Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA'DA EĞİTİM

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 128 - 149, 30.07.2022

Abstract

Sömürge yönetimleri eğitimle kurbanlık zincirlerini süs ve mümkün olan en iyi tanıma olarak görerek, kurbanlarını artık köle olduklarını fark etmedikleri ölçüde köle yapmayı başardı. Sömürge eğitimiyle Avrupalıların yüceltildiği ölçü ve düzende Afrikalılar da değersizleştirildi. Onu benimseyen erkekler ve kadınlar, efendilerinin bir gölgesi haline geldiler ve efendilerine körü körüne bağlanan Afrikalıların aldıkları eğitim, inanç vaaz eden beyaz efendilerinin erkekliğini ve otoritesini sorgulamalarını son derece zorlaştırdı. Sömürgeciler eğitimi, her zaman sosyal mühendisliğin birincil aracı olarak gördü. Eğitimi uygarlaştırma misyonu ile örterek yerlilere kendi değerlerini empoze ettiler. Bu makale, bu bağlamda Afrika’daki kolonyal eğitim tarihindeki bu süreci geçmişten günümüze ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Afrika’daki sömürge öncesi dönem, sömürge dönemi ve sömürge sonrası dönem eğitim sistemindeki "modernleşme teorisi" olarak görülen emperyal etki ortaya konularak yerli halkların Avrupa yönetimleri ve misyonerlerce üretilen eğitimle yeniden yaratılmasının nedenlerini ve yerel seçkinlerin eğitiminin nasıl ve neden emperyal, ulusal ve uluslararası gündemlerde, farklı biçimlerde, farklı zamanlamalarla temel bir özellik haline geldiği, sözde “uygarlaştırma misyonu” retoriğiyle eğitimin bir “sosyal kontrol” projesinin parçası olduğu ve bunun için çok önemli olduğu ortaya konulmaktadır. Alanyazın taraması olarak yapılan bu çalışmada Afrika’daki sömürge öncesi dönem, sömürge dönemi ve sömürge sonrası dönem eğitim sistemine yönelik araştırmalar taranarak bir durum tespiti yapılmıştır. Sömürgeci eğitimin "yerlilerin" varsayılan "geri kalmışlığını" veya "tembelliğini" vurgulayan kavramlara gömülen refah ve modernleşme politikalarına ilişkin siyasi tartışmalarda merkezi bir rol oynadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Achebe, C. (2000). Home and Exile. New York: Anchor.
  • Afrika Araştırmacıları Derneği (2021). Bir Afrika Ülkesinin Tarihî Serencamı: Nijerya’da Eğitim Meselesi ve Almajirilik Sistemi. https://afam.org.tr/bir-afrika-ulkesinin-tarihi-serencami-nijeryada-egitim-meselesi-ve-almajirilik-sistemi/ adresinden alındı. Erişim Tarihi:07.06.2022
  • Aka, E. A. (1975). The problems of post-primary education and their effects on the political development of the Southern Cameroons under British administration, 1922-1961 (Doctoral Dissertation). McGill University, Arts Faculty of Education, Montreal.
  • Amado, A. D. (2015). The Illegible State In Cape Verde: Language Policy And The Quality Of Democracy Doctoral Dissertation). Boston University, Graduate School Of Arts And Sciences, Boston.
  • Amin, J. A. (1994). Continuity and Change in Cameroon's Education. Journal of Asian and African Studies , 248-259.
  • Anderson, J. (1970) The Struggle for the School (London, Longman).
  • Anucha, H. O. (1992). Strategic process models for developing community education in Nigeria based on a study of selected community education programs in Arizona, Michigan, and Oklahoma (Doctoral Dissertation). Oklahoma State University, The Faculty Of The Graduate College, Oklahoma.
  • Arapbor, K. E. (1998). Society, Education, And Teachers In Kenya : A Study In Sociology of Education (Doctoral Dissertation). The Maharaja Sayajırao University, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, Gujarat, India.
  • Balde, A. (2004). The schooling experiences of Fulani Muslim girls in the Fouta Djallon region of Guinea: Forces influencing their retention in a rural secondary school of Dalaba (Doctoral Dissertation). Ohio University,The Faculty of the College of Education,Ohio.
  • Ball, S. J. (1983). Imperialism, social control and the colonial curriculum in Africa. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 15(3), 237-263.
  • Beck, A. (1966). Colonial policy and education in British East Africa, 1900-1950. Journal of British Studies, 5(2), 115-138.
