Research Article

Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology

Volume: 13 Number: 1 October 12, 2026
TR EN

Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

In this study, the removal conditions of Vat Brilliant Green FFB (C.I. Vat Green 1, VG1) dye were optimized using a two-stage experimental design. The Plackett–Burman Design program was used to eliminate independent parameters such as contact time (min), initial concentration (mg/L), adsorbent dose (g), temperature (°C), pH and shaking speed (rpm). This method was also used to measure the effects of independent parameters on the response. As a result of the PBD, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH were selected as the most effective parameters in dye removal. A central composite design was applied to determine the maximum response values and effective parameters. As a result of the obtained linear model and equations, a maximum removal rate of 65% was achieved; this indicates that VG1 is difficult to remove in aqueous solutions. In this study, the highest experimentally observed removal efficiency was observed at an initial concentration of 1100 mg/L, a contact time of 27.5 minutes, an adsorbent dose of 1.0 g, and a pH of 7. While this study demonstrates the recalcitrant nature of VG1 dye within statistical boundaries, the developed optimization model provides a practical, cost-effective, and a preliminary statistical framework for designing industrial wastewater treatment plants and optimizing operational conditions.

Keywords

Adsorption, Bentonite, Removal, RSM, Vat Green 1

Supporting Institution

Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Scientific Research Project Coordinatorship

Project Number

FHD-2025-11802

Ethical Statement

The authors of this article declare that they adhere to research and publication ethics in their work. The author(s) of this article declare that the materials and methods used in their study did not require ethics committee approval and/or any legal or special permission.

Thanks

We would like to thank the Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Scientific Research Project Coordinatorship for their support to the Rapid Support project with the project number FHD-2025-11802.

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APA
Yıldız Sevgili, B., Özgüven, A., & Yönten, V. (2026). Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.54365/adyumbd.1963776
AMA
1.Yıldız Sevgili B, Özgüven A, Yönten V. Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;13(1):1-16. doi:10.54365/adyumbd.1963776
Chicago
Yıldız Sevgili, Burçin, Ayşe Özgüven, and Vahap Yönten. 2026. “Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology”. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 13 (1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.54365/adyumbd.1963776.
EndNote
Yıldız Sevgili B, Özgüven A, Yönten V (October 1, 2026) Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 13 1 1–16.
IEEE
[1]B. Yıldız Sevgili, A. Özgüven, and V. Yönten, “Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology”, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.54365/adyumbd.1963776.
ISNAD
Yıldız Sevgili, Burçin - Özgüven, Ayşe - Yönten, Vahap. “Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology”. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 13/1 (October 1, 2026): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.54365/adyumbd.1963776.
JAMA
1.Yıldız Sevgili B, Özgüven A, Yönten V. Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;13:1–16.
MLA
Yıldız Sevgili, Burçin, et al. “Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology”. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 1, Oct. 2026, pp. 1-16, doi:10.54365/adyumbd.1963776.
Vancouver
1.Burçin Yıldız Sevgili, Ayşe Özgüven, Vahap Yönten. Optimization of Medium Conditions for Removal of Vat Green 1 by Bentonite Using Response Surface Methodology. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026 Oct. 1;13(1):1-16. doi:10.54365/adyumbd.1963776