975- 984.
• Busta FFF, Kennedy SP (2011). Defending the safety of the global food system from inten� onal contamina� on in a changing market. In: Advances in Food Protec� on, Hefnawy M (Eds.), Springer, The Netherlands, pp. 119-135.
• Dalziel GR (2009). Food defense incidents: 1950-2008. A chronology and analysis of incidents involving the maliciuos contamina� on of the food supply chain, Centre of Excellence For Na� onal Security (CENS), S. Rajaratnam School of Interna� onal Studies, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore. h� p://m.food-defense.it/1/ upload/rsis_food_defence_170209.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ekim 2018).
• Darling RG, Woods JB, Dembek ZF (2004). USAMRIID’s medical management of biological casual� es handbook. United States Army Medical Research Ins� tute of Infec� ous Diseases USAMRIID.
• Food Drug and Administra� on (FDA) (2017). Mi� ga� on strategies to protect food against ınten� onal adultera� on: what you need to know about the fda regula� on: guidance for ındustry small en� ty compliance guide. h� ps://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ GuidanceRegula� on/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInforma� on/ UCM562223.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 03 Ekim 2018).
• Federal Register 2013. Focused mi� ga� on strategies to protect food against inten� onal adultera� on part III. Fed Regist, 78(247), 78013– 78061. pdf/2013-30373.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2018.
• Fredrickson NR (2014). Food security: food defense and biosecurity. In: Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, Volume 1, Van Alfen NK (Eds.), Academic Press, USA, pp. 311-323.
• Johnstone A, Klein R, Wells S, Mitenius N, Thompson S (2015). Regulatory founda� ons for the food protec� on professional. In: Food defense awareness, Bradsher J, Wojtala G, Kaml C, Read D (Eds.), Springer Science+Business Media, New York, pp. 325-344.
• Kanagawa Y, Akahane M, Hasegawa A, Yamaguchi K, Onitake K, Takaya S, et al (2014). Developing a Na� onal Food Defense Guideline Based on a Vulnerability Assessment of Inten� onal Food Contamina� on in Japanese Food Factories Using the CARVER+ Shock Vulnerability Assessment Tool. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 11(12), 953- 959.
• Kennedy SP, Busta FF (2007). Biosecurity: food protec� on and defense. In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Fron� ers, 3rd Edit., Doyle MP, Beuchat LR (Eds.), American Society of Microbiology Press, Washington DC, pp. 87-102.
• Kennedy SP, Busta FF (2013). Biosecurity: food protec� on and defense. In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Fron� ers, 4th Edit.,. Doyle MP, Buchanan RL (Eds.), American Society of Microbiology, pp. 91-103.
• Knechtges PL (2012). Food safety: theory and prac� ce. Jones & Bartle� Publishers, p. 459.
• Kurt D. (2013). Food defence (gıda savunma) nedir? Gıda sektöründe food defence (gıda savunma) nasıl uygulanır? h� p://dilek-kurt. blogspot.com.tr/2013/02/food-defence-gda-savunma-nedir-gda. html. (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Nisan 2018).
• Lesser I, Arquilla J, Hoff man B, Ronfeldt DF, Zanini M (1999). Countering the new terrorism. RAND Corpora� on, Washington DC.
• Levinthal D, Rerup C (2006). Crossing an apparent chasm: Bridging mindful and less-mindful perspec� ves on organiza� onal learning. Organiza� on Science, 17(4), 502-513.
• Lincoln RE, Walker JS, Klein F, Rosenwald AJ, Jong WI (1967). Value of Ş eld data forthe extrapola� on in anthrax. Federa� on Proceedings, 26, 1558–1562.
• Lorenzen CL, Cu� er CN (2017). Crea� ng a Food Defense/Response Plan in Food Processing Facili� es. In: Food Protec� on and Security, Kennedy S (Eds.), Woodhead Publishing, United Kingdom, pp. 43- 60.
• Lorenzen CL, Hendrickson MK, Weaber RL, Clarke AD, Shannon MC, Savage-Clarke KL (2009). Food defense: protec� ng the food supply rom inten� onal harm. University of Missouri Extension MP912 pp.47
• Manning L, Soon JM (2016). Food safety, food fraud, and food defense: a fast evolving literature. Journal of food science, edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/51827/mp0914-2009. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2018).
• Mitenius N, Kennedy SP, Busta FF (2014). Food defense. In: Food Safety Management, Motarjemi Y, Lelieveld H (Eds.),Academic Press, USA, pp. 937-958. h� ps://mospace.umsystem.
• Özdemir A, Dikmen D (2018). Gıda savunmasında yeni yaklaşımlar: risk yöne� m metodolojileri. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 75(1): 93-100.
• Park DK. (2009). Achieving total food protec� on: beneŞ ts from integra� ng food safety and food defense programs. In: Inten� onal and uninten� onal contaminants in food and feed, Al-Taher F, Jackson L, DeVries JW (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series, Washington, pp. 255-272.
• Pohl P, Lindgren E, Williams C, Danneels J, Browi� R, Eubanks L, et al (2009). CARVER+ Shock: Food Defense So� ware Tool. In: Inten� onal and uninten� onal contaminants in food and feed, Al-Taher F, Jackson L, DeVries JW (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series, Washington, pp. 207-216.
• Rasco B, Bledsoe GE (2010). Food defense in an aquaculture se� ng. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(2), 175-191.
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2007). An overview of the carver plus shock method for food sector vulnerability assesments. h� ps://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/ connect/483f86d5-a566-44f8-90d5-05a16dbe3f78/CARVER. pdf?MOD=AJPERES. (Erişim Tarihi: 02 Haziran 2018).
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2009). Food defense guidelines for slaughter and processing establishments. h� ps:// www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/cd18d� 5-9443-42f8-b8c5- cadf862fcbc4/SecurityGuide.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. (Erişim Tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2018).
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2018). Func� onal Food Defense Plans h� ps://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/ topics/food-defense-and-emergency-response/functional-food- defense-plan/func� onal-plans.(Erişim Tarihi: 19 Kasım 2019).
• United States Department of Homeland Security (USDHS) (2007). Agriculture and food: cri� cal infrastructure and key resources sector-speciŞ c plan as input to the na� onal infrastructure protec� on plan. p. 129. h� ps://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=474321. (Erişim Tarihi: 03 Nisan 2018).
• United States Food and Drug Administra� on (USFDA) (2011). Guidance for industry process valida� on: general principles and prac� ces. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm070336. pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Ağustos 2018).
• Wester PA (2017). Preparing for the hazard analysis. In: Hazard analysis and risk based preven� ve controls, King H, Bedale W (Eds.), Academic Press, United Kingdom, pp. 82-84.