ANALYSIS OF CONVERGENCE OF SOME MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES TO EUROPEAN UNION VIA UNIT ROOT TEST
Yıl 2021,
, 637 - 671, 30.12.2021
Oğuzhan Göktolga
,
Fatma Zeren
,
Abdullah Torun
Öz
This study is held in order to determine whether some Middle Eastern countries have converged to EU countries in terms of economy and politics as dimensions of globalization. Existence of any convergence is tested via Harvey ve Leybourne (2008) linearity tests. It has been deduced that Quwait has converged EU-27 average from the point of economic globalization and the country also has converged EU-15 average from the point of social globalization. Similarly, Saudi Arabia has converged EU-9 and EU-15 avearges from the point of socail globalization. Egypt and Jordan have converged both EU-9 and EU- 15 average from the point of political globalization. Turkey has just converged EU-9 from the point of political globalization. And Iran has just converged EU-15 average from the point of economical globalization. It hasn’t been detected any convergence for other countries analysed.
Kaynakça
- REFERENCES
Bernard, A. B., ve Durlauf, N. B. (1995). Convergence in International Output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10, 97-108.
- Bernard, A. B., ve Durlauf, N. B. (1996). Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics, 71, 279-298.
- Binder, M. ve Pesaran, M.H. (1999). Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications. Journal of Economic Growth, 4, 139-183.
- Caner, M. and Hansen, B. E. (2001). Threshold Autoregression with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 69(6), s.1555-1596.
- Carlino, G. A., ve Mills, L. O. (1996). Are U.S. Regional Incomes Converging? A Times Series Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 335-346.
- Colas, Alejandro, “Neoliberalizm, Küreselleşme ve Uluslararası İlişkiler,” Alfredo Saad-Filho ve Deborah Johnston, der., Neoliberalizm: Muhalif Bir Seçki, translation. Şeyda Başlı ve Tuncel Öncel, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul, 2008. ss. 123-139.
- Enders, W. and Granger, C.W.J. (1998). Unit-Root Tests and Asymmetric Adjustment with an Example Using the Term Structure of Interest Rates. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 16(3), 304–311.
- Harvey, D.I. ve Leybourne, S.J. (2007). Testing for Time Series Linearity. Econometrics Journal, 10, 149-165.
- Harvey, D.I., Leybourne, S.J. ve Xiao, B. (2008). A Powerful Test for Linearity When the Order of Integration is Unknown. Studies Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics, 12(3) (article 2).
- Held, David, et al., “Globalization,” Global Governance, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 4, (Ekim/Kasım 1999), ss. 483-496.
- Held, David et al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, 1999.
Hirst, Paul ve Grahame Thompson, Küreselleşme Sorgulanıyor, translation., Çağla Erdem ve Elif Yücel, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara, 1998.
- Ikenberry, G. John,”Globalization as American Hegemony,” David Held ve Anthony G: Mcgrew, der., Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2007, ss.41-58.
- Kiely, Ray, The Clash of Globalisations: Neo-Liberalism, The Third Way and Anti-Globalisation, Brill, Leiden, 2005, s. 1.
Leybourne, S., Newbold, P. and Vougas, D. (1998). Unit Roots and Smooth Transitions. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(1), 83-97.
- McGrew, Anthony, “Globalization in Hard Times: Contention in the Academy and Beyond,” George Ritzer, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Globalizaiton, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 2008, ss.29-53.
- Panitch, Leo ve Sam Gindin, “Küresel Kapitalizm ve Amerikan İmparatorluğu,” translation: Mehmet Yusufoğlu ve Ali Yazar, Socialist Register, Leo Panitch ve Colin Leys, der:, Alaz Yayıncılık, 2004, ss. 13-55.
- Park, J.Y. and Shintani, M. (2005). Testing for a Unit Root Against Transitional Autoregressive Models, Vanderbilt University Department of Economics Working Papers, No:05-W10.
- Robertson, Roland ve Kathleen E. White, “What Is Globalization,” George Ritzer, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Globalizaiton, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 2007, ss. 54-66.
- Robinson, William I., “Theories of Globalization,” George Ritzer, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Globalizaiton, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 2007, ss.125-143.
- Savran, Sungur, Kod Adı Küreselleşme: 21. Yüzyılda Emperyalizm, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul, 2008.
- Zakaria, Fareed, The Post-American World, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2008.
