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COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 1 - 15, 30.07.2021

Abstract

Aralık 2019 tarihinde küresel sağlık için ciddi bir tehdit kaynağı olarak ortaya çıkan COVID-19 hastalığı çok kısa bir sürede
tüm dünyaya yayılmış ve 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemi ilan edilmiştir. Afrika kıtası
COVID-19’la diğer bölgelere nispeten daha geç tanışmış olmasına rağmen pandemiden en ağır şekilde etkilenecek kıta
olması beklenmektedir. Afrika Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezleri verilerine göre 17 Mayıs 2021 tarihi itibariyle
Afrika’da COVID-19’a yakalananların sayısı 4.692.520 kişiyi bulmuştur.2 Tüm salgın hastalıklar ulusal ve bölgesel
çözümlerin yanında küresel koordinasyon da gerektirdiğinden, mevcut şartlarda sağlık sistemleri oldukça kırılgan olan Afrika
kıtası için COVID-19 ile mücadelede etkin ve küresel bir sağlık yönetişimi hayati önemdedir. Söz konusu yönetişimin
işaretleri küresel/bölgesel aktörler tarafından halihazırda verilmiştir. Bu aktörlerden biri de bölge ile uzun tarihi geçmişe
sahip Türkiye’dir. Kıta ülkeleri ile ilişkilerinde insani diplomasi ilkelerini önceleyen Türkiye; kıta ülkeleri ile ilişkilerinde
sağlık alanına özel bir önem vermiş ve bu yaklaşımını COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde de göstermiştir. Türkiye, küresel
yönetişimin etkili bir üyesi olarak, gerek devlet kurum ve kuruluşları gerek özel sektör ve gönüllü kuruluşları eliyle, tarihsel
sorumluluğunun da bilinciyle, Afrika kıtasındaki ülkelerin pandemiyle mücadelesinde etkin bir rol oynamaktadır.