  • Benson, C. J. (1994). Teaching beginning literacy in the" Mother Tongue": A study of the experimental Crioulo/Portuguese primary project in Guinea-Bissau (Doctoral Dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles.
  • Bolt, J., & Bezemer, D. (2009). Understanding long-run African growth: colonial institutions or colonial education?. The Journal of Development Studies, 45(1), 24-54.
  • Borgen Magazine (2021). Prioritizing Education in Sao Tome and Principe. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/prioritizing-education-in-sao-tome-and-principe/ adresinden alındı. Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2022.
  • Bouchard, M. E. (2017). Linguistic variation and change in the Portuguese of São Tomé (Doctoral Dissertation). New York University, Philosophy Department of Linguistics, New York.
  • Carnoy, M. (1974) Education as Cultural lmperialism. McKay, New York.
  • Chekaraou, I. (2004). Teachers' appropriation of bilingual educational reform policy in sub-Saharan Africa: A socio-cultural study of two Hausa-French schools in Niger (Doctoral Dissertataion). Indiana University, the faculty of Graduate School, Bloomington.
  • Clignet, R. P., & Foster, P. J. (1964). French and British colonial education in Africa. Comparative Education Review, 8(2), 191-198.
  • Cross, M. (1987). The political economy of colonial education: Mozambique, 1930-1975. Comparative Education Review, 31(4), 550-569.
  • Crossman P and Devisch R (1999) Endogenisation and African Universities: Initiatives and Issues in the Quest for Plurality in the Human Sciences. Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
  • Daban, E. Z. (2018). Afrika’da Yerli Direnişi ve Bağımsızlık Hareketleri: Mzee Jomo Kenyatta Liderliğinde Kenya (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Deutsche Welle, (2022). Why the right to education remains a challenge in Africa. https://www.dw.com/ en/africa-right-to-education-remains-a-challenge/a-60518000. Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022.
  • Duany, J. A. (1999). Sudanese women and education: The struggle for equal access and participation. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Erdoğan, Sinan ve Acaravcı, Ali (2021). Sahraaltı Afrika Ülkelerinin İktisadi Gelişme Sürecine Kısa Bir Bakış. Kriter Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Evans, D. K., & Mendez Acosta, A. (2021). Education in Africa: What are we learning?. Journal of African Economies, 30(1), 13-54.
  • Ezeaku, L. C. (1979). Education in Nigeria: Its Functional and Dysfunctional Roles. The Developing Economies, 162-171.
  • Gallagher, K. (2022). 10 Important Facts About Educatıon In Afrıca. https://borgenproject.org/10-facts-about-education-in-africa. Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022.
  • Gamble, H. Y. (2002). Developing cultures: Debates over education in French West Africa, 1930–1950 (Doctoral Dissertation). New York University, Institute of French Studies, New York. Gerente, E. (2003). Ideologies of language and schooling in Guinea-Conakry: An exploratory study of teachers’ perspectives about mother-tongue education (Doctoral Dissertation). The University of Arizona, In the Graduate College,Tucson.
  • Gwei, S. N. (1976). Education In Cameroon: Western Pre-Colonial And Colonial Antecedents And The Development Of Higher Education(Doctoral Dissertation). The University of Michigan, Education Dapertment, Michigan.
  • Häberlein, T., & Maurus, S. (2020). Losing or securing futures? Looking beyond ‘proper’education to decision-making processes about young people’s education in Africa–an introduction. Children's Geographies, 18(6), 569-583.
  • Hadebe, N. M. (2017). Commodification, decolonisation and theological education in Africa: Renewed challenges for African theologians. HTS: Theological Studies, 73(3), 1-10.
  • Hahs Brinkley, C. (2016). Teacher Education in Central Equatoria, South Sudan (Doctoral Dissertation). Walden University, Education Dapertment, Minneapolis.
  • Hassane, S. H. (2002). Assessing the counseling and guidance needs of middle school students of Niger: Perceptions of policy makers, administrators, teachers, students, and parents (Doctoral Dissertation). Kent State University,Graduate School of Education, Ohio.
  • Higgs, P. (2012). African philosophy and the decolonisation of education in Africa: Some critical reflections. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44, 37-55.
  • Hittenberger, J. (2004). Globalization," Marketization," and the mission of Pentecostal higher education in Africa. Pneuma, 26(2), 182-215.
  • Ismail, O. H. (1991). Understanding educational policies in developing countries: The case of the new higher education policy in the Sudan. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University.
  • Izama, M. P. (2014). Muslim education in Africa: Trends and attitudes toward faith-based schools. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 12(2), 38-50.
