BİR DIŞ AKTÖR OLARAK OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN ETİYOPYA POLİTİKASINA ETKİSİ (İMPARATOR TEWODROS’DAN KRAL V. IYASU’YA)

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 173 - 192, 30.01.2021

Fatma Yıldız

Abstract

Etiyopya-Osmanlı Türk ilişkileri, 16. yüzyıldan 19. yüzyıla kadar Kızıldeniz, Mısır ve Sudan toprakları üzerinden ekonomik,
kültürel ve siyasi yönden yürütülmüştür. Ortaçağ’da Etiyopya ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki siyasi ilişkiler, Türkler
ve Portekizliler arasındaki rekabet ve Etiyopya'daki iç savaşlar nedeniyle hızla gelişmiştir. Fakat, 19. yüzyılın ortalarında
Osmanlı Devleti ile Etiyopya arasındaki ilişkilerde gerginlik devam etmiştir. Örneğin, İmparator Tewodros ve İmparator
Yohannes, Türk'ün Kızıldeniz'deki yayılışına Mısır üzerinden çare bulmaya çalışmıştır. Bu nedenle, Türkleri Kızıldeniz'den
çıkarmak için sırasıyla Kraliçe Victoria ve Lord Granville'e 1862 ve 1872'de mektuplar göndermişlerdir. 1869'da Süveyş
Kanalı'nın açılmasından sonra Kızıldeniz'deki siyasi koşullar değişmiş ve İngiltere, Mısır'ın bu bölgeye yayılmasını
desteklemiştir. Böylece 16 Kasım 1875'te Etiyopya-Mısır Savaşı çıkmıştır. Ancak bölgedeki dengelerin oluşmasında Sultan
Abdülhamit'in etkisi büyüktür. Böylece iki ülke arasındaki ilişkiler Kral II. Menelik ve Sultan II. Abdülhamit döneminde
gelişmiştir. Kudüs'teki Deir El Sultan Manastırı aralarındaki meselelerden sadece biri olmuştur. Ayrıca, Osmanlı
İmparatorluğu'nun bölge ile önemli diplomatik temasları bulunmuştur. Örneğin, Osmanlı Devleti'nin Harar'daki konsolosu
olan Mazhar Bey, Iyasu V. döneminde ilişkilerde aktif rol oynamıştır. Mazhar Bey, Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Iyasu V'yi
İttifak güçlerinin müttefiki olmaya ikna etmiştir.
Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun 1860’dan 1916’ya kadar Etiyopya’daki siyaset üzerindeki etkisini
araştırmaktır. Ayrıca Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Etiyopya’nın iç ve dış siyasetinde rol oynamasını Etiyopya’nın tarihi
üzerinden değerlendirmeyi de hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla karşılaştırmalı tarihsel ve belge analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır.
Makalede İstanbul ve Addis Ababa arşivlerinde bulunan döneme ait tarihsel kayıtlar, birincil el kaynak olarak sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Ethiopia, Ottoman Empire, Emperors Tewodros and Yohannes, Sultan Abdulhamid II, Kings Menelik II and Iyasu

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AS AN EXTERNAL ACTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON POLITICS IN ETHIOPIA FROM EMPEROR TEWODROS TO KING IYASU V

Abstract

The Ethiopian-Ottoman Turkish relations were carried out in economic, cultural and political aspects via the Red Sea, Egypt
and Sudan territories from 16th century to 19th century. In the medieval period, this relationship between Ethiopia and the
Ottoman Empire grew rapidly because of the rivalry between Turks and Portuguese as well as internal wars in Ethiopia. In
the middle of the 19th century, tension in the relations between the Ottoman Empire and Ethiopia continued. For instance,
Emperor Tewodros and Emperor Yohannes sought to remedy against Turk's increment in the Red Sea through Egypt.
Therefore, they sent letters to Queen Victoria and Lord Granville to dismiss Turks from the Red Sea in 1862 and 1872
respectively. After the opening the Suez Canal in 1869, political conditions changed on the Red Sea. Britain supported
Egyptian spread to this area. Thus, Ethiopian-Egyptian War broke out on 16 November 1875. However, Sultan Abdulhamit
had an influence in the formation of the balances on the region. Hence, the relationship between the two countries improved during King Menelik II and Sultan Abdulhamid II. Deir El Sultan Monastery in Jerusalem was on the issue between them.
Furthermore, the Ottoman Empire had significant diplomatic contact with the region. For example, Mazhar Bey, who was
consul of Ottoman Empire in Harar, played an active role in the relations during Iyasu V. Mazhar Bey persuaded Iyasu V to
become an ally of the Central Powers during the First World War.
The main objective of this research is to explore the Ottoman Empire’s influence on the politics in Ethiopia from 1860 to
1916. It was also aimed at assessing the role of the Ottoman Empire in Ethiopia’s external and internal politics through the
history of Ethiopia. To this end, comparative historical and document analysis methods were employed. The historical
records of the period available in the archives, in Istanbul and Addis Ababa, were used to collect primary data.

Keywords

Ethiopia, Ottoman Empire, Emperors Tewodros and Yohannes, Sultan Abdulhamid II, Kings Menelik II and Iyasu V.

