Evaluation of Skeletal Health in Cystinosis Patients: Çukurova University Experience
Year 2025,
Volume: 58 Issue: 2, 71 - 75, 29.08.2025
Deniz Kor
,
Sonay Duran Yılmaz
,
Fatma Derya Bulut
,
Burcu Köşeci
,
Esra Kara
,
İrem Kaplan
,
Ezgi Burgaç
,
Nazmiye Tüzel Gündüz
,
H. Neslihan Önenli Mungan
Abstract
Aim: Nephropathic cystinosis is an autosomal recessively inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by impaired cystine transport due to biallelic pathogenic variants in the CTNS gene. Late complications include renal failure, neurocognitive dysfunction, and skeletal involvement. Treatment includes lifelong symptomatic management of Fanconi syndrome, systemic/local cysteamine therapy, and renal replacement therapy in case of renal failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate cystinosis-related metabolic bone disease in patients with infantile nephropathic cystinosis. Material and method: Forty-one patients with infantile nephropathic cystinosis were evaluated for anthropometric measurements, and bone health by medical history, laboratory findings, and imaging modalities. Results: Twenty-six (63.4%) and 30 (73.2%) of the patients had short stature at the first and last visits, respectively. Three patients were adults, and none of them reached the target height. Eleven patients reported bone pain. Nine patients had genu varum/valgum and pectus carinatum deformities. One patient had pathological bone fracture. No scoliosis was observed in any of the patients during follow-up. At the last visit, 7 (17.1%) patients had inadequate and 9 (22%) had deficient 25(OH)D vitamin levels. Bone mineral density measurement (DXA) revealed that 15% (3/20) of the patients had osteopenia, and 10% (2/20) had osteoporosis. One adult patient who underwent DXA had osteopenia. Two of the 19 patients in the childhood age group had osteopenia, and two had osteoporosis. Conclusion: Life expectancy has increased with early diagnosis and treatment in cystinosis, and complications have become more prominent. One of these complications is cystinosis-associated metabolic bone disease, which leads to a decreased quality of life. Although there are many risk factors for bone disease in cystinosis patients, the frequency and severity of skeletal disorders in these patients have not been adequately characterized. Our study demonstrated skeletal findings in a large cohort of cystinosis patients.
References
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1. Nesterova G, Gahl WA. Cystinosis. In: Adam MP, Feldman J,
Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews
® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington,
Seattle; 2001 Mar 22 [updated 2017 Dec 7]:1993–2024.
PMID: 20301574.
-
2. Hohenfellner K, Rauch F, Ariceta G, Awan A, Bacchetta J,
Bergmann C, et al. Management of bone disease in cystinosis:
statement from an international conference. J Inherit Metab
Dis. 2019;42(6):1019–1029. doi:10.1002/jimd.12134.
-
3. Neyzi O, Bundak R, Gökçay G, Günöz H, Furman A, Darendeliler
F, et al. Reference values for weight, height, head circumference,
and body mass index in Turkish children. J Clin
Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2015;7(4):280–293. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.
2183.
-
4. Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, Specker BL, Thacher TD, Ozono
K, et al. Global consensus recommendations on prevention
and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2016;101(2):394–415. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2175.
-
5. Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S, Leonard MB, Bishop NJ,
Bianchi ML, et al. International Society for Clinical Densitometry
2007 adult and pediatric official positions. Bone.
2008;43(7):1115–1121. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.106.
-
6. de Oliveira MA, Moraes R, Castanha EB, Prevedello A, Vieira
Filho J, Bussolaro F, et al. Osteoporosis screening: applied
methods and technological trends. Med Eng Phys.
2022;108:103887. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103887.
PMID: 36195368.
-
7. O’Connell N, Oh J, Arbeiter K, Büscher A, Haffner D, Kaufeld
J, et al. Patients with infantile nephropathic cystinosis in Germany
and Austria: a retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne).
2022;9:864554. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.864554.
