THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION, GROUP COHESIVENESS, COLLECTIVE EFFICACY AND GROUP EFFECTIVENESS: A FIELD RESEARCH
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 47, 724 - 760, 28.08.2024
Mustafa Tuncer Okumuş
,
İsmail Bakan
Öz
The aim of this research is to examine the effect of job satisfaction and group cohesiveness on collective efficacy and subsequently the effect of collective efficacy on group effectiveness. Quantitative research method was used within the scope of the research. The population of the research consists of firefighters operating in Kahramanmaraş. A questionnaire was applied to 213 firefighters. The obtained data were statistically evaluated with SPSS and AMOS program. Frequency, reliability, factor, correlation, regression, process makro and path analyzes were performed. Job satisfaction and group effectiveness were found to increase collective efficacy. Collective efficacy also has an impact on group effectiveness. It was concluded that as job satisfaction and group cohesiveness increase, collective efficacy increases and as collective efficacy increases, group effectiveness increases. Efforts should be made to increase job satisfaction and group cohesiveness among firefighters.
Kaynakça
- Alavi, S. B., & McCormick, J. (2018). “Why Do I Think My Team is Capable? A Study of Some Antecedents of Team Members’ Personal Collective Efficacy Beliefs.” Educational Psychology, 38(9):1147-1162.
- Aydogmus, M., & Serce, H. (2021). “Investigation of Regulatory Role of Collective Teacher Efficacy in the Effect of Job Satisfaction and Satisfaction with Life on Professional Burnout”. Research in Pedagogy, 11(1): 234-250.
- Bakan İ. (2011). Örgütsel Stratejilerin Temeli Örgütsel Bağlılık Kavram Kuram Sebep ve Sonuçlar. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
- Bernthal, P., & Insko, C. (1993). “Cohesiveness without Groupthink: The Interactive Effects of Social and Task Cohesion.” Group & Organization Management, 18(1): 66-87.
- Buonomo, I., Fiorilli, C., & Benevene, P. (2020). “Unravelling Teacher Job Satisfaction: The Contribution of Collective Efficacy and Emotions Towards Professional Role.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3): 736. doi:10.3390/ijerph17030736.
- Carless, S. A. & De Paola, C. (2000). “The Measurement of Cohesion in Work Teams.” Small Group Research, 31(1), 71-88.
- Chapman, K. J., Meuter, M., Toy, D., & Wright, L. (2006). “Can’t We Pick Our Own Groups? The Influence of Group Selection Method on Group Dynamics and Outcomes.” Journal of Management Education, 30(4), 557-569.
- Chen, Y., Zhou, X., & Klyver, K. (2019). “Collective Efficacy: Linking Paternalistic Leadership to Organizational Commitment.” Journal of Business Ethics, 159(2): 587-603.
- Cohen, D. A., Inagami, S., & Finch, B. (2008). “The Built Environment and Collective Efficacy.” Health & Place, 14(2): 198-208.
- Conley, S., Fauske, J., & Pounder, D. G. (2004). “Teacher Work Group Effectiveness.” Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(5): 663-703.
- Elms, A. K., Gill, H., & Gonzalez-Morales, M. G. (2023). “Confidence is Key: Collective Efficacy, Team Processes, and Team Effectiveness.” Small Group Research, 54(2): 191-218.
- Ganotice Jr, F. A., Chan, L., Shen, X., Lam, A. H. Y., Wong, G. H. Y., Liu, R. K. W., & Tipoe, G. L. (2022). “Team Cohesiveness and Collective Efficacy Explain Outcomes in Interprofessional Education.” BMC Medical Education, 22(1): 820.
- Göker, S. D. (2012). “Impact of EFL Teachers' Collective Efficacy and Job Stress on Job Satisfaction.” Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 2(8): 1545-1551.
- Gürbüz, S. (2019). Amos ile Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
- Hochwarter, W. A., Kiewitz, C., Castro, S. L., Perrewè, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2003). “Positive Affectivity and Collective Efficacy as Moderators of the Relationship between Perceived Politics and Job Satisfaction.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(5): 1009-1035.
- Hogg, M. A. (1993). “Group Cohesiveness: A Critical Review and Some New Directions.” European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1): 85-111.
- Huang, C. C. (2009). “Knowledge Sharing and Group Cohesiveness on Performance: An Empirical Study of Technology R&D Teams in Taiwan.” Technovation, 29(11): 786-797.
- Jex, S. M., & Gudanowski, D. M. (1992). “Efficacy Beliefs and Work Stress: An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(5): 509-517.
