Aile ve Denge: Havayolu Kabin Memurlarında İş Yaşam Dengesi, Teknostres ve Kariyer Stresi İlişkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, havayolu kabin memurlarında teknostres–kariyer stresi–iş-yaşam dengesi ilişkisi bütüncül bir model çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Araştırma modeli Talep–Kontrol Yaklaşımı ve İş–Aile Sınırları Kuramı temelinde kurgulanmış; teknostresin kariyer stresi ve iş-yaşam dengesi üzerindeki doğrudan etkileri ile kariyer stresi üzerinden dolaylı etkisi eşzamanlı olarak test edilmiştir. Veriler, Türkiye’de sivil havayolu işletmelerinde görev yapan 425 kabin memurundan çevrimiçi anketle toplanmıştır. İş-yaşam dengesi, kariyer stresi ve teknostres düzeyleri geçerliği ve güvenirliği kanıtlanmış ölçeklerle ölçülmüş; AFA/DFA ile ölçüm modelleri doğrulandıktan sonra SPSS/AMOS ve PROCESS Macro Model 4 kullanılarak korelasyon ve aracılık analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, teknostresin kariyer stresini artırdığını; kariyer stresinin iş-yaşam dengesini zayıflattığını; teknostresin iş-yaşam dengesini ayrıca doğrudan olumsuz etkilediğini ve bu ilişkide kariyer stresinin kısmi aracılık rolü üstlendiğini göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, dijital taleplerin kontrol algısını zayıflatarak “yüksek gerilimli iş” koşulları yarattığını ve sınır geçirgenliğini artırarak psikolojik ayrılmayı güçleştirdiğini desteklemektedir. Bulgular doğrultusunda, bildirim/erişim sınırları, kullanıcı dostu sistem tasarımları, yeterlik geliştirme ve teknik destek programları gibi müdahalelere yönelik yönetsel öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş aile sınırları
• teknostres
• kariyer stresi
• iş-yaşam dengesi.

Family and Balance: Work Life Balance, Technostress, and Career Stress in Airline Cabin Crew

Öz

This study examines the relationships among technostress, career stress, and work–life balance within a holistic model for airline cabin crew. The research model, grounded in the Job Demand–Control approach and Work–Family Boundary theory, simultaneously tests technostress’s direct effects on career stress and work–life balance, as well as its indirect (mediated) effect on work–life balance via career stress. Data were collected through an online survey from 425 cabin crew members employed by civil aviation companies in Türkiye. Work–life balance, career stress, and technostress were measured using validated and reliable scales; after confirming the measurement models with EFA/CFA, correlation and mediation analyses were conducted using SPSS/AMOS and PROCESS Macro Model 4. The findings indicate that technostress increases career stress; career stress undermines work–life balance; technostress also exerts a direct negative effect on work–life balance; and career stress plays a partial mediating role in this relationship. Overall, the results support the view that intensified digital demands weaken perceived control—creating high-strain job conditions—and heighten boundary permeability, which impedes psychological detachment. Based on these findings, managerial recommendations include setting communication/availability boundaries, investing in user-friendly system design, and implementing capability-building and technical support programs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Work-family boundaries
• technostress
• career stress
• work-life balance.

Kaynakça

1. Akgül, A. ve Çevik, O. (2005). SPSS’te işletme yönetimi uygulamaları. Ankara: Mustafa Kitabevi.
2. Alam, M. A. (2016). Techno-stress and productivity: Survey evidence from the aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 50, 62-70.
3. Andrews, M. C., Kacmar, K. M. and Kacmar, C. (2013). The interactive effects of behavioral integrity and procedural justice on employee job tension. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 371-379.
4. Arlinghaus, A. and Nachreiner, F. (2013). When work calls-Associations between being contacted outside of regular working hours for work-related matters and health. Chronobiology International, 30(9), 1197-1202.
5. Arnetz, B. B. and Wiholm, C. (1997). Technological stress: Psychophysiological symptoms in modern offices. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43(1), 35-42.
6. Apaydın, Ç. (2011). Öğretim üyelerinin işe bağımlılık düzeyi ile iş-yaşam dengesi ve iş-aile yaşam dengesi arasındaki ilişki. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
7. Ayyagari, R., Grover, V. and Purvis, R. (2011). Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 831-858.
8. Bakker, A. B. and Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.