-
8. Haffner D, Leifheit-Nestler M, Alioli C, Bacchetta J. Muscle
and bone impairment in infantile nephropathic cystinosis: new
concepts. Cells. 2022;11(1):170.
-
9. Besouw M, Levtchenko E. Growth retardation in children with
cystinosis. Minerva Pediatr. 2010;62(3):307–313.
-
10. van Stralen KJ, Emma F, Jager KJ, Verrina E, Schaefer F, Laube
GF, et al. Improvement in the renal prognosis in nephropathic
cystinosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(10):2485–2491.
-
11. Elmonem MA, Veys KR, Soliman NA, van Dyck M, van den
Heuvel LP, Levtchenko E. Cystinosis: a review. Orphanet J
Rare Dis. 2016;11(1):47.
-
12. Keser AG, Topaloğlu R, Bilginer Y, Beşbaş N. Long-term endocrinologic
complications of cystinosis. Minerva Pediatr.
2014;66(3):123–130.
-
13. Broyer M, Tete MJ, Gubler MC. Late symptoms in infantile cystinosis.
Pediatr Nephrol. 1987;1(3):519–524.
-
14. Wühl E, Haffner D, Offner G, Broyer M, van’t Hoff W, Mehls
O; European Study Group on Growth Hormone Treatment in
Children with Nephropathic Cystinosis. Long-term treatment
with growth hormone in short children with nephropathic cystinosis.
J Pediatr. 2001;138(6):880–887.
-
15. Levtchenko E. Endocrine complications of cystinosis. J Pediatr.
2017;183 Suppl:S5–S8. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.049.
PMID: 28343475.
-
16. Langman CB. Bone complications of cystinosis. J Pediatr.
2017;183:2–4.
75
-
17. Langman CB. Oh cystinosin: let me count the ways! Kidney
Int. 2019;96(2):275–277.
-
18. Bertholet-Thomas A, Claramunt-Taberner D, Gaillard S, Deschênes
G, Sornay-Rendu E, Szulc P, et al. Teenagers and
young adults with nephropathic cystinosis display significant
bone disease and cortical impairment. Pediatr Nephrol.
2018;33(7):1165–1172.
-
19. Florenzano P, Ferreira C, Nesterova G, Roberts MS, Tella SH,
De Castro LF, et al. Skeletal consequences of nephropathic
cystinosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(10):1870–1880.
-
20. Zimakas PJ, Sharma AK, Rodd CJ. Osteopenia and fractures in
cystinotic children post renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol.
2003;18(4):384–390.
-
21. Ewert A, Leifheit-Nestler M, Hohenfellner K, Büscher A, Kemper
MJ, Oh J, et al. Bone and mineral metabolism in children
with nephropathic cystinosis compared with other CKD entities.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(8):e2738–e2752.
-
22. Özkan B, Karagüzel G. Çocuklarda D vitamini eksikliği, tanı,
tedavi ve korunma. In: Saka N, Akçay T, editors. Çocuk
Endokrinolojisinde Uzlaşı. Çocuk Endokrinolojisi ve Diyabet
Derneği Yayınları-V. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2014. p.
183–189.
-
23. Elmonem MA, Veys KRP, Prencipe G. Nephropathic cystinosis:
pathogenic roles of inflammation and potential for new therapies.
Cells. 2022;11(2):190. doi:10.3390/cells11020190.