- Jung, D. I. & Sosik, J. J. (2002). “Transformational Leadership in Work Groups: The Role of Empowerment, Cohesiveness, and Collective-Efficacy on Perceived Group Performance.” Small Group Research, 33(3): 313-336.
- Kang, G. S., & Kim, J. H. (2014). “The Effects of Self-Efficacy and Collective Efficacy on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of Nurses.” Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing, 23(3): 123-133.
- Kılıç, T. (2013). Bireysel ve Kolektif Yeterlilik Süreci, Belirleyicileri ve Sonuçlarına İlişkin Bir Model Önerisi. Doktora Tezi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Klassen, R. M. (2010). “Teacher Stress: The Mediating Role of Collective Efficacy Beliefs.” The Journal of Educational Research, 103(5): 342-350.
- Klassen, R. M., Usher, E. L. & Bong, M. (2010). “Teachers’ Collective Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Job Stress in Cross-Cultural Context.” The Journal of Experimental Education, 78(4): 464-486.
- Lee, C., & Farh, J. L. (2004). “Joint Effects of Group Efficacy and Gender Diversity on Group Cohesion and Performance.” Applied Psychology, 53(1): 136-154.
- Lima M., Liberman, S., & Russell, J. M. (2005). “Scientific Group Cohesiveness at the National University of Mexico.” Scientometrics, 64(1): 55-66.
- Lin, C. C. T., & Peng, T. K. T. (2010). “From Organizational Citizenship Behaviour to Team Performance: The Mediation of Group Cohesion and Collective Efficacy.” Management and Organization Review, 6(1): 55-75.
- Liu, D., Chen, X. P., & Holley, E. (2017). “Help Yourself by Helping Others: The Joint Impact of Group Member Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Group Cohesiveness on Group Member Objective Task Performance Change.” Personnel Psychology, 70(4): 809-842.
- Locke, E. A. (1969). “What is Job Satisfaction?” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4: 309-336.
Luthans F. (1992). Organizatoinal Behaviour. Sixth Edition, Singapore: McGraw Hill.
- Maqbool, S. (2017). “Interrelationship between Collective Teacher Efficacy and Job Satisfaction of Teachers at Secondary Schools.” NUML Journal of Critical Inquiry, 15(1): 180-196.
- Mochida, K., Takami, K., & Shimamoto, K. (2015). “The Effect of Individual Factors on Group Cohesiveness and Collective Efficacy in Team Sports: Effects of Members’ Life Skills on the Group.” Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry, 25(1): 25-37.
- Mudrack, P. E. (1989_a). “Group Cohesiveness and Productivity: A Closer Look.” Human Relations, 42(9): 771-785.
- Mudrack, P. E. (1989_b). “Defining Group Cohesiveness: A Legacy of Confusion?” Small Group Behavior, 20(1): 37-49.
- Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T. & Lien, G. (2020). “Empowering Leadership, Work Group Cohesiveness, Individual Learning Orientation and Individual Innovative Behaviour in the Public Sector: Empirical Evidence from Norway.” International Journal of Public Leadership, 16(20): 175-197.
- Newstrom J.W., & Davis K. (1993). Organizational Behaviour: Human Behaviour at Work. Ninthe Edition, McGraw Hill, USA.
- Perkins, D.D., & Long, D.A. (2002). Neighborhood sense of community and social capital: A multi-level analysis. In A. Fisher, C. Sonn, & B. Bishop (Eds.), Psychological Sense of Community: Research, Applications, and Implications (pp. 291-318). New York: Plenum.
- Pizzi G. & Stanger N. (2020). “Consequences of Teammate Moral Behaviour: Linking Team Moral Norms with Cohesion and Collective Efficacy.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(4): 437-453.
- Prussia, G. E. (1993). “A Motivational İnvestigation of Group Effectiveness Using Social-Cognitive Theory.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2): 187.
- Riasudeen, S., Singh, P., & Kannadhasan, M. (2019). “The Role of Job Satisfaction Behind the Link between Group Cohesion, Collective Efficacy, and Life Satisfaction.” Psychological Studies, 64: 401-410.
- Rutkowski, G. K., Gruder, C. L., & Romer, D. (1983). “Group Cohesiveness, Social Norms, and Bystander Intervention.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(3): 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.3.545.
- Seashore, S. E. (1954). Group Cohesiveness in the Industrial Work Group. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
- Short S.E., Sullivan P., & Feltz D.L. (2005). “Development and Preliminary Validation of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports.” Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 9(3): 181-202.
