Toward Ecosystem-Based Planning After Forest Fires: Classification of Fire/Burn Severity

Öz

Forest fires are part of natural processes that affect ecosystems all around the world. Fire affects biophysical processes at different spatio-temporal scales, from micro-scale impacts to broad landscape patterns and processes. In order to implement post-fire decision-making processes, managers should be able to adequately characterize burned areas. This is possible by determining fire severity, which is considered as the degree of fire-induced ecological change in both vegetation and soil and is one of the most important components of the fire regime. Fire severity can be classified based on visual observation of the degree of fuels consumed and the amount of char on plant and soil surfaces that remained unconsumed after the fire. Fire severity is generally classified as unburned, low, moderate, and high. Assessing post-fire damage of large areas can take a lot of effort, money, and time. Therefore, after large fires, remote sensing methods are often used to determine the extent of fire damage to the ecosystems. Fire severity classifications are usually expressed in terms of spectral indices derived from optical remote sensing data or by using maps derived from active remote sensing methods such as SAR and LiDAR. Fire severity classification maps allow to determine the impact of forest fires on soil, water, ecosystem flora and fauna, and the atmosphere. They can therefore promote a more sustainable ecosystem-based planning of burned/unburned areas. In this review, information about the concept of fire severity and fire severity classification is given. For future studies on this topic, the literature was reviewed and summarized and its advantages and disadvantages were discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Forest Fire
• Fire Ecology
• Fire Regime
• Fire/Burn Severity
• Remote Sensing

Orman Yangınları Sonrası Ekosistem Tabanlı Planlamaya Doğru: Yanma Derinliğinin Sınıflandırılması

Öz

Orman yangınları dünya üzerindeki ekosistemleri etkileyen doğal bir sürecin parçasıdır. Yangın, mikro ölçekli fenomenden geniş peyzaj desenleri ve süreçlerine kadar birden fazla zamansal ve mekânsal ölçekte biyofiziksel süreçleri etkiler. Yöneticiler yangın sonrası karar verme süreçlerini gerçekleştirebilmek için yanan alanların karakterizasyonunu iyi yapabilmelidir. Bu ise hem bitki örtüsü hem de toprakta yangının neden olduğu ekolojik değişimin derecesi olarak kabul edilen ve yangın rejiminin en önemli bileşenlerinden olan yanma derinliğinin tespiti ile mümkündür. Yanma derinliği, yanıcı madde tüketimi derecesinin görsel olarak gözlemlenmesi, yangından sonra tüketilmemiş bitki ve toprak yüzeylerindeki kömürleşme miktarı temelinde sınıflandırılabilir. Bu sınıflandırmalar genellikle yanmamış, az yanmış, orta derecede yanmış ve çok yanmış alanlara ayrılarak yapılır. Bazen yangınlar çok büyük alanlarda meydana gelir ve bu alanlarda zarar tespitleri yapmak çok fazla emek, para ve zaman gerektirebilir. Bu yüzden büyük yangınlar sonrası yangının ekosisteme verdiği zararın derecesi belirlenirken uzaktan algılama yöntemleri sıklıkla kullanılır. Yanma derinliği sınıflandırmaları genellikle optik uzaktan algılama verilerinden türetilen spektral indeksler ile ya da SAR ve LiDAR gibi aktif uzaktan algılama yöntemlerinden elde edilen haritalar ile ifade edilir. Yanma derinliğini sınıflandıran haritalar, orman yangınların toprak, su, ekosistem florası ve faunası, atmosfer üzerindeki etkilerini tanımlayabilir ve yangınlar sonucu ortaya çıkan farklı derecelerde yanmış/ yanmamış alanların sürdürebilir ekolojik bir yaklaşım ile planlanmasında kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada yanma derinliği kavramı ve yanma derinliği sınıflandırmalarının aşamaları hakkında bilgiler verilmiş, bu konu hakkında bundan sonra yapılacak çalışmalar için literatür özetlenerek konunun iyi ve eksik yönleri tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Orman Yangını
• Yangın Ekolojisi
• Yangın Rejimi
• Yanma Derinliği
• Uzaktan Algılama

Kaynakça

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