  • İrge, N. F. (2005). Gelişmiş Kapitalizm Eşliğinde Yeni Sömürgecilik. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt:6 Sayı :1.
  • Jansen, J. (1989). Curriculum reconstruction in post-colonial Africa: A review of the literature. International Journal of Educational Development, 9(3), 219-231.
  • Kallaway, P. (2020). Welfare and Education in British Colonial Africa, 1918–1945. In Education and Development in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa (pp. 31-54). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Keimbou, D. C. (2005). Games, Body and Culture: Emerging Issues in the Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education in Cameroon (1920-60). International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 447-466.
  • Kohli, Z. (1987). Education in post-colonial Algeria: analysis of educational reforms and policies. Boston: Boston University.
  • Lewin, K. (1985) Quality in question: a new agenda for curriculum reform in developing countries. Comparative Education, 21 (2).
  • Lopes, J. M. (2018). The Voice of Civil Society Organizations: Engagement of Civic Organizations in the Democratic Governance in Cabo Verde (Doctoral Dissertation). Universitário de Lisboa, Public Policies Instituto, Lisboa.
  • Martinez, E. S. (2007). Equatorial Guinea 1927-1979: A New African Tradition (Doctoral Dissertation). University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom).
  • Matasci, D., Jerónimo, M. B., & Dores, H. G. (2020). Education and Development in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa: Policies, Paradigms, and Entanglements, 1890s–1980s (p. 321). Springer Nature.
  • Matasci, D., Jerónimo, M. B., & Goncalves Dores, H. (2021). Imperialism, internationalism, and education in Africa: connected histories. Paedagogica Historica, 57(3), 221-227. Mbembe, Achılle (2021). Postkoloni Üzerine. Çeviri: Merve Yalçın-Mesut Yalçın. Hece Yayınları, Ankara
  • Miliani, M. (2012). Teaching in higher education institutions in Algeria: A clash of paedagogies? International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 7.3: 218-226.
  • Mobasheri, C. M. (2000). The status of higher education in Morocco: A qualitative examination of the university student experience (Doctoral Dissetation). The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
  • Mosoti, Z. M. (2011). Education And Training In Pre-Colonial And Colonial Eras In Kenya. A Lecturer at the Chandaria School of Business in USIU.
  • Moumouni, A. (1964) L’Education en Afrique (Paris, FrancË ois Maspero).
  • Mourchid, Y. (2003). Reflecting on local responses to globalization: The case of Morocco's higher education policy reforms (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
  • Ndive-Hill, N. (2008). A retrospective investigation of women's education in the South West province of Cameroon with a look towards the future. Cincinnati: Union Institute and University.
  • NTV (2021). Almanya, Namibya'daki soykırımı tanıdı: 30 yılda 1,1 milyar euro ödeyecek. https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/almanya-namibyadaki-soykirimi-tanidi-30-yilda-1-1-milyar-euroodeyecek, 484WPnc9sUyUvEfyOSM8mw erişim adresinden alınmıştır. Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2022.
  • Nwagbaraocha, V. I. (1978). Education in Nigeria, 1900 to 1970's: Problems and Prospects in the Development of Vocational and Technical Education in the Former Eastern Nigeria (Doctoral Dissertation). Marquette University, the Graduate Faculty of the Graduate School, Milwaukee.
  • Nwokocha, P. I. (1984). A survey of selected research on vocational and technical education in Nigeria(Doctoral Dissertation). Temple University, Graduate Board, Philadelphia.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2012). ‘Potted plants in greenhouses’: A critical reflection on the resilience of colonial education in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 47(2), 129-154.
  • Odugu, D. I., & Lemieux, C. N. (2019). Transitional multilingual education policies in Africa: necessary compromise or strategic impediment?. Language and Education, 33(3), 263-281.
  • Pearce, R. (1988). Missionary education in colonial Africa: the critique of Mary Kingsley. History of Education, 17(4), 283-294.
  • Saîdûnî, N. (1993). Cezayir. İstanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi.
  • Tamanji, A. C. (2011). Three instances of Western colonial governments and Christian missions in Cameroon education: 1884–1961. Diss. Loyola University Chicago.
  • Tandoğan, M. (2020). Afrika’da Sömürgecilik ve Osmanlı Siyaseti (1800-1922). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Tessitore, M. (2019). Bridge International Academies: A critical analysis of the privatization of public education in Africa. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 41(3), 193-209.
  • The Africa Renewal, (2022). Africa grapples with huge disparities in education. https://www.un.org/ africarenewal/magazine/december-2017-march-2018/africa-grapples-huge-disparities education#:~:text=It%20is%20widely%20accepted%20that ,still%20remain%20out%20of%20school. Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022.