Sistinozis Hastalarında İskelet Sağlığının Değerlendirilmesi: Çukurova Üniversitesi Deneyimi
Year 2025,
Volume: 58 Issue: 2, 71 - 75, 29.08.2025
Deniz Kor
,
Sonay Duran Yılmaz
,
Fatma Derya Bulut
,
Burcu Köşeci
,
Esra Kara
,
İrem Kaplan
,
Ezgi Burgaç
,
Nazmiye Tüzel Gündüz
,
H. Neslihan Önenli Mungan
Abstract
Amaç: Nefropatik sitinozis, CTNS genindeki biallelik patojenik varyantlar nedeniyle sistin taşınmasındaki bozukluktan kaynaklanan otozomal resesif kalıtımlı bir lizozomal depo hastalığıdır. Geç komplikasyonlar böbrek yetmezliği, nörobilişsel işlev bozukluğu ve iskelet sistemi tutulumudur. Tedavi, Fankoni sendromunun yaşam boyu semptomatik yönetimini, sistemik/lokal sisteamin ve böbrek yetmezliği durumunda renal replasman tedavilerini içerir. Bu çalışmada infantil nefropatik sistinozis tanılı hastalarda Sistinozise bağlı metabolik kemik hastalığının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kırk bir infantil nefropatik sistinozis hastasının antropometrik ölçümleri ve öykü, laboratuvar bulguları, görüntüleme yöntemleri ile kemik sağlığı değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Hastaların ilk başvuruda 26’sının (%63.4), son başvuruda 30’unun (%73.2) boyu kısa idi. Üç erişkin hasta vardı ve hiçbiri hedef boyuna ulaşamamıştı. On bir hastada kemik ağrıları vardı. Dokuz hastada genu varum/valgum ve pectus karinatum deformiteleri saptandı. Bir hastada patolojik kemik kırığı vardı. Takipteki hastaların hiçbirinde skolyoz görülmedi. Son başvuruda 7 (%17.1) hastanın 25(OH)D vitamin değerleri yetersiz, 9 (%22) hastanın ise eksiklik düzeyinde ölçüldü. Kemik mineral yoğunluğu ölçümü (DEXA) değerlendirilmesi sonucunda hastaların %15’inin (3/20) osteopenisi ve %10’unun (2/20) osteoporozu olduğu ortaya çıktı. DEXA yapılan bir hasta erişkin yaştaydı ve osteopenisi mevcuttu. Çocukluk yaş grubundaki 19 hastadan ikisinde osteopeni, ikisinde osteoporoz saptandı. Sonuç: Sistinoziste erken tanı ve tedavi ile yaşam süresi artmış buna bağlı olarak gelişen komplikasyonlar daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Bu komplikasyonlardan biri de yaşam kalitesinin azalmasına neden olan sistinozise bağlı metabolik kemik hastalığıdır. Sistinozis hastalarında kemik hastalığı için çok sayıda risk faktörü olmasına rağmen bu hastalarda iskelet bozukluklarının sıklığı ve şiddeti yeterince tanımlanmamıştır. Çalışmamız geniş bir sistinozis serisinde iskelet bulgularını göstermiştir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Sistinozis, sistinozis metabolik kemik hastalığı, 25(OH)D vitamini
Ethical Statement
Çalışma için Çukurova Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan 10 Eylül 2021 tarih ve 114 no’lu toplantı numarası ile onay alınmıştır
Supporting Institution
Yoktur
References
-
1. Nesterova G, Gahl WA. Cystinosis. In: Adam MP, Feldman J,
Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews
® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington,
Seattle; 2001 Mar 22 [updated 2017 Dec 7]:1993–2024.
PMID: 20301574.
-
2. Hohenfellner K, Rauch F, Ariceta G, Awan A, Bacchetta J,
Bergmann C, et al. Management of bone disease in cystinosis:
statement from an international conference. J Inherit Metab
Dis. 2019;42(6):1019–1029. doi:10.1002/jimd.12134.
-
3. Neyzi O, Bundak R, Gökçay G, Günöz H, Furman A, Darendeliler
F, et al. Reference values for weight, height, head circumference,
and body mass index in Turkish children. J Clin
Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2015;7(4):280–293. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.
2183.
-
4. Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, Specker BL, Thacher TD, Ozono
K, et al. Global consensus recommendations on prevention
and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2016;101(2):394–415. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2175.
-
5. Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S, Leonard MB, Bishop NJ,
Bianchi ML, et al. International Society for Clinical Densitometry
2007 adult and pediatric official positions. Bone.