- Spink, K. S. (1990). “Group Cohesion and Collective Efficacy of Volleyball Teams.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(3): 301-311.
- Stephanou, G., Gkavras, G., & Doulkeridou, M. (2013). “The Role of Teachers’ Self- and Collective-Efficacy Beliefs on Their Job Satisfaction and Experienced Emotions in School.” Psychology, 4(03): 268-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.43A040.
- Tasa, K., Taggar, S., & Seijts, G. H. (2007). “The Development of Collective Efficacy in Teams: A Multilevel and Longitudinal Perspective.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1): 17-27.
- Tu, Y., Lu, X., & Yu, Y. (2017). “Supervisors’ Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: A Social Cognitive Perspective.” Journal of Happiness Studies, 18: 229-245.
- Vassilev, I., Band, R., Kennedy, A., James, E., & Rogers, A. (2019). “The Role of Collective Efficacy in Long‐Term Condition Management: A Metasynthesis.” Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(5): e588-e603.
- Viel-Ruma, K., Houchins, D., Jolivette, K., & Benson, G. (2010). “Efficacy Beliefs of Special Educators: The Relationships among Collective Efficacy, Teacher Self-Efficacy, and Job Satisfaction.” Teacher Education and Special Education, 33(3): 225-233.
- Wang, Y. S. & Huang, T. C. (2009). “The Relationship of Transformational Leadership with Group Cohesiveness and Emotional Intelligence.” Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 37(3): 379-392.
- Weiss, H. M. (2002). “Deconstructing Job Satisfaction: Separating Evaluations, Beliefs and Affective Experiences.” Human Resource Management Review, 12(2): 173-194.
- Zellars, K. L., Hochwarter, W. A., Perrewe, P. L., Miles, A. K., & Kiewitz, C. (2001). “Beyond Self-Efficacy: Interactive Effects of Role Conflict and Perceived Collective Efficacy.” Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(4): 483-499.
İŞ TATMİNİ, GRUP BAĞLILIĞI, KOLEKTİF YETERLİLİK ve GRUP ETKİLİLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: BİR ALAN ARAŞTIRMASI
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 47, 724 - 760, 28.08.2024
Mustafa Tuncer Okumuş
,
İsmail Bakan
Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı iş tatmini ve grup bağlılığının kolektif yeterlilik üzerindeki etkisini ve devamında kolektif yeterliliğin grup etkililiğine etkisini incelemektir. Araştırma kapsamında nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Kahramanmaraş’ta faaliyet gösteren itfaiye çalışanları oluşturmaktadır. 213 itfaiye çalışanına anket uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve AMOS programı ile istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Frekans, güvenilirlik, faktör, korelasyon, regresyon, process makro ve yol analizleri yapılmıştır. İş tatmini ve grup bağlılığının kolektif yeterliliği artırdığı bulunmuştur. Kolektif yeterliliğin de grup etkililiği üzerinde etkisi bulunmaktadır. İş tatmini ve grup bağlılığı arttıkça kolektif yeterliliğin arttığı ve kolektif yeterlilik arttıkça grup etkililiğinin arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İtfaiye çalışanlarında iş tatmini ve grup bağlığının artırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.
Etik Beyan
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Etik Kurulunun 02.04.2020 tarih 2020/9 toplantı sayılı 5 numaralı kararıyla, etik uygunluk izni alınmıştır.
Yazarlar arasında bu makalenin araştırılması, yazarlığı ve / veya yayınlanmasına
ilişkin herhangi bir potansiyel çıkar çatışması yoktur.
Destekleyen Kurum
Yazarlar, bu makalenin araştırılması, yazarlığı ve / veya yayınlanması için herhangi bir finansal destek almamıştır.
Kaynakça
- Alavi, S. B., & McCormick, J. (2018). “Why Do I Think My Team is Capable? A Study of Some Antecedents of Team Members’ Personal Collective Efficacy Beliefs.” Educational Psychology, 38(9):1147-1162.
- Aydogmus, M., & Serce, H. (2021). “Investigation of Regulatory Role of Collective Teacher Efficacy in the Effect of Job Satisfaction and Satisfaction with Life on Professional Burnout”. Research in Pedagogy, 11(1): 234-250.
- Bakan İ. (2011). Örgütsel Stratejilerin Temeli Örgütsel Bağlılık Kavram Kuram Sebep ve Sonuçlar. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
- Bernthal, P., & Insko, C. (1993). “Cohesiveness without Groupthink: The Interactive Effects of Social and Task Cohesion.” Group & Organization Management, 18(1): 66-87.
