Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

RUSYA FEDERASYONU'NDA BAŞKANLIK SİSTEMİNİN EVRİMİ: YARI BAŞKANLIKTAN SÜPER BAŞKANLIĞA

Year 2022, Issue: 42, 817 - 859, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1177405

Abstract

Rusya Federasyonu’ndaki yarı başkanlık sistemi günümüzde git gide evrimleşerek, bambaşka bir hâl almaktadır. Makalenin konusu Rus yarı-başkanlık sisteminin evrimidir. Makale üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak, yarı-başkanlık sisteminin tam anlaşılabilmesi için hükümet sistemleri (parlamenter sistem, başkanlık ve yarı-başkanlık sistemi) incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, ikinci bölümde, Rusya Federasyonu’nun 1993 Anayasasıyla biçimlenen yarı-başkanlık sistemi ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlatılmıştır. Son bölümde ise Rusya Federasyonu’nu süper başkanlığa götüren yapının nasıl oluştuğu açıklanmış ve bu bağlamda çıkartılan yasalar dizisi belirtilerek makaleye son verilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın literatüre katkısı siyasal sistemler hakkındaki örnekleri, Rus siyasal sisteminin evrimi temelinde çeşitlendirmek ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun içindeki tartışmaları da göz önüne alarak bu siyasal sistemin kendine has yapısını ortaya koymaktır.

