TÜRKİYE'DE KİŞİ BAŞINA DÜŞEN YEŞİL ALAN MİKTARI İLE ÖLÜM ORANI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 101 - 107, 01.06.2015

Abdullah Akpınar Murat Cankurt

Öz

Günümüzde bilim insanları artan bir oranda yeşil alanların insan ruh ve beden sağlığı üzerindeki etkisini
araştırmaktadır. Bu yapılan çalışmalar aynı zamanda yeşil alanların miktarının daha düşük ölüm oranıyla ilişkili
olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak bu konu ile yapılan yeterli çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu sebeple bu
çalışmada, Türkiye genelinde il bazında kişi başına düşen aktif yeşil alan miktarı ile kalp krizi, doğal ölümler ve
intihar vakaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın verileri 2014 yılına ait iki farklı
veri setinin bir araya getirilmesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. İl bazında gerçekleşen kalp krizi, doğal yoldan
gerçekleşen ölümler ve intihar ile ilgili veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu'ndan temin edilmiştir. Kişi başına düşen
aktif yeşil alan miktarı ise Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, ilgili büyükşehir belediyeleri ve Zafer Kalkınma Ajansı
verilerinden elde edilmiştir. Çoklu regresyon analizi sonucunda, kişi başına düşen aktif yeşil alan miktarı arttıkça,
kalp krizi, doğal ölümler ve intihar vakalarının gerçekleşme oranı azaldığı bulunmuştur. Yeşil alanların insan ruh
ve beden sağlığına etkisi göz önünde bulundurulduğunda elde edilen sonuçlar yeşil alanların insan sağlığı
üzerindeki etkisinin küçümsenmemisi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeşil alan, kalp krizi, doğal ölüm, intihar, Türkiye

Assessing the Association between the Amount of Green Space Per Capita and Mortality in Turkey

Öz

Nowadays scientists are investigating the effect of green spaces on human mental and general health with an
increase proportion. These studies also reveal that there is an association between the amount of green spaces and
lower rate of mortality. However, conducted studies so far are inadequate. Therefore, in this study the associations
between the amount of green space per capita and heart attack, natural deaths and suicide rate were investigated in
Turkey. The data for this study was carried out by combining two different datasets of 2014. The rate of heart
attack, natural deaths, and suicides for each city was obtained from Turkey Statistical Institute. The data for the
amount of green spaces per capita was obtained from the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, the
relevant metropolitan municipalities, and Zafer Development Agency. Multivariate linear regression analyses
show that when the amount of active green spaces increase, the rate of heart attack, natural deaths, and suicides
decrease. Considering the effect of green space on human mental and general health, the results indicated that the
effect of green space on human health should be underestimated