- Buonomo, I., Fiorilli, C., & Benevene, P. (2020). “Unravelling Teacher Job Satisfaction: The Contribution of Collective Efficacy and Emotions Towards Professional Role.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3): 736. doi:10.3390/ijerph17030736.
- Carless, S. A. & De Paola, C. (2000). “The Measurement of Cohesion in Work Teams.” Small Group Research, 31(1), 71-88.
- Chapman, K. J., Meuter, M., Toy, D., & Wright, L. (2006). “Can’t We Pick Our Own Groups? The Influence of Group Selection Method on Group Dynamics and Outcomes.” Journal of Management Education, 30(4), 557-569.
- Chen, Y., Zhou, X., & Klyver, K. (2019). “Collective Efficacy: Linking Paternalistic Leadership to Organizational Commitment.” Journal of Business Ethics, 159(2): 587-603.
- Cohen, D. A., Inagami, S., & Finch, B. (2008). “The Built Environment and Collective Efficacy.” Health & Place, 14(2): 198-208.
- Conley, S., Fauske, J., & Pounder, D. G. (2004). “Teacher Work Group Effectiveness.” Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(5): 663-703.
- Elms, A. K., Gill, H., & Gonzalez-Morales, M. G. (2023). “Confidence is Key: Collective Efficacy, Team Processes, and Team Effectiveness.” Small Group Research, 54(2): 191-218.
- Ganotice Jr, F. A., Chan, L., Shen, X., Lam, A. H. Y., Wong, G. H. Y., Liu, R. K. W., & Tipoe, G. L. (2022). “Team Cohesiveness and Collective Efficacy Explain Outcomes in Interprofessional Education.” BMC Medical Education, 22(1): 820.
- Göker, S. D. (2012). “Impact of EFL Teachers' Collective Efficacy and Job Stress on Job Satisfaction.” Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 2(8): 1545-1551.
- Gürbüz, S. (2019). Amos ile Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
- Hochwarter, W. A., Kiewitz, C., Castro, S. L., Perrewè, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2003). “Positive Affectivity and Collective Efficacy as Moderators of the Relationship between Perceived Politics and Job Satisfaction.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(5): 1009-1035.
- Hogg, M. A. (1993). “Group Cohesiveness: A Critical Review and Some New Directions.” European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1): 85-111.
- Huang, C. C. (2009). “Knowledge Sharing and Group Cohesiveness on Performance: An Empirical Study of Technology R&D Teams in Taiwan.” Technovation, 29(11): 786-797.
- Jex, S. M., & Gudanowski, D. M. (1992). “Efficacy Beliefs and Work Stress: An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(5): 509-517.
- Jung, D. I. & Sosik, J. J. (2002). “Transformational Leadership in Work Groups: The Role of Empowerment, Cohesiveness, and Collective-Efficacy on Perceived Group Performance.” Small Group Research, 33(3): 313-336.
- Kang, G. S., & Kim, J. H. (2014). “The Effects of Self-Efficacy and Collective Efficacy on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of Nurses.” Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing, 23(3): 123-133.
- Kılıç, T. (2013). Bireysel ve Kolektif Yeterlilik Süreci, Belirleyicileri ve Sonuçlarına İlişkin Bir Model Önerisi. Doktora Tezi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Klassen, R. M. (2010). “Teacher Stress: The Mediating Role of Collective Efficacy Beliefs.” The Journal of Educational Research, 103(5): 342-350.
- Klassen, R. M., Usher, E. L. & Bong, M. (2010). “Teachers’ Collective Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Job Stress in Cross-Cultural Context.” The Journal of Experimental Education, 78(4): 464-486.
- Lee, C., & Farh, J. L. (2004). “Joint Effects of Group Efficacy and Gender Diversity on Group Cohesion and Performance.” Applied Psychology, 53(1): 136-154.
- Lima M., Liberman, S., & Russell, J. M. (2005). “Scientific Group Cohesiveness at the National University of Mexico.” Scientometrics, 64(1): 55-66.
- Lin, C. C. T., & Peng, T. K. T. (2010). “From Organizational Citizenship Behaviour to Team Performance: The Mediation of Group Cohesion and Collective Efficacy.” Management and Organization Review, 6(1): 55-75.
- Liu, D., Chen, X. P., & Holley, E. (2017). “Help Yourself by Helping Others: The Joint Impact of Group Member Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Group Cohesiveness on Group Member Objective Task Performance Change.” Personnel Psychology, 70(4): 809-842.