References

  • Africa Center for Strategic Studies (2020, 3 Nisan). Mapping Risk Factors for the Spread of COVID-19 in Africa, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://africacenter.org/spotlight/mapping-risk-factors-spread-covid-19-africa.
  • Africa Center for Strategic Studies (2021, 5 Ocak). Analyzing Africa’s Second Wave of COVID-19, 30 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://africacenter.org/spotlight/analyzing-africas-second-wave-of-covid-19/.
  • African Development Bank (2020, 07 Temmuz). African Economic Outlook 2020 - Supplement, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-economic-outlook-2021.
  • African Development Bank (2021, 12 Mart). African Economic Outlook 2021, 20 Mart 2021 tarihinde https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-economic-outlook-2021.
  • Ataman, H. (2016). Afrika Kıtası: Sağlık, Kadın Sağlığı, Türkiye ile Sağlık Turizmi. Ermağan, İ. (Ed.). Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika - 3 (311-336). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Barbazza, E. & Juan E. T. (2014, Mayıs). A Review of Health Governance: Definitions, Dimensions and Tools to Govern. Health Policy, 116(1), 1-11.
  • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2020, Şubat). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Dedicates Additional Funding to the Novel Coronavirus Response, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/PressReleases/2020/02/Bill-and-Melinda-Gates-Foundation-Dedicates-Additional-Funding-to-the-NovelCoronavirus-Response.
  • Bevir, M. (ed.). (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Governance. Sage.
  • Boztaş, A. (2018). Uluslararası Platformlarda Afrika - Türkiye İlişkileri Nasıl Gelişir? Ermağan, İ. (Ed.). Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika - 5 (431-446). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Cornish, L. (2020, Aralık). Interactive: Who's Funding the COVID-19 Response and What are the Priorities?, 20 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde https://www.devex.com/news/interactive-who-s-funding-the-covid-19-response-andwhat-are-the-priorities-96833.
  • Çavuşoğlu, M. (2020, 25 Mayıs). Afrika'yla Birlik Şimdi Her Zamankinden Daha Gerekli, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-mevlut-cavusoglunun-afrika-gunu-makalesi-25-5-2020.tr.mfa, Erişim: 25.09.2020.
  • Çomak, İ. (2011/2). Türkiye’nin Afrika Politikası ve Sağlık Sektöründe Çalışan Türk STK’ların TİKA’nın Desteğinde Afrika’da Yürüttüğü Faaliyetlerin Bu Politikaya Etkisi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 40(2), 201-222.
  • Çuvalcı, B. (2020, 10 Temmuz). Multilateral Response: Africa-Turkey Partnership, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://furtherafrica.com/2020/07/10/multilateral-response-africa-turkey-partnership.
  • De Waal, A. (2020, April). Governance Implications of Epidemic Disease in Africa: Updating the Agenda for COVID19, 30 Ekim 2020 tarihinde http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/104471/1/De_Waal_governance_implications_of_epidemic_disease_africa_published.pdf
  • European Parliament - European Parliamentary Research Service (2020, 22 Mayıs). COVID-19 in Africa: What is at Stake, 23 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://sciencemediahub.eu/2020/05/22/covid-19-in-africa-what-is-at-stake.
  • Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, E. (2018). Türk Dış Politikasında Afrika – Temel Dinamikler, Fırsatlar ve Engeller. Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Güngör, B. (2021, 15 Nisan). Foreign aid during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Turkey. Southeat European and Black Sea Studies, 21 Nisan 2021 tarihinde https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14683857.2021.1900668?src=.
  • Hale, T. & Held, D. (2011). (Ed.). Handbook of Transnational Governance. Polity Press.
  • Hazar, N. (2016). Türkiye Afrika İlişkileri – Türkiye’nin Dost Kıtaya Açılım Stratejisi. Akçağ Yayınları.
  • Hommann, K. & Lall, V. S. (2019). Which Way to Livable and Productive Cities? A Road Map for Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank.
  • Houreld, K., Lewis, D., Mcneill, R. & Granados, S. (2020, 7 Mayıs). Virus Exposes Gaping Holes in Africa’s Health Systems, 22 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://graphics.reuters.com/HEALTHCORONAVIRUS/AFRICA/yzdpxoqbdvx/.
  • Hughes, E. O. (2013). Kamu İşletmeciliği ve Yönetimi (B. Kalkan, B. Akın & Ş. Akın, Çev.). BigBang Yayınları.
  • İpek, V. & Kaçar, M. (2020). Sağlık Olsun Afrika. Ermağan, İ., Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, E. & İpek, V. (Ed.). Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika - 6 (283-306). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. & Stern, M. (1999). Defining Global Public Goods. Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. & Stern, M. (Ed.). Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century (2-19). Oxford University Press.
