Bitkilerde Hareket, Davranış ve Zeka

Yıl 2020, , 295 - 301, 31.12.2020

Zeynel Dalkılıç

https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.709621

Öz

Çevreye uyum sağlama ve esneklik kavramlarında bitkilerin davranışı konusunda gelişmekte olan bitki nörobiyolojisi alanında yapılan çalışmalar bitki biyokimyası, hücre biyolojisi ve moleküler biyoloji uzmanlıklarının ötesine geçmiştir. Davranış, bir bireyin yaşamı süresince çevresel değişikliklere ya da olaylara verdiği göreceli olarak hızlı ve potansiyel olarak geri dönüşümlü tepki olarak tanımlanabilir. Zekâ ise problem çözebilme yeteneğidir. Bitkilerin davranışı mekânsal olarak heterojen olan ve sürekli değişen bir çevrede besin kaynaklarını bulmaya, üremeye ve savunmaya en etkili şekilde olanak tanımaktadır. Davranış, bitkilerin genlerini sonraki nesle aktarmak için mücadele etmesinde kritik derecede öneme sahiptir. Bitkilerdeki binlerce kök ucunun hareketi, sürü içindeki hayvanların birbirlerine belirli bir mesafeyi koruyarak belirlenen hedefe doğru gitmesine benzetilebilir. Bitkiler çevreden gelen uyaranlara tepki vererek, bireysel olarak hareket eder gibi gözlense de tüm populasyona avantaj sağlayacak şekilde davranırlar. Bitki dokularındaki oksin dağılımının eşit olmamasından dolayı hareket, uyartının geldiği yöne bağımlı ve büyüme şeklindeki değişiklik yönelim (tropizma) olarak tanımlanır. Bu tip hareketler uyartının ortadan kalkmasıyla geriye dönüşebilir. Eğer hareket, uyartının geldiği yönden bağımsız ve ozmotik ya da turgor basıncındaki geri dönüşebilir değişiklik ise salınım (nastik) olarak tanımlanır. Bu tip hareketler organın yukarıya (epinasti) ya da aşağıya (hiponasti) doğru kıvrılması şeklinde kendini gösterebilir. Bu hareketler bitkilerde yerçekimine (jeo), dokunmaya (tigmo), ışığa (foto), sıcaklığa (termo), güneşe (helio), kimyasala (kemo) ve suya (hidro) yönelim veya salınım şekillerinde ortaya çıkabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

bitki sinir bilimi, algılama mekanizması, öğrenme, algı, iletişim

Movement, Behaviour and Intelligence in Plants

Öz

Studies conducted in plant neurobiology area in concept of adaptation to environment and plasticity have gone beyond the biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology professions. Behaviour is defined as a relatively fast and potentially reversible response to environmental stimuli or events during the lifetime of an organism. Intelligence, on the other hand, is the ability to solve a problem. Behaviour has a critical importance for plants to struggle in order to transfer their genetic information to the next generations. The movement of thousands of root tips in plants can be resembled to the movement of animals in swarm maintaining the distance among one another to travel to an identified destination. Although plants are seen as if moving individually for responding cues from the environment, they behave to gain benefit and advantage for their whole populations. Due to the asymmetrical distribution of auxin in plant tissues, the movement depends on the direction of the incoming stimulus and an observable change in growth which is name as tropism. This type of movements can be reversible when the stimulus disappears. If movement does not depend on the direction of the stimulus and a reversible change in osmotic or turgor pressure, it is defined as nastic. This type of movements can be displayed of upward curve of the tissue (epinasty) or downward curve of the tissue (hyponasty). All these movements can be seen as gravity (geo), touch (thigmo), light (photo), temperature (thermo), sun (helio), chemicals (chemo), and water (hydro) tropism or nasty in plants.