References

  • Belov, S. (2021). 2020 Constitutional Amendments in Russia: A Constitutional Update? IACL-AIDC Blog. Retrieved from https://blog-iacl-aidc.org/2021-posts/2021/3/30-constitutional-amendments-in-russia
  • Chaisty, P. (2008). The legislative effects of presidential partisan powers in post-Communist Russia. Government and Opposition, 43(3), 424-453.
  • Coalson, R. (2021). Putin's Power Play? Tatarstan Activists Say Loss Of 'President' Title Would Be An Existential Blow. Retrieved from https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-tatarstan-president-federalism/31519341.html
  • Duverger, M. (1980). A new political system model: Semi‐presidential government. European journal of political research, 8(2), 165-187.
  • Elgie, R. (2007). Varieties of semi-presidentialism and their impact on nascent democracies. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 3(2), 53-71.
  • Erdem, K. (2014). Karşılaştırmalı Hükümet Sistemleri: Yarı Başkanlık Sistemi (Fransa, Polonya ve Rusya Örnekleri), Ankara: TBMM Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, M. (2003). Anayasal demokrasi (Vol. 7). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Gözler, K. (2000). Türkiye’de hükümetlere nasıl istikrar ve etkinlik kazandırılabilir? Türkiye Günlüğü, 62(25.47).
  • Güler, B. A., Karahanoğulları, O., Karasu, K. (2009). Kamu yönetimi ülke incelemeleri. İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Harvey, C. J. (2009). The Double-Headed Eagle: Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy in France and Russia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).
  • Huntington, S. P. (2002). Üçüncü dalga, çev. Ergun Özbudun, Ankara, TDV Yayınları.
  • Hutcheson, D. S., & McAllister, I. (2021). Consolidating the Putin Regime: The 2020 Referendum on Russia’s Constitutional Amendments. Russian Politics, 6(3), 355-376.
  • Kahraman, M. (2012). Hükümet sistemi tartışmaları bağlamında başkanlık ya da yarı-başkanlık sistemlerinin Türkiye’de uygulanabilirliği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(18), 431-457.
  • Karahöyük, M. (2012). Rusya Federasyonu’nun siyasal sistemi ve devlet yapısı.
  • Kotkin, S. (2015). The Resistible Rise of Vladimir Putin: Russia’s Nightmare Dressed like a Daydream. Foreign Affairs, 94, 140.
  • Krechetnikov, A. (2012). Moscow theatre siege: Questions remain unanswered. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20067384
  • Kremlin.ru (2020). Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly. Retrieved from http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/62582
  • Lijphart, A. (1996). Çağdaş demokrasiler, Çev. Ergun Özbudun–Ersin Onulduran, Ankara: Yetkin.
  • Michael, G. (2012). The man without a face: The unlikely rise of Vladimir Putin, by Gessen, Masha: New York: Blue Riverhead Books, 2012. ISBN: 978-1594488429.
  • Parfitt, T. (2010). Mikhail Khodorkovsky sentenced to 14 years in prison. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/30/mikhail-khodorkovsky-jail-term
  • Pierre, P. (1992). Institutions politiques. Droit constitutionnel et science politiques. Paris: Mason.
  • Pravda, A. (2005). Leading Russia: Putin in perspective: essays in honour of Archie Brown. OUP Oxford.
  • Remington, T. F. (2007). The Russian Federal Assembly, 1994–2004. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 13(1), 121-141.
  • Russia Archives-CPJ. (2022). Retrieved from https://cpj.org/europe/russia/
  • Saivetz, C. R. (1996). Russia: Problems and Prospects for Democratization. In Establishing Democracies. Colorado: Westview Press.
  • Sakwa, R. (2020). Russian politics and society. Routledge.
  • Sartori, G. (1997). Karşılaştırmalı anayasa mühendisliği, Çev. Ergun Özbudun, Ankara: Yetkin.
  • Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and assemblies: Constitutional design and electoral dynamics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Simon, R. J., & Gueorguieva, V. (2008). Voting and elections the world over. Lexington Books.
  • Solovyov, D. (2008). Stalin voted third most popular Russian. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-stalin-idUSTRE4BR17620081229
