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NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 28 - 50, 30.07.2021

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Şeyh İbrahim Yakub el-Zakzaki’nin politik aktivizmine ve Nijerya’da en aktif Şii grubu olarak bilinen Nijerya İslami Hareketi’ne (IMN) değinilmektedir. Nijerya İslami Hareketi’nin altyapısı, 1979 yılında İran’da gerçekleşen devrim ile birlikte 1980’lerden bu yana Nijerya devleti ve diğer dini gruplara karşı sert bir mücadeleye liderlik eden Şeyh İbrahim Yakub el-Zakzaki tarafından hazırlandı. Çalışma, Nijerya Şiilerinin sosyal ve politik dinamiklerini tarihsel bir perspektiften inceleyerek, bugüne kadarki faaliyetlerinin farklı aşamalarını sunuyor. Ayrıca, Nijerya’da Şiiliğin kökeninin ve Şiiliğin bu bölgede yayılmasını kolaylaştıran faktörlerin belirlenmesini, Nijerya’da İran’ın gücüne ve etkisine katkıda bulunan faktörlerin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, Nijerya’ya yerleşmiş Lübnanlı Şiilerin tarihini Nijeryalı Şiilerin faaliyetleri, Şiiliğe geçişlerinin nedenleri ve karşılaştıkları zorlukları incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Aynı zamanda IMN çağrılarının içeriği ve metodolojisi nedeniyle Sufi ve Selefi Müslüman topluluklar arasındaki anlaşmazlığın bazı teolojik boyutlarını ele alıyor.
1979 İran İslam Devrimi’nin bölgede Şiiliğin yerleşmesinde etkili olduğu ve İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin Nijeryalı öğrencilerin İran’da eğitim görmeleri için burs sağlaması gibi birçok faaliyetin Şiiliğin bölgede yayılmasına katkıda bulunduğu görülmüştür. Makale, İran’ın Şiiliği yumuşak güç olarak kullandığı, Nijerya İslami Hareketi’nin İran Devrimi temelli etkileşimlerin sonucu ortaya çıktığını, ve İran Şiiliğinin bir uzantısı olduğunu savunuyor.
Nijerya'da Şiilik üzerine akademik kaynakların azlığı nedeniyle, incelemeler internet üzerinden temin edilen destekleyici materyallere dayanmaktadır. Kaynak materyal eksikliği nedeniyle, bu makale farklı kaynaklardan zıt bilgilerin toplanmasına dayanmaktadır.

References

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  • Alami, M. (2018). Hezbollah’s African Venture: Realites and Limitations. King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.kfcris.com/pdf/3891727d972ab090279bb62f83d4faba5b756a11b4372.pdf
  • Amara, R. B. (2011). The Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Shari’a Re-Implementation. Universitat Bayreuth, Almanya.
  • Cia. gov. (1999). The Lebanese in Sub-Saharan Africa. 20.12.2020 tarihinde https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000258637.pdf
  • Ciforb resources Nigeria. CIFORB Country Profile–Nigeria 31.12.2020 tarihinde https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/collegeartslaw/ptr/ciforb/resources/Nigeria.pdf
  • Doukhan, D. (2016). Winds of War in Nigeria and The Tropical Shi’ism Zone. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. 23.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/ICT-War-Nigeria-Doukhan-Jan16.pdf
  • Ebrahimpour, A. A. (15 Aralık 2020). Iran’s Internatinal Propaganda Machine: Al Mustafa InternationalUniversity.24.12.2020tarihnde https://iranwire.com/en/features/8338
  • Falola, T. Genova, A. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. U.S.A: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  • Grey, S. ve Adeakin, I (2019). Nigeria’s Shi’a Islamic Movement and Evolving Islamist Threat Landscape: Old, New and Future Generators of Radicalization 02.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19392206.2019.1639281
  • Hamming, T. R. (2014). Diffusion of Islamic Discourse: Saudi and Iranian Influence in Lagos and Cape Town. (Yayımlanmamış yükseklisans tezi). Paris School of International Affairs.Paris.