  • Kavas, A. & Tepebaş, U. (2007). Sahra Altı Afrika - II. Türk-Afrika Kongresi. TASAM Yayınları.
  • Kuhlmann, E., Blank, H. R., Bourgeault, I. L. & Wendt, C. (2015). Healthcare Policy and Governance in International Perspective. Kuhlmann, E., Blank, H. R., Bourgeault, I. L. & Wendt, C. (Ed.). The Palgrave International Handbook of Heathcare Policy and Governance (3-19). Palgrave.
  • Lewis, M. & Petterson, G. (2009). Governance in Health Care Delivery: Raising Performance. Policy Research Working Paper, 5074, The World Bank, 05 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/governance_raisingperformance/en/.
  • Loembé, M. M., Tshangela, A., Salyer, S. J., Varma, J. K., Ouma, A. E. O. & Nkengasong, J. N. (2020, Temmuz).
  • COVID-19 in Africa: The Spread and Response. Nature Medicine, 26(7), 996-1008.
  • Memişoğlu, D. & Kalkan, B. (2016). Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Yönetişim, İnovasyon ve Türkiye. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 645-665.
  • Mendoza, X. & Vernis, A. (2008, Ağustos). The Changing Role of Governments and the Emergence of the Relational State. Corporate Governance, 8(4), 389-396.
  • Mo Ibrahim Foundation (2020, 8 Nisan). Covid-19 in Africa: A Call for Coordinated Governance, Improved Health Structures and Better Data, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://mo.ibrahim.foundation/news/2020/covid-19-africa-acall-coordinated-governance-improved-health-structures-and-better-data.
  • Mooketsane, K.S. & Phirinyane, M. B. (2015, Aralık). Health Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Global Social Policy, 15(3), 345-348.
  • Nkengasong, J. N. & Mankoula, W. (2020, 14 Mart). Looming Threat of COVID-19 Infection in Africa: Act Collectively, and Fast, The Lancet, 10 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30464-5/fulltext.
  • Pierre, J. (2000). Debating Governance, Authority, Steering, and Democracy. Oxford University Press.
  • Rand Corporation (2016). Identifying Future Disease Hot Spots - Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1605.html.
  • Renzaho, A. M. N. (2020, Mayıs). The Need for the Right Socio-Economic and Cultural Fit in the COVID-19 Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: Examining Demographic, Economic Political, Health, and Socio-Cultural Differentials in COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 1-14.
  • Sarı, U. Ç. (2020, 8 Mayıs). Turkey's Africa Policy After the Pandemic, Daily Sabah, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/turkeys-africa-policy-after-the-pandemic.
  • Smith, S. (2020, 30 Mart). Managing Health and Economic Priorities as the COVID-19 Pandemic Spreads in Africa, 05 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://africacenter.org/spotlight/managing-health-economic-priorities-covid-19-pandemicspreads-africa/.
  • Tepebaş, U. (2009). Türk ve Afrikalı Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK’lar) “İşbirliği ve Kalkınma”. TASAM Yayınları.
  • Tepebaş, U. (2010). Büyük Güçler ve Afrika - “21. Yüzyılda Çok boyutlu Afrika Rekabeti”. TASAM Yayınları.
  • Yilmaz, B. E. & Yaraşır, S. (2011-[1]). Bir Küresel Kamusal Mal Olarak Sağlık ve Finansmanında Resmi Kalkınma Yardımlarının Rolü. Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları, 55, 1-33, 03 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/7891.
  • Ysa, T., Albareda, A. & Forberger, S. (2014). What is Governance. Anderson, P., Bühringer, G. & Colom, J. (Ed.). Reframing Addictions: Policies, Processes and Pressures - The ALICE RAP Project, 30 Ekim 2020 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance.
  • UNDP Türkiye (2020, 26 Mart). COVID-19 Küresel İnsani Yardım Planı, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/presscenter/articles/2020/03/COVID-19-UN.html.
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2020a, 15 Nisan). COVID-19 in Africa - Protecting Lives and Economies, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/43756.
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2020b, 20 Mayıs). Policy Brief: Impact of COVID-19 in Africa, 20.05.2020, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Policy-brief-Impact-ofCOVID-19-in-Africa.pdf.
  • World Health Organisation (2012). Governance for Health in the 21st Century, 05 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/governance-for-health-in-the-21st-century.
  • World Health Organisation. Water Sanitation Hygiene – Monitoring Hygiene, 27 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/monitoring-hygiene/en/, Erişim: 27.09.2020.
  • World Health Organisation (2020, 7 Mayıs). New WHO Estimates: Up to 190 000 People could Die of COVID-19 in Africa if Not Controlled, 23 Eylül 2020 tarihinde http://whotogowhoafroccmaster.newsweaver.com/JournalEnglishNewsletter/16d09hirbv7.