  • Szilágyi, I. M. (2009). Presidential versus parliamentary systems. AARMS, 8(2), 307-314.
  • Teague, E. (2020). Russia’s Constitutional Reforms of 2020. Russian Politics, 5(2020), 301-328.
  • Tóth-Czifra, A. (2022). How to be a successful region in Russia: the case of Tatarstan. Retrieved from https://imrussia.org/en/analysis/3413-how-to-be-a-successful-region-in-russia-the-case-of-tatarstan
  • Uluşahin, N. (2007). Saf hükümet sistemleri karşısında iki başlı yürütme yapılanması. Ankara: Yetkin.
  • Uluşahin, N. (1999). Anayasal bir tercih olarak başkanlık sistemi. Ankara: Yetkin.
  • White, S. (2011). Understanding Russian Politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • White, S. (2000). Russia's new politics: the management of a postcommunist society. Cambridge University Press.
  • Walt, S. (1999). “Russia”. In Semi-presidentialism in Europe. OUP Oxford.
  • Yapıcı, U. (2007). Yeni Soğuk Savaş: Putin, Rusya ve Avrasya. İstanbul: Başlık Yayın Grubu.
  • Yazıcı, S. (2002). Başkanlık ve yarı-başkanlık sistemleri: Türkiye için bir değerlendirme, İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Баглай, М. В. (2000). Конституционное право Российской Федерации. Москва, М: Издательство Норма.
  • Безуглов, А. А., & Солдатов, С. А. (2001). Конституционное право России. Москва, М: Издательство Проспект.
  • Биография Анны Политковской. (2006). Retrieved from http://politkovskaya.novayagazeta.ru/bio.shtml
  • Vybory.izbirkom.ru, (2007). Выборы депутатов Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации пятого созыва. Выборы референдум. http://www.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/izbirkom?action=show&root=1&tvd=100100021960186&vrn=100100021960181&region=0&global=1&sub_region=0&prver=0&pronetvd=null&vibid=100100021960186&type=242
  • Constitution.ru, (t.y.). Конституция Рoссийской Фeдерации. Constitution.Ru. http://www.constitution.ru/index.htm
  • Гелиева, И. Н. (2008). Некоторые вопросы формыгосударственного правленияв России. Общество и право, 1, 41-45.
  • Камышев, Д. (2020). Россия при новой Конституции. Retrieved from https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2020/06/21/833103-konstitutsii
  • Карамаев, С. (2004). Бесланская школа: как это было Как развивались события в Беслане 1-3 сентября 2004 года. Retrieved from http://www.lenta.ru/articles/2004/09/07/beslan
  • Кокотов, А. Н., & Кукушкин, М. И. (2007). Конституционное право России: учебник. М.: Норма.
  • Кондрашев, А. А. (2018). Суперпрезидентская Республика в России: Миф или Реальность? Вестник Университета имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА), (6), 34-42.
  • Козлова, Е. И., & Кутафин, О. Е. (2006). Конституционное право России. Издательство Проспект.
  • Краснов, М. А. (2003). Россия как полупрезидентская республика: проблемы баланса полномочий (опыт сравнительно-правового анализа). Государство и право, (10), 16-23.
  • Мартынюк, Р. С. (2015). Президентская республика: особенности формы правления и логика организации государственной власти. Евразийская Адвокатура, (7), 60-66.
  • Перцев, А., & Харисов, А. (2021). Мне очень нравится название моей должности. Retrieved from https://meduza.io/feature/2021/10/28/mne-ochen-nravitsya-nazvanie-moey-dolzhnosti
  • Провалились попытки провалить референдум в Татарстане. (1992). Retrieved from https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3761
  • Пушкарев, С. В. (2012). Правовые матрицы суперпрезиденциализма на постсоветском пространстве. Современное право, (12), 9-12. Путин заявил, что не намерен менять Конституцию. (2018). Retrieved from https://ria.ru/20180310/1516070848.html Российская газета. (2003, 25 Aralık); (2007, 11 Aralık); (2008, 2 Haziran).
  • Центральная избирательная комиссия РФ (1993). Итоги Всенародного Голосования по Проекту Конституции Российской Федерации 12 декабря 1993 года. Retrieved from http://cikrf.ru/banners/vib_arhiv/referendum/1993_ref_itogi.html
  • Чиркин, В. Е. (2006). Россия, Конституция, достойная жизнь: анализ взаимосвязей. Государство и право, (5), 5-13.
  • Чиркин, В. Е. (2008). Постсоциалистическое государство XXI века. Журнал российского права, 5(137), 3-17.