  • Hassan, I. H. (2015). An Introduction to Islamic Movements and Modes of Thought in Nigeria. Program of African Studies Northwestern University, U.S.A. 20.12.2020
  • tarihindehttps://africanstudies.northwestern.edu/docs/publicationsresearch/working-papers/HASSAN%202015%20PAS-ISITA%20WP%20NO%201. pdf.
  • Hayatu, S. A. (2017). From Islamism to Realpolitik: Islamic Movement of Nigeria’s Paradigm Shift as Checkmate-strategy against Sunni Influence in Nigeria, Proceeding of International Conference of Empowering Islamic Civilization, Research Institue for Islamic Product and Malay Civilization Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, (304-310).
  • Hill, J. N. C. (2010. Sufism in Northern Nigeria: Force For Counter-Radicalization? 01.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/116410/pub989.pdf
  • Hrw. (2015). Nigeria: Army Attack on Shia Unjustified. 20.12.2020 tarihinde https://www. hrw.org/news/2015/12/22/nigeria-army-attack-shia-unjustified
  • Isa, K. H. (2018). Sunni Literary Responses to the Spread of Shia Ideology in Northern Nigeria. Londra İslam Koleji tarafından 2016'da düzenlenen Uluslararası Şii Çalışmaları Konferansına sunulan bir makalenin genişletilmiş versiyonu. NR52/2018 ISSN 2545-3234 (113-130).
  • Isa, K. H. Adam, S. Y. (2017). A History of Shia and its Development in Nigeria: The Case-Study of Kano, Journal of Islamic Studies, Volume 36, (2017), eISSN: 0257-706 (226-256).
  • Kavak, G. (2019, 7 Ağustos). Nijerya İslami Hareketi (IMN) Meselesi ve Boko Haram’ın Hatırlattıkları. Afrika Araştırmacıları Derneği,-AFAM. 19.12.2020 tarihinde https:// afam. org.tr/ nijerya-islami-hareketi-imn-meselesi-ve-boko-haramin-hatirlattiklari/
  • Köksal, A. (2007). Nijerya. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul'da basılan 33. cildinde, 108-109 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. 20.12.2020 tarihinde https ://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nijerya
  • Ministry of Mines and Steel Development. (2017). Nigeria’s Mining and Metal Sector. Investment Promotion Brochure. Minister of Mines and Steel Development. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https://www.a-mla.org/images/acts/Nigeria-Ministry-of-Solid-Minerals-Investment-BrochureV14.pdf.pdf
  • Mohammed, F. K. (2017). The Causes and Consequences of Internal Displacement in Nigeria and Related Governance Challenges. Division Global Issues, Stiftung Wissenchaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin.
  • Muhammad, M.S. Abdullahi, M. M. (2019). The Spread of Shia and ıts Activities in Nigeria, Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, Vol, 4, No. 1 (2019) 28-41.
  • Murtala, İ. (2020). Markus Balkenhol, Ernst van den Hemel, Irene Stengs (Ed.), Spatial Piety: Shia Religious Processions and the Politics of Contestation of Puplic Space in Northern Nigeria içinde (s. 89-105). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nyemah, R. GM. (2011). Economics of Oil Discovery in West Africa: The Nigerian Experience. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.researchgate. net/publication /280131660_ECONOMICS_OF_OIL_DISCOVERY_IN_WEST_AFRICA_THE_NIGERIAN_EXPERIENCE
  • Oecd. org. (2012). Nigeria. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.oecd. rg/swac/publications/Nigeria_e-version_ en_light.pdf.
  • Okoli, A.C. ve Anjide, S.T. (2017). New Trajectory of Islamic Extremism in Northern: A Threat-Import Analysis of Shiite’s Uprising. International Journal of African and Asian Studies Vol.32, (41-51).