BAZI ORTA DOĞU ÜLKELERİNİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NE YAKINSAMASININ BİRİM KÖK TESTİ İLE ANALİZİ
Yıl 2021,
, 637 - 671, 30.12.2021
Oğuzhan Göktolga
,
Fatma Zeren
,
Abdullah Torun
Öz
Bu çalışmada bazı Orta Doğu ülkelerinin küreselleşmenin ekonomik, politik ve sosyal boyutları açısından AB ülkelerine yakınsama durumu ele alınmıştır. Serilerin doğrusal olup olmadığı Harvey-Leybourne (2007) ve Harvey ve Leybourne (2008) doğrusallık testleri ile incelenmiştir. Serilerin doğrusal dışı olması sebebiyle Enders and Granger (1998) birim kök testi ile yakınsamanın varlığı araştırılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, Kuveyt’in ekonomik küreselleşme açısından AB- 27 ortalamasına ve sosyal küreselleşme açısından ise AB-15 ortalamasına yakınsadığı tespit edilmiştir. Suudi Arabistan’ın ise AB-9 ve AB-15 ortalamasına sosyal küreselleşme açısından yakınsadığı görülmüştür. Mısır ve Ürdün, hem AB-9 ortalamasına hem de AB-15 ortalamasına politik küreselleşme açısından yakınsamıştır. Türkiye ise yalnızca AB-9 ortalamasına politik açıdan yakınsamıştır. İran’ın ise yalnızca AB-15 ortalamasına ekonomik küreselleşme açısından yakınsadığı sonucuna erişilmiştir. Diğer ülkeler için yakınsama tespit edilmemiştir.
Kaynakça
- REFERENCES
Bernard, A. B., ve Durlauf, N. B. (1995). Convergence in International Output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10, 97-108.
- Bernard, A. B., ve Durlauf, N. B. (1996). Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics, 71, 279-298.
- Binder, M. ve Pesaran, M.H. (1999). Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications. Journal of Economic Growth, 4, 139-183.
- Caner, M. and Hansen, B. E. (2001). Threshold Autoregression with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 69(6), s.1555-1596.
- Carlino, G. A., ve Mills, L. O. (1996). Are U.S. Regional Incomes Converging? A Times Series Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 335-346.
- Colas, Alejandro, “Neoliberalizm, Küreselleşme ve Uluslararası İlişkiler,” Alfredo Saad-Filho ve Deborah Johnston, der., Neoliberalizm: Muhalif Bir Seçki, translation. Şeyda Başlı ve Tuncel Öncel, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul, 2008. ss. 123-139.
- Enders, W. and Granger, C.W.J. (1998). Unit-Root Tests and Asymmetric Adjustment with an Example Using the Term Structure of Interest Rates. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 16(3), 304–311.
- Harvey, D.I. ve Leybourne, S.J. (2007). Testing for Time Series Linearity. Econometrics Journal, 10, 149-165.
- Harvey, D.I., Leybourne, S.J. ve Xiao, B. (2008). A Powerful Test for Linearity When the Order of Integration is Unknown. Studies Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics, 12(3) (article 2).
- Held, David, et al., “Globalization,” Global Governance, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 4, (Ekim/Kasım 1999), ss. 483-496.
- Held, David et al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, 1999.
Hirst, Paul ve Grahame Thompson, Küreselleşme Sorgulanıyor, translation., Çağla Erdem ve Elif Yücel, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara, 1998.
- Ikenberry, G. John,”Globalization as American Hegemony,” David Held ve Anthony G: Mcgrew, der., Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2007, ss.41-58.
- Kiely, Ray, The Clash of Globalisations: Neo-Liberalism, The Third Way and Anti-Globalisation, Brill, Leiden, 2005, s. 1.
Leybourne, S., Newbold, P. and Vougas, D. (1998). Unit Roots and Smooth Transitions. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(1), 83-97.
- McGrew, Anthony, “Globalization in Hard Times: Contention in the Academy and Beyond,” George Ritzer, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Globalizaiton, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 2008, ss.29-53.
- Panitch, Leo ve Sam Gindin, “Küresel Kapitalizm ve Amerikan İmparatorluğu,” translation: Mehmet Yusufoğlu ve Ali Yazar, Socialist Register, Leo Panitch ve Colin Leys, der:, Alaz Yayıncılık, 2004, ss. 13-55.
- Park, J.Y. and Shintani, M. (2005). Testing for a Unit Root Against Transitional Autoregressive Models, Vanderbilt University Department of Economics Working Papers, No:05-W10.
- Robertson, Roland ve Kathleen E. White, “What Is Globalization,” George Ritzer, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Globalizaiton, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 2007, ss. 54-66.
- Robinson, William I., “Theories of Globalization,” George Ritzer, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Globalizaiton, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 2007, ss.125-143.
- Savran, Sungur, Kod Adı Küreselleşme: 21. Yüzyılda Emperyalizm, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul, 2008.
- Zakaria, Fareed, The Post-American World, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2008.