Anahtar Kelimeler

plant neurobiology, sensing mechanism, learning, perception, communication

Kaynakça

• Alpi A, Amrhein N, Bertl A, ve ark. (2007) Plant Neurobiology: No Brain, No Gain? Trends in Plant Science 12: 135-136.
• Anonim (2020a) http://ds9.botanik.uni-bonn.de/zellbio/AG-Baluska-Volkmann/ Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
• Anonim (2020b) http://www.linv.org/ International Laboratory of Plant Neurobiology (LINV), Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Tuscany, Italy.
• Anonim (2020c) https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/lacev/ Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology (LACEV), Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
• Anonim (2020d) https://www.monicagagliano.com/the-bi-lab-biological-intelligence- Biological Intelligence (BI) Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia.
• Anonim (2020e) https://www.plantbehavior.org/ Society for Plant Signaling and Behavior.
• Anonim (2020f) https://www.tandfonline.com/ toc/kpsb20/current Plant Signaling & Behavior journal.
• Anonim (2020g) https://www.thethirdwayofevolution.com /people/ view/guenther-witzany Telos-Philosophische Praxis, Buermoos, Austria.
• Anonim (2020h) https://www.um.es/web/minimal-intelligence-lab/ Minimal Intelligence (MINT) Lab, Department of Philosophy University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
• Ballaré CL (1999) Keeping Up With the Neighbours: Phytochrome Sensing and Other Signalling Mechanisms. Trends in Plant Science 4: 97-102.
• Baluška F, Mancuso S, Volkmann D (2006) Communication in Plants: Neuronal Aspects of Plant Life. Springer, New York.
• Beigler R (2018) Insufficient Evidence for Habituation in Mimosa pudica: Response to Gagliano et al. (2014). Oecologia 186: 33-35.
• Bose JC, Guha SC (1922) The Dia-Heliotropic Attitude of Leaves as Determined by Transmitted Nervous Excitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 93: 153-178.
• Bose JC (1926) The Nervous Mechanism in Plants. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd, London.
• Bothwell JHF, Ng CY-K (2005) The Evolution of Ca2+ Signalling in Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. New Phytologist 166: 21-38.
• Braam J (2005) In Touch: Plant Responses to Mechanical Stimuli. New Phytologist 165: 373-389.
• Brenner ED, Stahlberg R, Mancuso S, Vivanco JM, Baluška F, van Volkenburgh E (2007) Plant Neurobiology: An Integrated View of Plant Signaling. Trends in Plant Science 11: 413-419.
• Bruni R (2019) Biyo-İnovasyon. Çeviren: Elisa Falcini Becer. The Kitap Yayınları. İstanbul.
• Calvo P, Friston K (2017) Predicting Green: Really Radical (Plant) Predictive Processing. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 14: 20170096.
• Calvo P, Sahi VP, Trewavas A (2017) Are Plants Sentient? Plant, Cell and Environment 40: 2858-2869.
• Chamovitz DA (2018a) Plants Are Intelligent; Now What? Nature Plants 4: 622-623.
• Chamovitz DA (2018b) Bitkilerin Bildikleri: Dünyaya Bitkilerin Gözünden Bakmak. Çeviren: Gürol Koca. Metis Yayınları. İstanbul.
• Clark A, Chalmers D (1998) The Extended Mind. Analysis 58: 7-19.
• Coutand C (2010) Mechanosensing and Thigmomorphogenesis, A Physiological and Biomechanical Point of View. Plant Science 179: 168-182.
• Creux N, Harmer S (2019) Circadian Rhythms in Plants. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034611.
• Dalkılıç Z (2018) Bitkilerdeki Fitokrom Işık Algılayıcıları. ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 15: 107-114.
• Darwin C (1875) Insectivorous Plants. John Murray, London.
• Darwin C, Darwin F (1880) The Power of Movement in Plants. John Murray, London.
• Dean JM, Smith AP (1978) Behavioral and Morphological Adaptations of A Tropical Plant to High Rainfall. Biotropica 10: 152-154.
• Eisner T (1981) Leaf Folding in A Sensitive Plant: A Defensive Thorn-Exposure Mechanism? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 78: 402-404.
• Firn R (2004) Plant Intelligence: An Alternative Point of View. Annals of Botany 93: 345-351.
• Forterre Y (2013) Slow, Fast and Furious: Understanding the Physics of Plant Movements. Journal of Experimental Botany 64: 4745-4760.
• Forterre Y, Skotheim JM, Dumais J, Mahadevan L (2005) How the Venus Flytrap Snaps. Nature 433: 421-425.
• Freeman DC, Harper KT, Charnov EL (1980) Sex Change in Plants: Old and New Observations and New Hypotheses. Oecologia 47: 222-232.
• Gagliano M (2018) Thus Spoke the Plant: A Remarkable Journey of Groundbreaking Scientific Discoveries and Personal Encounters with Plants. North Atlantic Books. Berkeley.
• Gagliano M, Vyazovskiy VV, Borbély AA, Grimonprez M, Depczynski M (2016) Learning by Association in Plants. Scientific Reports 6: 38427.
• Güven A (1991) Bitkilerde Hareket Fizyolojisi. In: Kıvanç M (ed.) Bitki Fizyolojisi Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Eskişehir, 231-248.
• Harmer SL, Brooks CJ (2018) Growth-Mediated Plant Movements: Hidden in Plain Sight. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 41: 89-94.