  • Oudah, C. (5 Ağustos 2016). Sheikh El-Zakzaky Through the Eyes of His Followers. Aljazeera. 24.12.2020tarihinde https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/8/5/sheikh-el-zakzaky-through-the-eyes-of-his-followers
  • Sawahel, W. (28 Eylül 2018). Iran’s ‘Branc campuses’ reach Sub-Saharan Africa. 24.12.2020tarihinde https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20180925134208657
  • Soonest, N. (2019). El-Zakzaky: Politics, Religion, and The Persecution of Shiites in Nigeria. 20.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www. theelephant.info/ features/2019/03/21/ el-zakzaky-politics-religion-and-the-persecution-of-shiites-in-nigeria/?print=pdf
  • State. gov. (2019). Nigeria 2019 International Religious Freedom Report. 01.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/NIGERIA-2019 INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf
  • Steckler, J. (2020). How Iran Exports Its Ideology. United Against Nuclear Iran. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https: // www. unitedagainstnucleariran. com/ sites/ default/ files/expansion/Iran%27s%20Ideological%20Expansion%20Final%20Report_12082020.pdf
  • Sulaiman, A. A. Kambari, A. M. (2014). The Activities and Challenges of Muslim Students’ Society of Nigeria (MSSN) in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 40, Volume 19, Issue 1, Ver.VII, e-ISSN: 2279-0837 40. (40-45).
  • Tande, D. (2012). Beyond Boko Haram: The Rise of Radical/Militant/Extremism Islam in Nigeria & Cameroon.( C. A. Buckley (Ed.), Instability in Nigeria: The Domestic Factors. Threats to Nigeria’s Security: Boko Haram and Beyond içinde (s.y) Washington, DC.
  • Thurston, A. (2018). Campuses and Conflict in the Lake Chad Basın Violent Extremism and the Politics of Religion in Higher Education. (26-27).
  • Thurston, A. (2020). Sectarian Triangles: Salafis, the Shi‘a, and the Politics of Religious Affiliations in Northern Nigeria. 20.12.2020 tarihindehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/abs/sectarian-triangles-salafis-the-shia-and-the-politics-of-religious-affiliations-in-northern-nigeria/16F725C23ADE008C177C6849794ABFF7 adresinden ulaşıldı.
  • Toprak, K. (2019, 13 Ağustos). Nijerya'da Tahran Riyad Rekabetinin Etkisi: Zakzaki Hareketi. Yeni Şafak Gazetesi, 19.12.2020 tarihinde https://www. yenisafak.com/ hayat/nijeryada-tahran-riyad-rekabetinin-etkisi-zakzaki-hareketi-3501935
  • Toprak, K. (2019, 27 Haziran). Suud-İran Rekabetinin Yeni Mahalli: Nijerya. Anadolu Ajansı, 01.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/suud-iran-rekabetinin-yeni-mahalli-nijerya/1517174
  • Zenn J. Nigerian al-Qaedism. (ty). 19.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.hudson.org/content /researchattachments/attachment/1392/zenn.pdf
  • Zenn, J. (2013, Ekim). The Islamic Movement and Iranian Intelligence Activities in Nigeria. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https:// ctc.usma.edu/the-islamic-movement-and-iranian-intelligence-activities-in-nigeria/
Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 28 - 50, 30.07.2021

Abstract

References

  • Abubakar, A. (13 Ekim 2020). Iran’s Overseas Propaganda: A Copycat Movement in Nigeria. 02.01.2021 tarihinde https://iranwire.com/en/features/7788
  • Alami, M. (2018). Hezbollah’s African Venture: Realites and Limitations. King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.kfcris.com/pdf/3891727d972ab090279bb62f83d4faba5b756a11b4372.pdf
  • Amara, R. B. (2011). The Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Shari’a Re-Implementation. Universitat Bayreuth, Almanya.
  • Cia. gov. (1999). The Lebanese in Sub-Saharan Africa. 20.12.2020 tarihinde https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000258637.pdf
  • Ciforb resources Nigeria. CIFORB Country Profile–Nigeria 31.12.2020 tarihinde https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/collegeartslaw/ptr/ciforb/resources/Nigeria.pdf
  • Doukhan, D. (2016). Winds of War in Nigeria and The Tropical Shi’ism Zone. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. 23.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/ICT-War-Nigeria-Doukhan-Jan16.pdf
  • Ebrahimpour, A. A. (15 Aralık 2020). Iran’s Internatinal Propaganda Machine: Al Mustafa InternationalUniversity.24.12.2020tarihnde https://iranwire.com/en/features/8338
  • Falola, T. Genova, A. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. U.S.A: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  • Grey, S. ve Adeakin, I (2019). Nigeria’s Shi’a Islamic Movement and Evolving Islamist Threat Landscape: Old, New and Future Generators of Radicalization 02.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19392206.2019.1639281
  • Hamming, T. R. (2014). Diffusion of Islamic Discourse: Saudi and Iranian Influence in Lagos and Cape Town. (Yayımlanmamış yükseklisans tezi). Paris School of International Affairs.Paris.