TURKEY-AFRICA COOPERATION IN THE COVID-19 ERA

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 1 - 15, 30.07.2021

Abstract

COVID-19, caused by the novel corona virus SARS-COV-2, first appeared in Wuhan in December 2019. It was declared as
a pandemic by the World Health Organisation on 11 March 2020 after its spread all over the world quickly. Africa has been
expected to be most severely affected by the pandemic, although it reached to the continent later than any other regions in
the world. As of 17 May 2021, total number of confirmed cases rose to 4.692.520 in Africa.3 Since all epidemics require global cooperation along with national/regional efforts, an efficient global health governance is vital for Africa where the
health system is already fragile. The signals of such a global governance have already been presented by various global and
regional actors. One of them is Turkey having historical ties with the region. The humanitarian basis of Turkish-African
relations and the sincerity of Turkey towards Africa have differentiated Turkey from all other actors regarding their
approaches towards the African continent. Since the beginning, Turkey has given a special attention to health in its relations
with the African countries. This attitude of Turkey can be recognised during COVID-19 era as well. As an effective member
of the global governance, Turkey has been playing a crucial role in fighting of the African countries against COVID-19
pandemic not only through its public institutions and private sector but also its voluntary organisations.

References

  • Africa Center for Strategic Studies (2020, 3 Nisan). Mapping Risk Factors for the Spread of COVID-19 in Africa, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://africacenter.org/spotlight/mapping-risk-factors-spread-covid-19-africa.
  • Africa Center for Strategic Studies (2021, 5 Ocak). Analyzing Africa’s Second Wave of COVID-19, 30 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://africacenter.org/spotlight/analyzing-africas-second-wave-of-covid-19/.
  • African Development Bank (2020, 07 Temmuz). African Economic Outlook 2020 - Supplement, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-economic-outlook-2021.
  • African Development Bank (2021, 12 Mart). African Economic Outlook 2021, 20 Mart 2021 tarihinde https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-economic-outlook-2021.
  • Ataman, H. (2016). Afrika Kıtası: Sağlık, Kadın Sağlığı, Türkiye ile Sağlık Turizmi. Ermağan, İ. (Ed.). Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika - 3 (311-336). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Barbazza, E. & Juan E. T. (2014, Mayıs). A Review of Health Governance: Definitions, Dimensions and Tools to Govern. Health Policy, 116(1), 1-11.
  • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2020, Şubat). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Dedicates Additional Funding to the Novel Coronavirus Response, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/PressReleases/2020/02/Bill-and-Melinda-Gates-Foundation-Dedicates-Additional-Funding-to-the-NovelCoronavirus-Response.
  • Bevir, M. (ed.). (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Governance. Sage.
  • Boztaş, A. (2018). Uluslararası Platformlarda Afrika - Türkiye İlişkileri Nasıl Gelişir? Ermağan, İ. (Ed.). Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika - 5 (431-446). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Cornish, L. (2020, Aralık). Interactive: Who's Funding the COVID-19 Response and What are the Priorities?, 20 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde https://www.devex.com/news/interactive-who-s-funding-the-covid-19-response-andwhat-are-the-priorities-96833.
  • Çavuşoğlu, M. (2020, 25 Mayıs). Afrika'yla Birlik Şimdi Her Zamankinden Daha Gerekli, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-mevlut-cavusoglunun-afrika-gunu-makalesi-25-5-2020.tr.mfa, Erişim: 25.09.2020.
  • Çomak, İ. (2011/2). Türkiye’nin Afrika Politikası ve Sağlık Sektöründe Çalışan Türk STK’ların TİKA’nın Desteğinde Afrika’da Yürüttüğü Faaliyetlerin Bu Politikaya Etkisi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 40(2), 201-222.
