Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Sınıf İçi Etkileşim Örüntülerinin İncelenmesi: Sınıf Söylemi Analizi Yaklaşımı

Öz

Bu çalışma iki okul öncesi öğretmeninin sınıf içi öğretimlerinde ortaya çıkan etkileşim örüntülerinin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Etkileşim örüntüleri üçlü bir diyalog yapısı ile gözlemlenebilir. Öğretmen bir soru ile diyaloğu başlatır, öğrenciden öğretmen sorusuna cevap sağlanır ve öğretmen verilen cevabın doğru/makul olup olmadığına karar verebilir, ya da cevabı genişleten/değiştiren ek açıklamalar yapabilir ya da cevapla ilgili başka bir soru sorabilir. Durum çalışması olarak tasarlanan bu araştırmanın katılımcılarını iki okul öncesi öğretmeni ve 52 okul öncesi öğrencisidir. Çalışmanın veri setini sınıf içi uygulamaların video kayıtları (n = 17, 302 dakika) oluşturmaktadır. Öğretmenler, araştırmacılar tarafından tasarlanan ve sınıf içi diyaloglara imkân sağlayan hikayeleştirilmiş ikilemleri öğrencileri ile tartışmışlardır. Öğretmenlerin söylemleri sosyokültürel söylem analizinin bir kolu olan sistematik gözlem yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Sistematik gözlemlerde analiz birimi öğretmenlerin cümleleridir. Her bir öğretmen cümlesi hem teori hem de veri temelli olarak bu çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen Üçlü Etkileşim Örüntüsü Kodlama Kataloğu aracılığı ile kodlanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin üç farklı tipte etkileşim örüntüsünü farklı frekanslarla sergilediği görülmüştür: Başlat-Cevapla-Değerlendir (BCD), Başlat-Cevapla-Açıkla (BCA) ve Başlat-Cevapla-Takip Sorusu (BCT). Öğretmenlerin sıklıkla takip sorularını kullandığı (BCT) ve aynı zamanda sınıf söyleminde olgu ve durumları açıklayıcı (BCA) ya da öğrenci ifadelerini değerlendirici (BCD) söylemler sergilediği de belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, öğretmenlerin diyaloglar esnasında hangi tür konuşma ikilisini; T-S (öğretmen-öğrenci) ve/veya S-S (öğrenci-öğrenci), tercih ettiği belirlenmiştir. Her iki öğretmenin de sınıf söylemine yoğun müdahalelerinin olduğu ve öğrenci – öğrenci arasında yaşanan diyalogların kısıtlı olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda öğretmenlerin sınıf içi konuşmalarında oluşan ve entelektüel çıktıları etkileyebilen etkileşim örüntülerine yönelik bilinçli pedagojik-söylemsel farkındalığının geliştirilmesi için çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Etkileşim örüntüsü
• Okul öncesi eğitimi
• Sistematik gözlem
• Söylem analizi

Investigating Preschool Teachers’ In-Class Patterns of Interactions: Classroom Discourse Analysis Approach

Abstract

The current study purposed to examine the patterns of interactions of two preschool teachers emerged during their in-class teaching. Patterns of interactions can be observed by virtue of a triadic dialogue structure. The teacher opens up the dialoguing through a question, then a response is provided by a student, and then the teacher may determine whether the provided responses is correct/credible, or the teacher makes explications that may elaborate/modify the received response, or the teacher may pose another question pertaining to the provided response. The participants of this study, which was designed as a case study (naturalistic inquiry), were two preschool teachers and 52 pupils. The data set of the present study included video-based records of the in-class implementations (n = 17, 302 minutes). The teachers negotiated the narrated dilemmas created by the researchers with their students that enabled unfolding classroom dialogues. Teachers’ discourses (e.g., articulations, externalisations) were analysed through the systematic observation approach that is a branch of sociocultural discourse analysis. In systematic observations, the unit of analysis was the analytical utterances (sentences) of the teachers. Each teacher-led verbalisation was coded through the Triadic Pattern of Interaction Coding Catalogue that was developed within the frame of the current study by a both data-driven theory-laden manner. It was detected that the teachers displayed three different typologies of the pattern of interaction with different frequencies: Initiate-Response-Evaluate (IRE); Initiate-Response-Explicate (IREx); Initiate-Response-Follow-up questioning (IRF). It was revealed that the IRF triadic was mostly enacted by the teachers in addition to the IREx triadic that was staged in order to explicate/elicit the cases and phenomena under consideration and the IRE triadic that was displayed for assessing the student-led utterances. Furthermore, it was detected that which typologies of the talk dyads, e.g., T-S (teacher-student) and/or S-S (student-student), were preferred by the teachers. It was observed that the teachers had intensified interventions in the classroom talks and that the dialogues between student-student were substantially restricted. In line with the deduced findings, suggestions were offered to develop the conscious pedagogical-discursive noticing pertaining to the pattern of interaction occurring in the teachers’ classroom conversations and may influence the intellectual attainments.

Keywords

• Discourse analysis
• Pattern of interaction
• Preschool education
• Systematic observation

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