  • Hassan, I. H. (2015). An Introduction to Islamic Movements and Modes of Thought in Nigeria. Program of African Studies Northwestern University, U.S.A. 20.12.2020
  • tarihindehttps://africanstudies.northwestern.edu/docs/publicationsresearch/working-papers/HASSAN%202015%20PAS-ISITA%20WP%20NO%201. pdf.
  • Hayatu, S. A. (2017). From Islamism to Realpolitik: Islamic Movement of Nigeria’s Paradigm Shift as Checkmate-strategy against Sunni Influence in Nigeria, Proceeding of International Conference of Empowering Islamic Civilization, Research Institue for Islamic Product and Malay Civilization Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, (304-310).
  • Hill, J. N. C. (2010. Sufism in Northern Nigeria: Force For Counter-Radicalization? 01.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/116410/pub989.pdf
  • Hrw. (2015). Nigeria: Army Attack on Shia Unjustified. 20.12.2020 tarihinde https://www. hrw.org/news/2015/12/22/nigeria-army-attack-shia-unjustified
  • Isa, K. H. (2018). Sunni Literary Responses to the Spread of Shia Ideology in Northern Nigeria. Londra İslam Koleji tarafından 2016'da düzenlenen Uluslararası Şii Çalışmaları Konferansına sunulan bir makalenin genişletilmiş versiyonu. NR52/2018 ISSN 2545-3234 (113-130).
  • Isa, K. H. Adam, S. Y. (2017). A History of Shia and its Development in Nigeria: The Case-Study of Kano, Journal of Islamic Studies, Volume 36, (2017), eISSN: 0257-706 (226-256).
  • Kavak, G. (2019, 7 Ağustos). Nijerya İslami Hareketi (IMN) Meselesi ve Boko Haram’ın Hatırlattıkları. Afrika Araştırmacıları Derneği,-AFAM. 19.12.2020 tarihinde https:// afam. org.tr/ nijerya-islami-hareketi-imn-meselesi-ve-boko-haramin-hatirlattiklari/
  • Köksal, A. (2007). Nijerya. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul'da basılan 33. cildinde, 108-109 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. 20.12.2020 tarihinde https ://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nijerya
  • Ministry of Mines and Steel Development. (2017). Nigeria’s Mining and Metal Sector. Investment Promotion Brochure. Minister of Mines and Steel Development. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https://www.a-mla.org/images/acts/Nigeria-Ministry-of-Solid-Minerals-Investment-BrochureV14.pdf.pdf
  • Mohammed, F. K. (2017). The Causes and Consequences of Internal Displacement in Nigeria and Related Governance Challenges. Division Global Issues, Stiftung Wissenchaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin.
  • Muhammad, M.S. Abdullahi, M. M. (2019). The Spread of Shia and ıts Activities in Nigeria, Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, Vol, 4, No. 1 (2019) 28-41.
  • Murtala, İ. (2020). Markus Balkenhol, Ernst van den Hemel, Irene Stengs (Ed.), Spatial Piety: Shia Religious Processions and the Politics of Contestation of Puplic Space in Northern Nigeria içinde (s. 89-105). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nyemah, R. GM. (2011). Economics of Oil Discovery in West Africa: The Nigerian Experience. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.researchgate. net/publication /280131660_ECONOMICS_OF_OIL_DISCOVERY_IN_WEST_AFRICA_THE_NIGERIAN_EXPERIENCE
  • Oecd. org. (2012). Nigeria. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.oecd. rg/swac/publications/Nigeria_e-version_ en_light.pdf.
  • Okoli, A.C. ve Anjide, S.T. (2017). New Trajectory of Islamic Extremism in Northern: A Threat-Import Analysis of Shiite’s Uprising. International Journal of African and Asian Studies Vol.32, (41-51).