  • Çuvalcı, B. (2020, 10 Temmuz). Multilateral Response: Africa-Turkey Partnership, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://furtherafrica.com/2020/07/10/multilateral-response-africa-turkey-partnership.
  • De Waal, A. (2020, April). Governance Implications of Epidemic Disease in Africa: Updating the Agenda for COVID19, 30 Ekim 2020 tarihinde http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/104471/1/De_Waal_governance_implications_of_epidemic_disease_africa_published.pdf
  • European Parliament - European Parliamentary Research Service (2020, 22 Mayıs). COVID-19 in Africa: What is at Stake, 23 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://sciencemediahub.eu/2020/05/22/covid-19-in-africa-what-is-at-stake.
  • Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, E. (2018). Türk Dış Politikasında Afrika – Temel Dinamikler, Fırsatlar ve Engeller. Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Güngör, B. (2021, 15 Nisan). Foreign aid during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Turkey. Southeat European and Black Sea Studies, 21 Nisan 2021 tarihinde https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14683857.2021.1900668?src=.
  • Hale, T. & Held, D. (2011). (Ed.). Handbook of Transnational Governance. Polity Press.
  • Hazar, N. (2016). Türkiye Afrika İlişkileri – Türkiye’nin Dost Kıtaya Açılım Stratejisi. Akçağ Yayınları.
  • Hommann, K. & Lall, V. S. (2019). Which Way to Livable and Productive Cities? A Road Map for Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank.
  • Houreld, K., Lewis, D., Mcneill, R. & Granados, S. (2020, 7 Mayıs). Virus Exposes Gaping Holes in Africa’s Health Systems, 22 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://graphics.reuters.com/HEALTHCORONAVIRUS/AFRICA/yzdpxoqbdvx/.
  • Hughes, E. O. (2013). Kamu İşletmeciliği ve Yönetimi (B. Kalkan, B. Akın & Ş. Akın, Çev.). BigBang Yayınları.
  • İpek, V. & Kaçar, M. (2020). Sağlık Olsun Afrika. Ermağan, İ., Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, E. & İpek, V. (Ed.). Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika - 6 (283-306). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. & Stern, M. (1999). Defining Global Public Goods. Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. & Stern, M. (Ed.). Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century (2-19). Oxford University Press.
  • Kavas, A. & Tepebaş, U. (2007). Sahra Altı Afrika - II. Türk-Afrika Kongresi. TASAM Yayınları.
  • Kuhlmann, E., Blank, H. R., Bourgeault, I. L. & Wendt, C. (2015). Healthcare Policy and Governance in International Perspective. Kuhlmann, E., Blank, H. R., Bourgeault, I. L. & Wendt, C. (Ed.). The Palgrave International Handbook of Heathcare Policy and Governance (3-19). Palgrave.
  • Lewis, M. & Petterson, G. (2009). Governance in Health Care Delivery: Raising Performance. Policy Research Working Paper, 5074, The World Bank, 05 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/governance_raisingperformance/en/.
  • Loembé, M. M., Tshangela, A., Salyer, S. J., Varma, J. K., Ouma, A. E. O. & Nkengasong, J. N. (2020, Temmuz).
  • COVID-19 in Africa: The Spread and Response. Nature Medicine, 26(7), 996-1008.
  • Memişoğlu, D. & Kalkan, B. (2016). Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Yönetişim, İnovasyon ve Türkiye. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 645-665.
  • Mendoza, X. & Vernis, A. (2008, Ağustos). The Changing Role of Governments and the Emergence of the Relational State. Corporate Governance, 8(4), 389-396.
  • Mo Ibrahim Foundation (2020, 8 Nisan). Covid-19 in Africa: A Call for Coordinated Governance, Improved Health Structures and Better Data, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://mo.ibrahim.foundation/news/2020/covid-19-africa-acall-coordinated-governance-improved-health-structures-and-better-data.
  • Mooketsane, K.S. & Phirinyane, M. B. (2015, Aralık). Health Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Global Social Policy, 15(3), 345-348.
  • Nkengasong, J. N. & Mankoula, W. (2020, 14 Mart). Looming Threat of COVID-19 Infection in Africa: Act Collectively, and Fast, The Lancet, 10 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30464-5/fulltext.