2008;43(7):1115–1121. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.106.
-
6. de Oliveira MA, Moraes R, Castanha EB, Prevedello A, Vieira
Filho J, Bussolaro F, et al. Osteoporosis screening: applied
methods and technological trends. Med Eng Phys.
2022;108:103887. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103887.
PMID: 36195368.
-
7. O’Connell N, Oh J, Arbeiter K, Büscher A, Haffner D, Kaufeld
J, et al. Patients with infantile nephropathic cystinosis in Germany
and Austria: a retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne).
2022;9:864554. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.864554.
-
8. Haffner D, Leifheit-Nestler M, Alioli C, Bacchetta J. Muscle
and bone impairment in infantile nephropathic cystinosis: new
concepts. Cells. 2022;11(1):170.
-
9. Besouw M, Levtchenko E. Growth retardation in children with
cystinosis. Minerva Pediatr. 2010;62(3):307–313.
-
10. van Stralen KJ, Emma F, Jager KJ, Verrina E, Schaefer F, Laube
GF, et al. Improvement in the renal prognosis in nephropathic
cystinosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(10):2485–2491.
-
11. Elmonem MA, Veys KR, Soliman NA, van Dyck M, van den
Heuvel LP, Levtchenko E. Cystinosis: a review. Orphanet J
Rare Dis. 2016;11(1):47.
-
12. Keser AG, Topaloğlu R, Bilginer Y, Beşbaş N. Long-term endocrinologic
complications of cystinosis. Minerva Pediatr.
2014;66(3):123–130.
-
13. Broyer M, Tete MJ, Gubler MC. Late symptoms in infantile cystinosis.
Pediatr Nephrol. 1987;1(3):519–524.
-
14. Wühl E, Haffner D, Offner G, Broyer M, van’t Hoff W, Mehls
O; European Study Group on Growth Hormone Treatment in
Children with Nephropathic Cystinosis. Long-term treatment
with growth hormone in short children with nephropathic cystinosis.
J Pediatr. 2001;138(6):880–887.
-
15. Levtchenko E. Endocrine complications of cystinosis. J Pediatr.
2017;183 Suppl:S5–S8. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.049.
PMID: 28343475.
-
16. Langman CB. Bone complications of cystinosis. J Pediatr.
2017;183:2–4.
75
-
17. Langman CB. Oh cystinosin: let me count the ways! Kidney
Int. 2019;96(2):275–277.
-
18. Bertholet-Thomas A, Claramunt-Taberner D, Gaillard S, Deschênes
G, Sornay-Rendu E, Szulc P, et al. Teenagers and
young adults with nephropathic cystinosis display significant
bone disease and cortical impairment. Pediatr Nephrol.
2018;33(7):1165–1172.
-
19. Florenzano P, Ferreira C, Nesterova G, Roberts MS, Tella SH,
De Castro LF, et al. Skeletal consequences of nephropathic
cystinosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(10):1870–1880.
-
20. Zimakas PJ, Sharma AK, Rodd CJ. Osteopenia and fractures in
cystinotic children post renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol.
2003;18(4):384–390.
-
21. Ewert A, Leifheit-Nestler M, Hohenfellner K, Büscher A, Kemper
MJ, Oh J, et al. Bone and mineral metabolism in children
with nephropathic cystinosis compared with other CKD entities.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(8):e2738–e2752.
-
22. Özkan B, Karagüzel G. Çocuklarda D vitamini eksikliği, tanı,
tedavi ve korunma. In: Saka N, Akçay T, editors. Çocuk
Endokrinolojisinde Uzlaşı. Çocuk Endokrinolojisi ve Diyabet
Derneği Yayınları-V. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2014. p.
183–189.
-
23. Elmonem MA, Veys KRP, Prencipe G. Nephropathic cystinosis:
pathogenic roles of inflammation and potential for new therapies.
Cells. 2022;11(2):190. doi:10.3390/cells11020190.