9. Bateman, T. S. and Strasser, S. (1983). A cross-lagged regression test of the relationships between job tension and employee satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(3), 439-445.
10. Bhat, Z. H., Yousuf, U. and Saba, N. (2023). Revolutionizing work-life balance: Unleashing the power of telecommuting on work engagement and exhaustion levels. Cogent Business & Management, 10(2), 1-21.
11. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
12. Cambier, R., Derks, D. and Vlerick, P. (2019). Detachment from work: A diary study on telepressure, smartphone use and empathy. Psychologica Belgica, 59(1), 227-245.
13. Carlotto, M. S., Wendt, G. W. and Jones, A. P. (2017). Technostress, career commitment, satisfaction with life, and work-family interaction among ICT workers. Actualidades en Psicología, 31(122), 91-102.
14. Chua, B.-L., Han, H., Al-Ansi, A. and Lee, S. (2022). Examining airline employees work-related stress and coping strategies during the global tourism crisis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(10), 3773-3796.
15. Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770.
16. Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd Ed.). New York: Wiley & Sons.
17. Doll, W. J., Xia, W. and Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 453-461.
18. Dragano, N. and Lunau, T. (2020). Technostress at work and mental health: Concepts and research results. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33(4), 407-413.
19. Ekinci, H. ve Sabancı, A. (2021). İş-yaşam dengesi ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 11(1), 151-163.
20. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
21. Genç, N. (1994). Gerilim, kaynakları, belirtileri ve azaltıcı önlemler. Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 10(3-4), 371-379.
22. Han, Y., Chaudhury, T. and Sears, G. J. (2021). Does career resilience promote subjective well-being? Journal of Career Development, 48(4), 338-353.
23. Ioannou, A. (2023). Mindfulness and technostress in the workplace: A qualitative approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1-16.
24. Ioannou, A., Lycett, M. and Marshan, A. (2024). The role of mindfulness in mitigating the negative consequences of technostress. Information Systems Frontiers, 26(2), 523-549.
25. Israel, G. D. (1992). Determining sample size (PEOD-6). Gainesville: University of Florida.
26. İrge, N. T. (2021). İş-yaşam dengesini etkileyen risk faktörleri. Biga İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(3), 322-333.
27. Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308.
28. Klassen, R. M. and Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on teachers self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Teacher gender, years of experience, and job stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 741-756.
29. Küçükusta, D. (2007). Konaklama işletmelerinde iş-yaşam dengesinin çalışma yaşamı kalitesine etkisi. Doktora tezi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
30. Jones, F., Burke, R. J. and Westman, M. (2013). Work-life balance: A psychological perspective. New York: Psychology Press.
31. Lambert, E. G., Jiang, S., Liu, J., Zhang, J. and Choi, E. (2018). A happy life: Exploring how job stress, job involvement, and job satisfaction are related to the life satisfaction of Chinese prison staff. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 25(4), 619-636.
32. Lau, C. M. and Tan, S. L. (2006). The effects of procedural fairness and interpersonal trust on job tension in budgeting. Management Accounting Research, 17(2), 171-186.
33. Leat, M. and El‐Kot, G. (2009). Interpersonal trust at work, intrinsic motivation, work‐related tension and satisfaction in Egypt. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 2(2), 180-194.
34. Lee, D. J. and Sirgy, M. J. (2019). Work-life balance in the digital workplace: The impact of schedule flexibility and telecommuting on work-life balance and overall life satisfaction. M. Coetzee (Ed.), Thriving in digital workspaces: Emerging issues for research and practice in (pp. 355-384). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
35. Leung, L. and Zhang, R. (2017). Mapping ICT use at home and telecommuting practices: A perspective from work/family border theory. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 385-396.
36. Levi, L., Bartley, M., Marmot, M., Karasek, R., Theorell, T. and Siegrist, J. (2000). Stressors at the workplace: Theoretical models. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 15(1), 69-106.
37. Ma, J., Ollier-Malaterre, A. and Lu, C. Q. (2021). The impact of techno-stressors on work-life balance: The moderation of job self-efficacy and the mediation of emotional exhaustion. Computers in Human Behavior, 122, 1-10.
38. Maharani, A. and Tamara, D. (2024). The occupational stress and work-life balance on turnover intentions with job satisfaction as mediating. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(1), 1-10.
39. Meyer, S. C. and Tisch, A. (2024). Exploring the relationship between techno-unreliability at work and burnout. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 66(3), 185-191.