- Locke, E. A. (1969). “What is Job Satisfaction?” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4: 309-336.
Luthans F. (1992). Organizatoinal Behaviour. Sixth Edition, Singapore: McGraw Hill.
- Maqbool, S. (2017). “Interrelationship between Collective Teacher Efficacy and Job Satisfaction of Teachers at Secondary Schools.” NUML Journal of Critical Inquiry, 15(1): 180-196.
- Mochida, K., Takami, K., & Shimamoto, K. (2015). “The Effect of Individual Factors on Group Cohesiveness and Collective Efficacy in Team Sports: Effects of Members’ Life Skills on the Group.” Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry, 25(1): 25-37.
- Mudrack, P. E. (1989_a). “Group Cohesiveness and Productivity: A Closer Look.” Human Relations, 42(9): 771-785.
- Mudrack, P. E. (1989_b). “Defining Group Cohesiveness: A Legacy of Confusion?” Small Group Behavior, 20(1): 37-49.
- Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T. & Lien, G. (2020). “Empowering Leadership, Work Group Cohesiveness, Individual Learning Orientation and Individual Innovative Behaviour in the Public Sector: Empirical Evidence from Norway.” International Journal of Public Leadership, 16(20): 175-197.
- Newstrom J.W., & Davis K. (1993). Organizational Behaviour: Human Behaviour at Work. Ninthe Edition, McGraw Hill, USA.
- Perkins, D.D., & Long, D.A. (2002). Neighborhood sense of community and social capital: A multi-level analysis. In A. Fisher, C. Sonn, & B. Bishop (Eds.), Psychological Sense of Community: Research, Applications, and Implications (pp. 291-318). New York: Plenum.
- Pizzi G. & Stanger N. (2020). “Consequences of Teammate Moral Behaviour: Linking Team Moral Norms with Cohesion and Collective Efficacy.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(4): 437-453.
- Prussia, G. E. (1993). “A Motivational İnvestigation of Group Effectiveness Using Social-Cognitive Theory.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2): 187.
- Riasudeen, S., Singh, P., & Kannadhasan, M. (2019). “The Role of Job Satisfaction Behind the Link between Group Cohesion, Collective Efficacy, and Life Satisfaction.” Psychological Studies, 64: 401-410.
- Rutkowski, G. K., Gruder, C. L., & Romer, D. (1983). “Group Cohesiveness, Social Norms, and Bystander Intervention.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(3): 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.3.545.
- Seashore, S. E. (1954). Group Cohesiveness in the Industrial Work Group. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
- Short S.E., Sullivan P., & Feltz D.L. (2005). “Development and Preliminary Validation of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports.” Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 9(3): 181-202.
- Spink, K. S. (1990). “Group Cohesion and Collective Efficacy of Volleyball Teams.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(3): 301-311.
- Stephanou, G., Gkavras, G., & Doulkeridou, M. (2013). “The Role of Teachers’ Self- and Collective-Efficacy Beliefs on Their Job Satisfaction and Experienced Emotions in School.” Psychology, 4(03): 268-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.43A040.
- Tasa, K., Taggar, S., & Seijts, G. H. (2007). “The Development of Collective Efficacy in Teams: A Multilevel and Longitudinal Perspective.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1): 17-27.
- Tu, Y., Lu, X., & Yu, Y. (2017). “Supervisors’ Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: A Social Cognitive Perspective.” Journal of Happiness Studies, 18: 229-245.
- Vassilev, I., Band, R., Kennedy, A., James, E., & Rogers, A. (2019). “The Role of Collective Efficacy in Long‐Term Condition Management: A Metasynthesis.” Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(5): e588-e603.
- Viel-Ruma, K., Houchins, D., Jolivette, K., & Benson, G. (2010). “Efficacy Beliefs of Special Educators: The Relationships among Collective Efficacy, Teacher Self-Efficacy, and Job Satisfaction.” Teacher Education and Special Education, 33(3): 225-233.
- Wang, Y. S. & Huang, T. C. (2009). “The Relationship of Transformational Leadership with Group Cohesiveness and Emotional Intelligence.” Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 37(3): 379-392.
- Weiss, H. M. (2002). “Deconstructing Job Satisfaction: Separating Evaluations, Beliefs and Affective Experiences.” Human Resource Management Review, 12(2): 173-194.
- Zellars, K. L., Hochwarter, W. A., Perrewe, P. L., Miles, A. K., & Kiewitz, C. (2001). “Beyond Self-Efficacy: Interactive Effects of Role Conflict and Perceived Collective Efficacy.” Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(4): 483-499.