THE EVOLUTION OF PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION: FROM SEMI-PRESIDENTIALISM TO SUPER PRESIDENTIALISM

Year 2022, Issue: 42, 817 - 859, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1177405

Abstract

Today, the presidential system in Russian Federation, by gradually evolving, has been taking another turn. The topic of article is the evolution of Russian semi-presidential system. The article consists of three parts. First of all, different governmental systems (parliamentary system, presidential and semi-presidential system) were examined in order to comprehend semi-presidential system properly. In the second part, semi-presidential system formed with the Russian Federation’s Constitution of 1993 was explained diffusively. And in the last part, the article was finalized by analyzing structural process which takes Russian Federation to super presidentialism and in this context by shedding light on legislations series. The contribution of this study to the literature is to diversify the examples about political systems on the basis of the evolution of the Russian political system and to reveal the unique structure of this political system by taking into account the discussions within Russian Federation.

References

  • Belov, S. (2021). 2020 Constitutional Amendments in Russia: A Constitutional Update? IACL-AIDC Blog. Retrieved from https://blog-iacl-aidc.org/2021-posts/2021/3/30-constitutional-amendments-in-russia
  • Chaisty, P. (2008). The legislative effects of presidential partisan powers in post-Communist Russia. Government and Opposition, 43(3), 424-453.
  • Coalson, R. (2021). Putin's Power Play? Tatarstan Activists Say Loss Of 'President' Title Would Be An Existential Blow. Retrieved from https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-tatarstan-president-federalism/31519341.html
  • Duverger, M. (1980). A new political system model: Semi‐presidential government. European journal of political research, 8(2), 165-187.
  • Elgie, R. (2007). Varieties of semi-presidentialism and their impact on nascent democracies. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 3(2), 53-71.
  • Erdem, K. (2014). Karşılaştırmalı Hükümet Sistemleri: Yarı Başkanlık Sistemi (Fransa, Polonya ve Rusya Örnekleri), Ankara: TBMM Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, M. (2003). Anayasal demokrasi (Vol. 7). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Gözler, K. (2000). Türkiye’de hükümetlere nasıl istikrar ve etkinlik kazandırılabilir? Türkiye Günlüğü, 62(25.47).
  • Güler, B. A., Karahanoğulları, O., Karasu, K. (2009). Kamu yönetimi ülke incelemeleri. İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Harvey, C. J. (2009). The Double-Headed Eagle: Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy in France and Russia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).
  • Huntington, S. P. (2002). Üçüncü dalga, çev. Ergun Özbudun, Ankara, TDV Yayınları.
  • Hutcheson, D. S., & McAllister, I. (2021). Consolidating the Putin Regime: The 2020 Referendum on Russia’s Constitutional Amendments. Russian Politics, 6(3), 355-376.
  • Kahraman, M. (2012). Hükümet sistemi tartışmaları bağlamında başkanlık ya da yarı-başkanlık sistemlerinin Türkiye’de uygulanabilirliği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(18), 431-457.
  • Karahöyük, M. (2012). Rusya Federasyonu’nun siyasal sistemi ve devlet yapısı.
  • Kotkin, S. (2015). The Resistible Rise of Vladimir Putin: Russia’s Nightmare Dressed like a Daydream. Foreign Affairs, 94, 140.
  • Krechetnikov, A. (2012). Moscow theatre siege: Questions remain unanswered. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20067384
  • Kremlin.ru (2020). Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly. Retrieved from http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/62582
  • Lijphart, A. (1996). Çağdaş demokrasiler, Çev. Ergun Özbudun–Ersin Onulduran, Ankara: Yetkin.
  • Michael, G. (2012). The man without a face: The unlikely rise of Vladimir Putin, by Gessen, Masha: New York: Blue Riverhead Books, 2012. ISBN: 978-1594488429.
  • Parfitt, T. (2010). Mikhail Khodorkovsky sentenced to 14 years in prison. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/30/mikhail-khodorkovsky-jail-term
  • Pierre, P. (1992). Institutions politiques. Droit constitutionnel et science politiques. Paris: Mason.
  • Pravda, A. (2005). Leading Russia: Putin in perspective: essays in honour of Archie Brown. OUP Oxford.
  • Remington, T. F. (2007). The Russian Federal Assembly, 1994–2004. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 13(1), 121-141.
  • Russia Archives-CPJ. (2022). Retrieved from https://cpj.org/europe/russia/
  • Saivetz, C. R. (1996). Russia: Problems and Prospects for Democratization. In Establishing Democracies. Colorado: Westview Press.
  • Sakwa, R. (2020). Russian politics and society. Routledge.
  • Sartori, G. (1997). Karşılaştırmalı anayasa mühendisliği, Çev. Ergun Özbudun, Ankara: Yetkin.
  • Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and assemblies: Constitutional design and electoral dynamics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Simon, R. J., & Gueorguieva, V. (2008). Voting and elections the world over. Lexington Books.
  • Solovyov, D. (2008). Stalin voted third most popular Russian. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-stalin-idUSTRE4BR17620081229
  • Szilágyi, I. M. (2009). Presidential versus parliamentary systems. AARMS, 8(2), 307-314.
  • Teague, E. (2020). Russia’s Constitutional Reforms of 2020. Russian Politics, 5(2020), 301-328.
  • Tóth-Czifra, A. (2022). How to be a successful region in Russia: the case of Tatarstan. Retrieved from https://imrussia.org/en/analysis/3413-how-to-be-a-successful-region-in-russia-the-case-of-tatarstan
  • Uluşahin, N. (2007). Saf hükümet sistemleri karşısında iki başlı yürütme yapılanması. Ankara: Yetkin.
  • Uluşahin, N. (1999). Anayasal bir tercih olarak başkanlık sistemi. Ankara: Yetkin.
  • White, S. (2011). Understanding Russian Politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • White, S. (2000). Russia's new politics: the management of a postcommunist society. Cambridge University Press.
  • Walt, S. (1999). “Russia”. In Semi-presidentialism in Europe. OUP Oxford.
  • Yapıcı, U. (2007). Yeni Soğuk Savaş: Putin, Rusya ve Avrasya. İstanbul: Başlık Yayın Grubu.
  • Yazıcı, S. (2002). Başkanlık ve yarı-başkanlık sistemleri: Türkiye için bir değerlendirme, İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Баглай, М. В. (2000). Конституционное право Российской Федерации. Москва, М: Издательство Норма.
  • Безуглов, А. А., & Солдатов, С. А. (2001). Конституционное право России. Москва, М: Издательство Проспект.
  • Биография Анны Политковской. (2006). Retrieved from http://politkovskaya.novayagazeta.ru/bio.shtml
  • Vybory.izbirkom.ru, (2007). Выборы депутатов Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации пятого созыва. Выборы референдум. http://www.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/izbirkom?action=show&root=1&tvd=100100021960186&vrn=100100021960181&region=0&global=1&sub_region=0&prver=0&pronetvd=null&vibid=100100021960186&type=242
  • Constitution.ru, (t.y.). Конституция Рoссийской Фeдерации. Constitution.Ru. http://www.constitution.ru/index.htm
  • Гелиева, И. Н. (2008). Некоторые вопросы формыгосударственного правленияв России. Общество и право, 1, 41-45.
  • Камышев, Д. (2020). Россия при новой Конституции. Retrieved from https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2020/06/21/833103-konstitutsii
  • Карамаев, С. (2004). Бесланская школа: как это было Как развивались события в Беслане 1-3 сентября 2004 года. Retrieved from http://www.lenta.ru/articles/2004/09/07/beslan
  • Кокотов, А. Н., & Кукушкин, М. И. (2007). Конституционное право России: учебник. М.: Норма.
  • Кондрашев, А. А. (2018). Суперпрезидентская Республика в России: Миф или Реальность? Вестник Университета имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА), (6), 34-42.
  • Козлова, Е. И., & Кутафин, О. Е. (2006). Конституционное право России. Издательство Проспект.
  • Краснов, М. А. (2003). Россия как полупрезидентская республика: проблемы баланса полномочий (опыт сравнительно-правового анализа). Государство и право, (10), 16-23.
  • Мартынюк, Р. С. (2015). Президентская республика: особенности формы правления и логика организации государственной власти. Евразийская Адвокатура, (7), 60-66.
  • Перцев, А., & Харисов, А. (2021). Мне очень нравится название моей должности. Retrieved from https://meduza.io/feature/2021/10/28/mne-ochen-nravitsya-nazvanie-moey-dolzhnosti
  • Провалились попытки провалить референдум в Татарстане. (1992). Retrieved from https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3761
  • Пушкарев, С. В. (2012). Правовые матрицы суперпрезиденциализма на постсоветском пространстве. Современное право, (12), 9-12. Путин заявил, что не намерен менять Конституцию. (2018). Retrieved from https://ria.ru/20180310/1516070848.html Российская газета. (2003, 25 Aralık); (2007, 11 Aralık); (2008, 2 Haziran).
  • Центральная избирательная комиссия РФ (1993). Итоги Всенародного Голосования по Проекту Конституции Российской Федерации 12 декабря 1993 года. Retrieved from http://cikrf.ru/banners/vib_arhiv/referendum/1993_ref_itogi.html
  • Чиркин, В. Е. (2006). Россия, Конституция, достойная жизнь: анализ взаимосвязей. Государство и право, (5), 5-13.
  • Чиркин, В. Е. (2008). Постсоциалистическое государство XXI века. Журнал российского права, 5(137), 3-17.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Toğrul İsmayıl 0000-0001-5014-2013

Ali Necefoğlu 0000-0003-3327-4078

Publication Date December 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 42

Cite

APA İsmayıl, T., & Necefoğlu, A. (2022). THE EVOLUTION OF PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION: FROM SEMI-PRESIDENTIALISM TO SUPER PRESIDENTIALISM. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(42), 817-859. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1177405