  • Uchendu, V. (ed.) (1979). Education and Politics in Tropical Africa. Conch, New York.
  • VanderPloeg, A. J. (1977). Education in Colonial Africa: The German Experience. Comparative Education Review, 21(1), 91-109.
  • Vogt, J. L. (1973). The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500-1540. The International Journal of African Historical Stu
  • White, B. W. (1996). Talk about School: education and the colonial project in French and British Africa (1860-1960). Comparative education, 32(1), 9-26
  • Whitehead, C. (1989). The impact of the Second World War on British colonial education policy. History of Education, 18(3), 267-293.
  • Whitehead, C. (1995). The medium of instruction in British Colonial education: a case of cultural imperialism or enlightened paternalism? History of Education, 24(1), 1-15.
  • Winthrop, R. (2011). Education in Africa—The Story Isn't Over. Current History, 110(736), 191-195.
  • Yoloye, E. A. (1986). The relevance of educational content to national needs in Africa. International Review of Education, 32 (2), 149-172.
  • Zollmann, J. (2020). Becoming a good farmer—Becoming a good farm worker: On colonial educational policies in Germany and German South-West Africa, circa 1890 to 1918. In Education and Development in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa (pp. 109-142). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 128 - 149, 30.07.2022

Abstract

References

  • Achebe, C. (2000). Home and Exile. New York: Anchor.
  • Afrika Araştırmacıları Derneği (2021). Bir Afrika Ülkesinin Tarihî Serencamı: Nijerya’da Eğitim Meselesi ve Almajirilik Sistemi. https://afam.org.tr/bir-afrika-ulkesinin-tarihi-serencami-nijeryada-egitim-meselesi-ve-almajirilik-sistemi/ adresinden alındı. Erişim Tarihi:07.06.2022
  • Aka, E. A. (1975). The problems of post-primary education and their effects on the political development of the Southern Cameroons under British administration, 1922-1961 (Doctoral Dissertation). McGill University, Arts Faculty of Education, Montreal.
  • Amado, A. D. (2015). The Illegible State In Cape Verde: Language Policy And The Quality Of Democracy Doctoral Dissertation). Boston University, Graduate School Of Arts And Sciences, Boston.
  • Amin, J. A. (1994). Continuity and Change in Cameroon's Education. Journal of Asian and African Studies , 248-259.
  • Anderson, J. (1970) The Struggle for the School (London, Longman).
  • Anucha, H. O. (1992). Strategic process models for developing community education in Nigeria based on a study of selected community education programs in Arizona, Michigan, and Oklahoma (Doctoral Dissertation). Oklahoma State University, The Faculty Of The Graduate College, Oklahoma.
  • Arapbor, K. E. (1998). Society, Education, And Teachers In Kenya : A Study In Sociology of Education (Doctoral Dissertation). The Maharaja Sayajırao University, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, Gujarat, India.
  • Balde, A. (2004). The schooling experiences of Fulani Muslim girls in the Fouta Djallon region of Guinea: Forces influencing their retention in a rural secondary school of Dalaba (Doctoral Dissertation). Ohio University,The Faculty of the College of Education,Ohio.
  • Ball, S. J. (1983). Imperialism, social control and the colonial curriculum in Africa. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 15(3), 237-263.
  • Beck, A. (1966). Colonial policy and education in British East Africa, 1900-1950. Journal of British Studies, 5(2), 115-138.
  • Benson, C. J. (1994). Teaching beginning literacy in the" Mother Tongue": A study of the experimental Crioulo/Portuguese primary project in Guinea-Bissau (Doctoral Dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles.
  • Bolt, J., & Bezemer, D. (2009). Understanding long-run African growth: colonial institutions or colonial education?. The Journal of Development Studies, 45(1), 24-54.
  • Borgen Magazine (2021). Prioritizing Education in Sao Tome and Principe. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/prioritizing-education-in-sao-tome-and-principe/ adresinden alındı. Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2022.
  • Bouchard, M. E. (2017). Linguistic variation and change in the Portuguese of São Tomé (Doctoral Dissertation). New York University, Philosophy Department of Linguistics, New York.
  • Carnoy, M. (1974) Education as Cultural lmperialism. McKay, New York.
  • Chekaraou, I. (2004). Teachers' appropriation of bilingual educational reform policy in sub-Saharan Africa: A socio-cultural study of two Hausa-French schools in Niger (Doctoral Dissertataion). Indiana University, the faculty of Graduate School, Bloomington.