  • Oudah, C. (5 Ağustos 2016). Sheikh El-Zakzaky Through the Eyes of His Followers. Aljazeera. 24.12.2020tarihinde https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/8/5/sheikh-el-zakzaky-through-the-eyes-of-his-followers
  • Sawahel, W. (28 Eylül 2018). Iran’s ‘Branc campuses’ reach Sub-Saharan Africa. 24.12.2020tarihinde https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20180925134208657
  • Soonest, N. (2019). El-Zakzaky: Politics, Religion, and The Persecution of Shiites in Nigeria. 20.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www. theelephant.info/ features/2019/03/21/ el-zakzaky-politics-religion-and-the-persecution-of-shiites-in-nigeria/?print=pdf
  • State. gov. (2019). Nigeria 2019 International Religious Freedom Report. 01.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/NIGERIA-2019 INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf
  • Steckler, J. (2020). How Iran Exports Its Ideology. United Against Nuclear Iran. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https: // www. unitedagainstnucleariran. com/ sites/ default/ files/expansion/Iran%27s%20Ideological%20Expansion%20Final%20Report_12082020.pdf
  • Sulaiman, A. A. Kambari, A. M. (2014). The Activities and Challenges of Muslim Students’ Society of Nigeria (MSSN) in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 40, Volume 19, Issue 1, Ver.VII, e-ISSN: 2279-0837 40. (40-45).
  • Tande, D. (2012). Beyond Boko Haram: The Rise of Radical/Militant/Extremism Islam in Nigeria & Cameroon.( C. A. Buckley (Ed.), Instability in Nigeria: The Domestic Factors. Threats to Nigeria’s Security: Boko Haram and Beyond içinde (s.y) Washington, DC.
  • Thurston, A. (2018). Campuses and Conflict in the Lake Chad Basın Violent Extremism and the Politics of Religion in Higher Education. (26-27).
  • Thurston, A. (2020). Sectarian Triangles: Salafis, the Shi‘a, and the Politics of Religious Affiliations in Northern Nigeria. 20.12.2020 tarihindehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/abs/sectarian-triangles-salafis-the-shia-and-the-politics-of-religious-affiliations-in-northern-nigeria/16F725C23ADE008C177C6849794ABFF7 adresinden ulaşıldı.
  • Toprak, K. (2019, 13 Ağustos). Nijerya'da Tahran Riyad Rekabetinin Etkisi: Zakzaki Hareketi. Yeni Şafak Gazetesi, 19.12.2020 tarihinde https://www. yenisafak.com/ hayat/nijeryada-tahran-riyad-rekabetinin-etkisi-zakzaki-hareketi-3501935
  • Toprak, K. (2019, 27 Haziran). Suud-İran Rekabetinin Yeni Mahalli: Nijerya. Anadolu Ajansı, 01.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/suud-iran-rekabetinin-yeni-mahalli-nijerya/1517174
  • Zenn J. Nigerian al-Qaedism. (ty). 19.12.2020 tarihinde https:// www.hudson.org/content /researchattachments/attachment/1392/zenn.pdf
  • Zenn, J. (2013, Ekim). The Islamic Movement and Iranian Intelligence Activities in Nigeria. 24.12.2020 tarihinde https:// ctc.usma.edu/the-islamic-movement-and-iranian-intelligence-activities-in-nigeria/
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kenan Toprak This is me 0000-0001-8634-1823

Publication Date July 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Toprak, K. (2021). NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ. Africania, 1(2), 28-50.
AMA Toprak K. NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ. Africania. July 2021;1(2):28-50.
Chicago Toprak, Kenan. “NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ”. Africania 1, no. 2 (July 2021): 28-50.
EndNote Toprak K (July 1, 2021) NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ. Africania 1 2 28–50.
IEEE K. Toprak, “NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ”, Africania, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 28–50, 2021.
ISNAD Toprak, Kenan. “NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ”. Africania 1/2 (July 2021), 28-50.
JAMA Toprak K. NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ. Africania. 2021;1:28–50.
MLA Toprak, Kenan. “NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ”. Africania, vol. 1, no. 2, 2021, pp. 28-50.
Vancouver Toprak K. NİJERYA’YA ŞİİLİĞİN GİRİŞİ VE YAYILMASINDA/GELİŞİMİNDE İRAN’IN ROLÜ. Africania. 2021;1(2):28-50.