Anahtar Kelimeler

Green space, heart attack, mortality, suicide, Turkey

Kaynakça

• Adevi AA, Lieberg M (2012) Stress rehabilitation through garden therapy: A caregiver perspective on factors considered most essential to the recovery process. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11: 51-58.
• Aiello A, Ardone R, Scopelliti M (2010). Neighbourhood planning improvement: Physical attributes, cognitive and affective evaluation and activities in two neighbourhoods in Rome. Evaluation and Program Planning 33: 264-275.
• Amorim TC, Azevedo MR, Hallal PC (2010) Physical activity levels according to physical and social environmental factors in a sample of adults livingin South Brazil. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7(Suppl 2): S204-S212.
• Annear MJ, Cushman G, Gidlow B (2009) Leisure time physical activity differences among older adults from diverse socioeconomic neighborhoods. Health and Place 15: 482-490.
• Ball K, Bauman A, Leslie E, Owen N (2001) Perceived Environmental Aesthetics and Convenience and Company Are Associated with Walking for Exercise among Australian Adults. Preventive Medicine 33: 434-440.
• Barton J, Pretty J (2010) What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi- study analysis. Environmental Science and Technology 44: 3947-3955.
• Berman MG, Ethan K, Krpan KM, Askren MK, Burson A, Deldin PJ, Jonides J (2012) Interacting with nature improves cognition and affect for individuals with depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 140: 300- 305.
• Bodin M, Hartig T (2003) Does the outdoor environment matter for psychological restoration gained through running? Psychology of Sport and Exercise 4(2): 141- 153.
• Brown B, Bentley DL (1993) Residential burglars judge risk: the role of territoriality. J Environ Psychol 13: 51- 61.
• Cohen DA, Ashwood JS, Scott MM, Overton A, Evenson KR, Staten LK, Catellier D (2006) Public parks and physical activity among adolescent girls. Pediatrics 118: e1381-e1389.
• Cohen D, McKenzie T, Sehgal A, Williamson S, Golinelli D, Lurie N (2007) Contribution of public parks to physical activity. American Journal of Public Health 97: 509- 514.
• de Jong K, Albin M, Skarback E, Grahn P, Bjork J (2012) Perceived green qualities were associated with neighborhood satisfaction, physical activity, and general health: Results from a cross-sectional study in suburban and rural Scania, southern Sweden. Health & Place 18: 1374-1380.
• de Vries S, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP, Preeuwenberg PS (2003) Natural environments- healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. Environment and Planning A 35(10): 1717-1731.
• Evenson KR, Birnbaum AS, Bedimo-Rung AL, Sallis JF, Voorhees CC, Ring K, Elder JP (2006) Girls' perception of physical environmental factors and transportation: Reliability and association with physical activity and active transport to school. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 3(28).
• Francis J, Wood L, Knuiman M, Giles-Corti B (2012) Quality or quantity? Exploring the relationship between Public Open Space attributes and mental health in Perth, Western Australia. Social Science & Medicine 74: 1570-1577.
• Giles-Corti B, Broomhall M, Knuiman M, Collins C, Douglas KN, Lange A, Donovan R (2005) Increasing walking. How important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28(2S2): 169-176.
• Hansmann R, Hug SM, Seeland K (2007). Restoration and stress relief through physical activities in forests and parks. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 6: 213-225.
• Harmancı P (2015) Dünya'daki ve Türkiye'deki İntihar Vakalarının Sosyodemografik Özellikler Açısından İncelenmesi. Hacettep University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal 1(Suppl 1).
• Hartig T, Evans G, Jamner L, Davis D, Gärling T (2003) Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology 23(2): 109-123.
• Herzog TR, Strevey S (2008) Contact with nature, sense of humor, and psychological well-being. Environment and Behavior 40(6): 747-776.
• Kaczynski AT, Potwarka LR, Saelens BE (2008) Association of park size, distance and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks. American Journal of Public Health 98: 1451-1456.
• Kaczynski AT, Potwarka LR, Smale BJ, Havitz ME (2009) Association of Parkland Proximity with Neighborhood and Park-based Physical Activity: Variations by G e n d e r a n d A g e . L e i s u r e S c i e n c e s : A n Interdisciplinary Journal 31(2): 174-191.
• Kaplan R, Kaplan S (1989) The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Kuo FE, Sullivan W (2001) Aggression and Violence in the Inner City: Effects of Environment via Mental Fatigue. Environment and Behavior 33(4): 543-571.
• Lafortezza R, Carrus G, Sanesi G, Davies C (2009) Benefits and well-being perceived by people visiting green spaces in periods of heat stress. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 8: 97-108.
• LaGrange R, Ferraro K, Supancic M (1992) Perceived risk and fear of crime: role of social and physical incivilities. J Res Crime Delinquency 29: 311-334.
• Lee SW, Ellis C, Kweon BS, Hong SK (2008) Relationship between Landscape Structure and Neighborhood Satisfaction in Urbanized Areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 85: 60-70.
• Maas J, Verheij RA, De Vries S, Spreeuwenberg P, Schellevis FG, Groenewegen PP (2009) Morbidity is related to a green living environment. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 63(12): 967- 973.
• Maas J, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP, de Vries S, Spreeuwenberg P (2006) Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? J Epidemiol Community Health 60: 587-592.