• Holdrege C (2013) Thinking Like A Plant: A Living Science for Life. Lidisfarne Books, Great Barrington.
• Irigaray L, Marder M (2016) Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives. Columbia University Press, New York.
• Izzo LG, Romano LE, de Pascale S, Mele G, Gargiulo L, Aronne G (2019) Chemotropic vs Hydrotropic Stimuli for Root Growth Orientation in Microgravity. Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1547.
• Kacar B, Katkat AV, Öztürk Ş (2002) Bitki Fizyolojisi. Vipaş İnş. Tur. Eğt. A.Ş. Bursa.
• Karban R (2008) Plant Behaviour and Communication. Ecology Letters 11: 727-739.
• Karpinski S, Szechynska-Hebda M (2010) Secret Life of Plants. Plant Signaling and Behavior 5: 1391-1394.
• Kelly CK (1992) Resource Choice in Cuscuta europaea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89: 12194-12197.
• Knight MR, Campbell AK, Smith SM, Trewavas A (1991) Transgenic Plant Aequorin Reports the Effects of Touch and Cold-Shock and Elicitors on Cytoplasmic Calcium. Nature 352: 524-526.
• Luan S (2011) Coding and Decoding of Calcium Signals in Plant Cells. Signaling and Communication in Plants Series, Springer, New York.
• Lush WM (1999) Whither Chemotropism and Pollen Tube Guidance? Trends in Plant Science 5: 413-418.
• Mancuso S (2019) La Nazione Delle Piante. Giuz. Laterza and Figli Spa, Roma.
• Mancuso S, Viola A (2017) Bitki Zekası. (Verde Brilliant). Çeviren: Almıla Çiftçi. Yeni İnsan Yayınevi. İstanbul.
• McClintock B (1984) The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge. Science 226: 792-801.
• Mullen JL, Weinig C, Hangarter RP (2006) Shade Avoidance and the Regulation of Leaf Inclination in Arabidopsis. Plant, Cell and Environment 29: 1099-1106.
• Novoplansky (2016) Future Perception in Plants. In: Nadin N (ed.) Anticipation Across Disciplines, Springer, New York, 57-70.
• Özen HÇ, Onay A (2013) Hareket Fizyolojisi In: Özen HÇ, Onay A (ed.) Bitki Fizyolojisi, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara, 255-274.
• Paige KN, Whitham TG (1987) Flexible Life History Traits: Shifts by Scarlet Gilia in Response to Pollinator Abundance. Ecology 68(6): 1691-1695.
• Parise AG, Gagliano M, Souza GM (2020) Extended Cognition In Plants: Is It Possible? Plant Signaling and Behavior 15(2): e1710661.
• Pelt J-M, Mazoyer M, Monod T, Girardon J (2012) Bitkilerin En Güzel Tarihi. Çeviren: Nedret Tanyolaç. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. İstanbul.
• Pollan M (2013) The Intelligent Plant. The New Yorker 89: 92-105.
• Pollan M (2011) Arzunun Botaniği. Çeviren: Sevin Okyay. Domingo Yayınları. İstanbul.
• Schmitt J, Dudley SA, Pugliucci M (1999) Manipulative Approaches to Testing Adaptive Plasticity: Phytochrome-Mediated Shade-Avoidance Responses in Plants. American Naturalist 154: S43-S54.
• Selvi E (2016) Bitki Farkındalığı ve İletişimi. Orman ve Av Dergisi 4: 33-40.
• Shepherd VA (2005) From Semi-Conductors to the Rhythms of Sensitive Plants: The Research of J. C. Bose. Molecular and Cellular Biology 51: 607-619.
• Silvertown J, Gordon DM (1989) A Framework for Plant Behavior. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 20: 349-366.
• Smith H (2000) Phytochromes and Light Signal Perception by Plants-An Emerging Synthesis. Nature 407: 585-591.
• Sparke MA, Wünsche JN (2020) Mechanosensing of Plants. Horticultural Reviews 47: 43-83.
• Thompson K (2019) Darwin’in En Güzel Bitkileri: Günümüzde Darwin Botaniği. Çeviren: M. Bona. Ginko Bilim Yayınları. İstanbul.
• Tompkins P, Bird C (1983) Bitkilerin Gizli Yaşamı. Çeviren: Sulhi Dölek. Sungur Yayınları. İstanbul.
• Trewavas A (2003) Aspects of Plant Intelligence. Annals of Botany 92: 1-20.
• Trewavas A (2014) Plant Behaviour and Intelligence. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
• Trewavas A (2017) The Foundations of Plant Intelligence. Interface Focus 7: 20160098.
• Trewavas AJ, Sexton R, Kelly P (1984) Polarity, Calcium and Abscission: Molecular Bases for Developmental Plasticity in Plants. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 83: 179-195.
• van Bel AJE, Furch ACU, Will T, Buxa SV, Musetti R, Hafke JB (2014) Spread the News: Systemic Dissemination and Local Impact of Ca2+ Signals Along the Phloem Pathway. Journal of Experimental Botany 65: 1761-1787.
• Vardar Y, Güven A, Ahmet M (1973) Bitkilerde Fitokrom Sistemi. Acta Biologica Turcica 23: 47-56.
• Volkov AG (2012) Plant Electrophysiology: Methods and Cell Electrophysiology. Springer, New York.
• Volkov AG (2019) Signaling in Electrical Networks of the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis). Bioelectrochemistry 125: 25-32.
• Volkov AG, Carrell H, Adesina T, Markin VS, Jovanov E (2008) Plant Electrical Memory. Plant Signaling and Behavior 3: 490-492.
• Whippo CW, Hangarter RP (2006) Phototropism: Bending Towards Enlightenment. Plant Cell 18: 1110-1119.
• Witzany G, Baluška F (2012) Biocommunication of Plants. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
• Wohlleben P (2018) Ağaçların Gizli Yaşamı: Ne Hissederler, Nasıl İletişim Kurarlar? Sırlarla Dolu Bir Dünyada Keşifler. Çeviren: Ali Sinan Çulhaoğlu. Kitap Kurdu Yayınları. İstanbul.