40. Ng, L. P., Chen, I. C., Ng, H. F., Lin, B. Y. and Kuar, L. S. (2017). Influence of job demands and job control on work-life balance among Taiwanese nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(6), 438-448.
41. Nisar, S. K. and Rasheed, M. I. (2020). Stress and performance: Investigating relationship between occupational stress, career satisfaction, and job performance of police employees. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(1), 1-9.
42. Pirkkalainen, H., Salo, M., Makkonen, M. and Tarafdar, M. (2017, December 10-13). Coping with technostress: When emotional responses fail. Y. J. Kim, R. Agarwal and J. K. Lee (Ed.), Seoul, South Korea. Proceedings of the ınternational conference on ınformation systems: Transforming society with digital innovation (ICIS 2017) in (pp. 1-18). Atlanta: Association for Information Systems.
43. Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S. and Tu, Q. (2008). The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and empirical validation. Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417-433.
44. Rani, S. V. and Mariappan, S. (2011). Work/life balance reflections on employee satisfaction. Serbian Journal of Management, 6(1), 85-96.
45. Salo, M., Pirkkalainen, H., Makkonen, M. and Hekkala, R. (2018, December 13-16). Distress, eustress, or no stress? Explaining smartphone users different technostress responses. J. Pries-Heje, S. Ram and M. Rosemann (Ed.), San Francisco. Proceedings of the international conference on information systems: Bridging the internet of people, data, and things (ICIS 2018) in (pp. 1-17). San Francisco: Association for Information Systems.
46. Sasidharan, S. (2022). Technostress in the workplace: A social network perspective. Information Technology & People, 35(4), 1219-1238.
47. Schlachter, S., McDowall, A., Cropley, M. and Inceoglu, I. (2018). Voluntary work‐related technology use during non‐work time: A narrative synthesis of empirical research and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(4), 825-846.
48. Siu, O. L., Cooper, C. L. and Donald, I. (1997). Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and mental health among employees of an acquired TV company in Hong Kong. Stress and Health, 13(2), 99-107.
49. Sonnentag, S. (2018). The recovery paradox: Portraying the complex interplay between job stressors, lack of recovery, and poor well-being. Research in Organizational Behavior, 38, 169-185.
50. Spielberger, C. D. and Reheiser, E. C. (2020). Measuring occupational stress: The job stress survey. R. Crandall and P. L. Perrewé (Ed.), Occupational stress: A handbook in (pp. 51-69). Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.
51. Starmer, A. J., Frintner, M. P. and Freed, G. L. (2016). Work-life balance, burnout, and satisfaction of early career pediatricians. Pediatrics, 137(4), 1-10.
52. Sürme, M. ve Çubuk, B. (2025). The effect of working terms and conditions of airline cabin crew on work-family conflict and life satisfaction. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology Series Transport, 126, 237-253.
53. Taşdelen-Karçkay, A. ve Bakalım, O. (2017). The mediating effect of work-life balance on the relationship between work-family conflict and life satisfaction. Australian Journal of Career Development, 26(1), 3-13.
54. Tarafdar, M., Cooper, C. L. and Stich, J. F. (2019). The technostress trifecta‐techno eustress, techno distress and design: Theoretical directions and an agenda for research. Information Systems Journal, 29(1), 6-42.
55. Tarafdar, M., Pullins, B. E. and Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2014). Examining impacts of technostress on the professional salesperson's behavioural performance. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 34(1), 51-69.
56. Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S. and Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007). The impact of technostress on role stress and productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301-328.
57. Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q. and Ragu-Nathan, A. T. (2010). Impact of technostress on end-user satisfaction and performance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(3), 303-334.
58. Theorell, T. and Karasek, R. (1996). Current issues relating to psychosocial job strain and cardiovascular disease research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 9-26.
59. Türen, U., Erdem, H. ve Kalkın, G. (2015). İş yerinde tekno-stres ölçeği: Havacılık ve bankacılık sektöründe bir araştırma. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 6(1), 1-19.
60. Türk Dil Kurumu. (2025). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük: Denge. http://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime=denge adresinden 20.10.2025 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
61. Türk Hava Yolları A.O. (2025). 1 Ocak-30 Haziran 2025 dönemine ilişkin yönetim kurulu faaliyet raporu (Seri: II, No: 14.1). İstanbul, Türkiye: Türk Hava Yolları A.O.
62. Yang, P. and Yang, C. C. (2019). Importance of personality and career stress for flight attendants career satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(1), 1-12.