Bitkilerde Hareket, Davranış ve Zeka

Year 2020, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 295 - 301, 31.12.2020

Zeynel Dalkılıç

https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.709621

Abstract

Çevreye uyum sağlama ve esneklik kavramlarında bitkilerin davranışı konusunda gelişmekte olan bitki nörobiyolojisi alanında yapılan çalışmalar bitki biyokimyası, hücre biyolojisi ve moleküler biyoloji uzmanlıklarının ötesine geçmiştir. Davranış, bir bireyin yaşamı süresince çevresel değişikliklere ya da olaylara verdiği göreceli olarak hızlı ve potansiyel olarak geri dönüşümlü tepki olarak tanımlanabilir. Zekâ ise problem çözebilme yeteneğidir. Bitkilerin davranışı mekânsal olarak heterojen olan ve sürekli değişen bir çevrede besin kaynaklarını bulmaya, üremeye ve savunmaya en etkili şekilde olanak tanımaktadır. Davranış, bitkilerin genlerini sonraki nesle aktarmak için mücadele etmesinde kritik derecede öneme sahiptir. Bitkilerdeki binlerce kök ucunun hareketi, sürü içindeki hayvanların birbirlerine belirli bir mesafeyi koruyarak belirlenen hedefe doğru gitmesine benzetilebilir. Bitkiler çevreden gelen uyaranlara tepki vererek, bireysel olarak hareket eder gibi gözlense de tüm populasyona avantaj sağlayacak şekilde davranırlar. Bitki dokularındaki oksin dağılımının eşit olmamasından dolayı hareket, uyartının geldiği yöne bağımlı ve büyüme şeklindeki değişiklik yönelim (tropizma) olarak tanımlanır. Bu tip hareketler uyartının ortadan kalkmasıyla geriye dönüşebilir. Eğer hareket, uyartının geldiği yönden bağımsız ve ozmotik ya da turgor basıncındaki geri dönüşebilir değişiklik ise salınım (nastik) olarak tanımlanır. Bu tip hareketler organın yukarıya (epinasti) ya da aşağıya (hiponasti) doğru kıvrılması şeklinde kendini gösterebilir. Bu hareketler bitkilerde yerçekimine (jeo), dokunmaya (tigmo), ışığa (foto), sıcaklığa (termo), güneşe (helio), kimyasala (kemo) ve suya (hidro) yönelim veya salınım şekillerinde ortaya çıkabilir.

Keywords

bitki sinir bilimi, algılama mekanizması, öğrenme, algı, iletişim

Movement, Behaviour and Intelligence in Plants

Abstract

Studies conducted in plant neurobiology area in concept of adaptation to environment and plasticity have gone beyond the biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology professions. Behaviour is defined as a relatively fast and potentially reversible response to environmental stimuli or events during the lifetime of an organism. Intelligence, on the other hand, is the ability to solve a problem. Behaviour has a critical importance for plants to struggle in order to transfer their genetic information to the next generations. The movement of thousands of root tips in plants can be resembled to the movement of animals in swarm maintaining the distance among one another to travel to an identified destination. Although plants are seen as if moving individually for responding cues from the environment, they behave to gain benefit and advantage for their whole populations. Due to the asymmetrical distribution of auxin in plant tissues, the movement depends on the direction of the incoming stimulus and an observable change in growth which is name as tropism. This type of movements can be reversible when the stimulus disappears. If movement does not depend on the direction of the stimulus and a reversible change in osmotic or turgor pressure, it is defined as nastic. This type of movements can be displayed of upward curve of the tissue (epinasty) or downward curve of the tissue (hyponasty). All these movements can be seen as gravity (geo), touch (thigmo), light (photo), temperature (thermo), sun (helio), chemicals (chemo), and water (hydro) tropism or nasty in plants.

Keywords

plant neurobiology, sensing mechanism, learning, perception, communication

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