References

• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, KK,d., no.211, s.212
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, KK.d., no.74, s.563.
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, A.DVNS.MHM.d., no.7, hkm.2662
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, A.DVNS. MHM.d., no.5, hkm.1163.
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.PRK.UM, 12.45
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.PRK.UM, 12.68
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.PRK. PT, 3.116
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.MTV, 31.51
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.PRK. BŞK, 7.14
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.EE, 118.29
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.PRK.UM., 78.42.
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.PRK.NMH, 4.41
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.A.HUS., 194.19
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.PRK.NMH, 7.66
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.EE., 62.36
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.EE., 62.18
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, BEO, 889.66641.
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Y.PRK.MYD, 25.120
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, DH.EUM.MH., 86.62
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, HR.SYS., 2335.33
• BOA. the Directorate of Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, HR.MKT 37.82
• የኢትዮዽያ ብሄራዊ ግምጃ-ቤት እና ቤተ-መጽሀፍት ኤጀንሲ ሰኔ: ፳ ፩ ፺ ፬- ፩ ፺ ፱ ዓ.ም ፣ የአዉሮፓ ጦርነት፣ የልጅ እያሱ ፖለቲካ (Ethiopia National Archives and Library Agency, WW1 1914-1918 E.c in June 28th 1914 A.D War in Europe and Abeto Iyasu's Politics).
• Sherif Harar City Museum, Assistance given to Ottoman Turks by Harari, 18 Rebiulevvel 1295.
• Ali, A. M. (2012). Etiyopya-Türkiye İlişkileri: Karşilıklı Şüphe Ve Anlaşmazlıktan Karşılıklı Anlayiş ve İşbirliğine, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı, Unpublished PhD thesis, Ankara.
• Abir, M. (July 1966). “Salt, Trade and Politics in Ethiopia in the "Zämänä Mäsafent", Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1-10, Published by: Institute of Ethiopian Studies.
• Bahru, Z. (1991). A History of Modern Ethiopia 1855–1974. London: James Currey.
• Bartnicki, A. Mantel-Niećko, J. (1969-1970). “The Role and Significance Of The Religious Conflicts And People's Movements In The Political Life Of Ethiopia In The Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries”, Rassegna Di Studi Etiopici, Vol. 24, Pp. 5-39 Published By: Istituto Per L'oriente C. A. Nallino.
• Dror, A. B. (2016). “Rethinking the Reign of Abdullahi Muhammad b. Ali Abdassakur: Harar at the Down of the ‘Glocal’ Era During the Latter Part of the 19th Century”, Movements in Ethiopia, Proceeding of the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Tsehai Publishers, Loyala Marymount University, Los Angeles, Volume I.
• Ducene, J. C. (2016). “Habeş Seyahatnamesi: The Journey of Al-Muayyed Al’Azm In Ethiopia (1904)”, Movements in Ethiopia, Proceeding of the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Tsehai Publishers, Loyala Marymount University, Los Angeles, Volume I.
• Empire of Ethiopia (1945, September). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Memoranda in London.
• Gebrekidan, F. (2012). “From Adwa to OAU: Ethiopia and the Politics of Pan-Africanism, 1896-1963”, International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1/2, Published by: Tsehai Publishers, 71-86.
• Haile, G. (1986). “The Unity and Territorial Integrity of Ethiopia”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, Published by: Cambridge University Press, 465-487.
• Henze, P. B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York: Palgrave.
• Karpat, K.H. (2001). The politicization of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, andcommunity in the late Ottoman state. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
• Kıshlansky, M. Geary, P. O’Brien, P. Wong, R. B. (1995). Socities and Cultures in WorldHistory, Volume II 1500 to The Present, Harper Collins College Publishers. New York.
• Lewis, I. M. Jewell, P. A. (1976, Aug. 27). “The Peoples and Cultures of Ethiopia [and Discussion]”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 194, No. 1114, A Discussion on Human Adaptability in Ethiopia, Published by: Royal Society, 7-16.
• Marcus, H. G. (1975). The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913. Oxford. Clarendon.
• Marcus, H. G. (1994). A History of Ethiopia. Berkeley. University of California Press.
• Mennasemay, M. (Summer/Fall 2005-2006). “Ethiopian Political Theory, Democracy, and Surplus History”, International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 2, No. ½, Published by: Tsehai Publishers, 1-32.
• Mustoe, N. E. (Jul., 1962). “Modern Ethiopia”, African Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 244, Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Africa Society, 216-222.
• Orhonlu, C. (1996). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Güney Siyaseti Habeş Eyaleti, Ankara. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Osmanlı Idaresinde Sudan (2013). Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, Yayın No: 124, Istanbul.
• Pedersen, K. S. (1983). The History of the Ethiopian Community in the Holy Land from the Time of Emperor Tewodros II till 1974, Jerusalem. Tantur.
• Rana, W. (2015). “Theory of Complex Interdependence: A Comparative Analysis of Realist and Neoliberal Thoughts” in: International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 6, No. 2, Center for Promoting Ideas, USA, pp. 290-297.
• Robinson, W. C. Yamazaki, F. (1986, April). “Agriculture, Population, and Economic Planning in Ethiopia, 1953- 1980”, The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 20, No. 3, Published by: College of Business, Tennessee State University, 327-338.
• Rubenson, S. (1976). The Survival of Ethiopian Independence, London. Heinemann.
• Selassie, H. (1999). My Life and Ethiopia’s Progress, Volume I: 1892-1937, translated and annotated by Edward Ullendorf.
• Şahin Allahverdi, R. (2013). “Kızıldeniz’de Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa’nın Habeşistan Beylerbeyliği (1561-1567)”, Studies of the Ottoman Domain, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 5, 66-79.
• Tepedelen, Kenan (2007). “A Forgotten Diplomatic Front of World War I: Ethiopia” Belleten, 261, Cilt: LXXI.
• Ullendorff, E. Demoz, A. (1969). “Two Letters from the Emperor Yohannes of Ethiopia to Queen Victoria and Lord Granville”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 32, No. 1,
• Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies, 135-142.
• Veeser, C. (2010). Great Leaps Forward Modernizers in Africa, Asia and Latin America, Bentley University, Prentice Hall, USA. http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/rel-war.htm