• Mackay GJ, Neill JT (2010) The effect of “green exercise” on state anxiety and the role of exercise duration, intensity, and greenness: A quasi-experimental study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 11: 238-245.
• McCaffrey R (2007) The Effect of Healing Gardens and Art Therapy on Older Adults With Mild to Moderate Depression. Holistic Nursing Practice 21(2):, 79–84.
• McCormack GR, Melanie R, Toohey AM, Hignell D (2010) Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health and Place 16: 712-726.
• Mitchell R, Popham F (2007) Evidence Based Public Health Policy and Practive: Greenspace, urbanity and health: relationships in England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61(8): 681-683.
• Mitchell R, Popham F (2008) Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet 372: 1655-60.
• Morita E, Fukuda S, Nagano J, Hamajima N, Yamamoto H, Iwai Y, Shirakawa T (2007) Psychological effects of forest environments on healthy adults: Shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing, walking) as a possible method of stress reduction. Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health 121: 54-63.
• Morris GP, Beck SA, Hanlon P, Robertson R (2006) Getting strategic about the environment and health. Public Health 120: 889-907.
• Nielsen TS, Hansen KB (2007) Do green areas affect health? Results from a Danish survey on the use of green areas and health indicators. Health and Place 13: 839-850.
• Paquet C, Orschulok TP, Coffee N, Howard NJ, Hugo G, Taylor AW, Daniel M (2013) Are accessibility and characteristics of public open spaces associated with a better cardiometabolic health? Landscape and Urban Planning 118: 70-78.
• Park BJ, Tsunetsugu Y, Ishii H, Furuhashi S, Hirano H, Kagawa T, Miyazaki Y (2008) Physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest) in a mixed forest in Shinano Town, Japan. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 23: 278-283.
• Powell KE, Martin LM, Chowdhury PP (2003) Places to Walk: Convenience and Regular Physical Activity. American Journal of Public Health 93: 1519-1521.
• Pretty J, Peacock J, Hine R, Sellens M, South N, Griffin M (2007) Green Exercise in the UK Countryside: Effects on Health and Psychological Well-Being, Implications for Policy and Planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 50(2): 211-231.
• Richardson E, Pearce J, Mitchell R, Day P, Kingham S (2010) The association between green space and cause- specific mortality in urban New Zealand: an ecological analysis of green space utility. BMC Public Health 10(240): 1-14.
• Schipperijn J, Bentsen P, Troelsen J, Toftager M, Stigsdotter U (2013) Associations between physical activity and characteristics of urban green space. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12: 109-116.
• Seber G, Dilbaz N, Kaptanoğlu C, Tekin D (1993) Umutsuzluk ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenirliği. Kriz Dergisi 1(3): 139-142.
• Stigsdotter UA (2004) A garden at your workplace may reduce stress. Design and Health 147-157.
• Stronegger WJ, Titze S, Oja P (2010) Perceived characteristics of the neighborhood and its association with physical activity behavior and self-rated health. Health & Place 16: 736-743.
• Sugiyama T, Francis J, Middleton NJ, Owen N, Giles-Corti B (2010) Associations between recreational walking and attractiveness, size, and proximity of neighborhood open spaces. American Journal of Public Health 100(9): 1752-7.
• Sugiyama T, Leslie E, Giles-Corti B, Owen N (2008). Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: Do walking,social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationships? Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 62(5): 1-6.
• The Ministry of Health (2014) Physical Activity Guidelines for Turkey. Ankara: The Ministry of Health of Turkey, Public Health Institution, Department of Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases.
• TÜİK (2015a) Ölüm Nedeni İstatistikleri, 2014. Retrieved 12 10, 2015, from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18855
• TÜİK (2015b). İntihar İstatistikleri, 2014. Retrieved 12 10, 2 0 1 5 , f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . t u i k . g o v . t r / PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18626
• Ulrich RS (1979) Visual Landscapes and Psychological Well-Being. Landscape Research 4(1): 17-23.
• Ulrich RS (1983) Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In: Altman I, Wohlwill J (eds.), Human Behavior and Vol. 6: Behavior and Natural Environment. New York, Plenum, 85-125.
• Ulrich RS, Simons R, Losito B, Fiorito E, Miles M, Zelson M (1991) Stress Recovery during Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology 11: 201-230.
• van den Berg AE, Maas J, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP (2010) Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health. Social Science & Medicine 70: 1203-1210.
• Villeneuve PJ, Jerrett M, Su JG, Burnett RT, Chen H, Wheeler AJ, Goldberg MS (2012) A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada. Environmental Research 115: 51-58.
• Ward Thompson C (2011) Linking landscape and health: The recurring theme. Landscape and Urban Planning 99: 187-195.
• Ward Thompson C, Roe J, Aspinall P, Mitchell R, Clow A, Miller D (2012) More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: Evidence from salivary cortisol patterns. Landscape and Urban Planning 105: 221-229.
• Wells NM, Evans GW (2003) Nearby nature: A buffer of life stress among rural children. Environment and Behavior 35(3): 311-330.
• Yardim MS, Cilingiroglu N, Yardim N (2010) Catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment in Turkey. Health Policy 94: 26-33. Sorumlu Yazar Abdullah AKPINAR
• [e-mail]
• Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi
• Ziraat Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, AYDIN Geliş Tarihi Kabul Tarihi :22.12.2015