SUDAN’DA ULUSAL BİRLİK: GEÇİŞ DÖNEMİNDE BARIŞ VE ENTEGRASYON

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 51 - 68, 30.07.2021

Serhat Orakçı

Abstract

Fetih ve diplomasi yoluyla 19.yy’da günümüzdeki görünümünü kazanan Sudan’da bütünleşme ve parçalanmanın modern siyasetinin iki uçunu teşkil ettiği görülmektedir. Etnik ve dini kimliğe dayalı kimlik siyaseti ülkede derin ayrışmalar yaratırken çok sayıda çevre bölge marjinalleşerek ülke bütünlüğünden uzaklaşmıştır. Buna karşın, bölgesel sorunları doğuran faktörlere kapsamlı ya da kısmen değinerek ülkenin birlik ve bütünlüğünü sağlamaya yönelik barış girişimleri ise her zaman olagelmiştir. Bu bağlamda Sudan’ın barış süreçlerini siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlara ulusal ya da bölgesel düzeyde değinen birer bütünleşme süreci olarak da değerlendirmek mümkündür. 1972’de gerçekleşen Addis Ababa Barış Anlaşması ve 2005 yılında imzalanan Kapsamlı Barış Anlaşması ülkenin güney bölümlerini kurtarmak ve ülkenin teritoryal birliğini sağlamak adına gerçekleşen girişimleridir. Şimdilerde ise Sudan’da Ömer el-Beşir iktidarının son bulmasının ardından iktidara gelen geçici hükümet yapısının ülkedeki bölgesel sorunları ve anlaşmazlıkları 2020 Ekim’de geçici hükümet ile Darfur, Güney Kordofan, Mavi Nil, Kuzey, Doğu, Merkez ve Üçüncü Cephe-Tamazuj arasında imzalanan Juba Barış Anlaşması ile sonlandırma çabasına şahit olmaktayız. Bu makale Sudan’ın bölgesel sorunlarını ve Juba Barış Anlaşmasını ulusal bütünleşme perspektifinden ele alarak Sudan’da sivil esaslara dayalı ulusal bir bütünleşmenin olup olamayacağını araştırmaktadır.

Keywords

Sudan, Birlik, Bütünleşme, Ulusal Bütünleşme, Juba Barış Anlaşması, Darfur, Güney Kordofan, Mavi Nil, Güney Sudan

SUDAN’S NATIONAL UNITY: THE PEACE AND INTEGRATION IN THE TRANSITION

Abstract

Unity and fragmentation are two edges of modern political spectrum of Sudan since it emerged in the 19th century as a result of annexations and diplomacy. As ethnic and religious identity politics have created deep ethnic and religious divisions in the country, several regions in the periphery of Sudan have remained marginalized and disintegrated. On the other hand, there have been always peace initiatives addressing partially or wholly root causes of regional conflicts in order to integrate and unite the country. It seems that Sudan’s peace processes might be considered as integration processes addressing political, economic and social issues either on national or regional levels. The Addis Ababa Peace Agreement in 1972 and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 were major attempts in order to save Southern parts of the country and unite Sudan territorially. Today, once again, we witness that transitional government body, which came to power after ouster of former President Omar al-Bashir, designates ending regional conflicts and disputes throughout 2020 Juba Peace Agreement, signed between Khartoum and regional elites in Darfur, South Kordofan, Blue Nile, Northern, Eastern, Central parts and the Third Front-Tamazuj. This paper aims exploring Sudan’s regional disputes and the Juba peace deal from the angle of national integration approach in order to understand whether this time construction of a new Sudan based upon civic values is possible or not.

Keywords

Sudan, Unity, Fragmentation, National Integration, the Juba Peace Agreement, Darfur, South Kordofan, Blue Nile, South Sudan

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