  • Pierre, J. (2000). Debating Governance, Authority, Steering, and Democracy. Oxford University Press.
  • Rand Corporation (2016). Identifying Future Disease Hot Spots - Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index, 25 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1605.html.
  • Renzaho, A. M. N. (2020, Mayıs). The Need for the Right Socio-Economic and Cultural Fit in the COVID-19 Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: Examining Demographic, Economic Political, Health, and Socio-Cultural Differentials in COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 1-14.
  • Sarı, U. Ç. (2020, 8 Mayıs). Turkey's Africa Policy After the Pandemic, Daily Sabah, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/turkeys-africa-policy-after-the-pandemic.
  • Smith, S. (2020, 30 Mart). Managing Health and Economic Priorities as the COVID-19 Pandemic Spreads in Africa, 05 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://africacenter.org/spotlight/managing-health-economic-priorities-covid-19-pandemicspreads-africa/.
  • Tepebaş, U. (2009). Türk ve Afrikalı Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK’lar) “İşbirliği ve Kalkınma”. TASAM Yayınları.
  • Tepebaş, U. (2010). Büyük Güçler ve Afrika - “21. Yüzyılda Çok boyutlu Afrika Rekabeti”. TASAM Yayınları.
  • Yilmaz, B. E. & Yaraşır, S. (2011-[1]). Bir Küresel Kamusal Mal Olarak Sağlık ve Finansmanında Resmi Kalkınma Yardımlarının Rolü. Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları, 55, 1-33, 03 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/7891.
  • Ysa, T., Albareda, A. & Forberger, S. (2014). What is Governance. Anderson, P., Bühringer, G. & Colom, J. (Ed.). Reframing Addictions: Policies, Processes and Pressures - The ALICE RAP Project, 30 Ekim 2020 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance.
  • UNDP Türkiye (2020, 26 Mart). COVID-19 Küresel İnsani Yardım Planı, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/presscenter/articles/2020/03/COVID-19-UN.html.
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2020a, 15 Nisan). COVID-19 in Africa - Protecting Lives and Economies, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/43756.
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2020b, 20 Mayıs). Policy Brief: Impact of COVID-19 in Africa, 20.05.2020, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Policy-brief-Impact-ofCOVID-19-in-Africa.pdf.
  • World Health Organisation (2012). Governance for Health in the 21st Century, 05 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/governance-for-health-in-the-21st-century.
  • World Health Organisation. Water Sanitation Hygiene – Monitoring Hygiene, 27 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/monitoring-hygiene/en/, Erişim: 27.09.2020.
  • World Health Organisation (2020, 7 Mayıs). New WHO Estimates: Up to 190 000 People could Die of COVID-19 in Africa if Not Controlled, 23 Eylül 2020 tarihinde http://whotogowhoafroccmaster.newsweaver.com/JournalEnglishNewsletter/16d09hirbv7.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ebru Oğurlu This is me 0000-0003-0538-5985

Publication Date July 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Oğurlu, E. (2021). COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ. Africania, 1(2), 1-15.
AMA Oğurlu E. COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ. Africania. July 2021;1(2):1-15.
Chicago Oğurlu, Ebru. “COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ”. Africania 1, no. 2 (July 2021): 1-15.
EndNote Oğurlu E (July 1, 2021) COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ. Africania 1 2 1–15.
IEEE E. Oğurlu, “COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ”, Africania, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–15, 2021.
ISNAD Oğurlu, Ebru. “COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ”. Africania 1/2 (July 2021), 1-15.
JAMA Oğurlu E. COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ. Africania. 2021;1:1–15.
MLA Oğurlu, Ebru. “COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ”. Africania, vol. 1, no. 2, 2021, pp. 1-15.
Vancouver Oğurlu E. COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE-AFRİKA SAĞLIK İŞBİRLİĞİ. Africania. 2021;1(2):1-15.