  • Clignet, R. P., & Foster, P. J. (1964). French and British colonial education in Africa. Comparative Education Review, 8(2), 191-198.
  • Cross, M. (1987). The political economy of colonial education: Mozambique, 1930-1975. Comparative Education Review, 31(4), 550-569.
  • Crossman P and Devisch R (1999) Endogenisation and African Universities: Initiatives and Issues in the Quest for Plurality in the Human Sciences. Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
  • Daban, E. Z. (2018). Afrika’da Yerli Direnişi ve Bağımsızlık Hareketleri: Mzee Jomo Kenyatta Liderliğinde Kenya (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Deutsche Welle, (2022). Why the right to education remains a challenge in Africa. https://www.dw.com/ en/africa-right-to-education-remains-a-challenge/a-60518000. Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022.
  • Duany, J. A. (1999). Sudanese women and education: The struggle for equal access and participation. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Erdoğan, Sinan ve Acaravcı, Ali (2021). Sahraaltı Afrika Ülkelerinin İktisadi Gelişme Sürecine Kısa Bir Bakış. Kriter Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Evans, D. K., & Mendez Acosta, A. (2021). Education in Africa: What are we learning?. Journal of African Economies, 30(1), 13-54.
  • Ezeaku, L. C. (1979). Education in Nigeria: Its Functional and Dysfunctional Roles. The Developing Economies, 162-171.
  • Gallagher, K. (2022). 10 Important Facts About Educatıon In Afrıca. https://borgenproject.org/10-facts-about-education-in-africa. Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022.
  • Gamble, H. Y. (2002). Developing cultures: Debates over education in French West Africa, 1930–1950 (Doctoral Dissertation). New York University, Institute of French Studies, New York. Gerente, E. (2003). Ideologies of language and schooling in Guinea-Conakry: An exploratory study of teachers’ perspectives about mother-tongue education (Doctoral Dissertation). The University of Arizona, In the Graduate College,Tucson.
  • Gwei, S. N. (1976). Education In Cameroon: Western Pre-Colonial And Colonial Antecedents And The Development Of Higher Education(Doctoral Dissertation). The University of Michigan, Education Dapertment, Michigan.
  • Häberlein, T., & Maurus, S. (2020). Losing or securing futures? Looking beyond ‘proper’education to decision-making processes about young people’s education in Africa–an introduction. Children's Geographies, 18(6), 569-583.
  • Hadebe, N. M. (2017). Commodification, decolonisation and theological education in Africa: Renewed challenges for African theologians. HTS: Theological Studies, 73(3), 1-10.
  • Hahs Brinkley, C. (2016). Teacher Education in Central Equatoria, South Sudan (Doctoral Dissertation). Walden University, Education Dapertment, Minneapolis.
  • Hassane, S. H. (2002). Assessing the counseling and guidance needs of middle school students of Niger: Perceptions of policy makers, administrators, teachers, students, and parents (Doctoral Dissertation). Kent State University,Graduate School of Education, Ohio.
  • Higgs, P. (2012). African philosophy and the decolonisation of education in Africa: Some critical reflections. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44, 37-55.
  • Hittenberger, J. (2004). Globalization," Marketization," and the mission of Pentecostal higher education in Africa. Pneuma, 26(2), 182-215.
  • Ismail, O. H. (1991). Understanding educational policies in developing countries: The case of the new higher education policy in the Sudan. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University.
  • Izama, M. P. (2014). Muslim education in Africa: Trends and attitudes toward faith-based schools. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 12(2), 38-50.
  • İrge, N. F. (2005). Gelişmiş Kapitalizm Eşliğinde Yeni Sömürgecilik. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt:6 Sayı :1.
  • Jansen, J. (1989). Curriculum reconstruction in post-colonial Africa: A review of the literature. International Journal of Educational Development, 9(3), 219-231.
  • Kallaway, P. (2020). Welfare and Education in British Colonial Africa, 1918–1945. In Education and Development in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa (pp. 31-54). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Keimbou, D. C. (2005). Games, Body and Culture: Emerging Issues in the Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education in Cameroon (1920-60). International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 447-466.
  • Kohli, Z. (1987). Education in post-colonial Algeria: analysis of educational reforms and policies. Boston: Boston University.
  • Lewin, K. (1985) Quality in question: a new agenda for curriculum reform in developing countries. Comparative Education, 21 (2).
  • Lopes, J. M. (2018). The Voice of Civil Society Organizations: Engagement of Civic Organizations in the Democratic Governance in Cabo Verde (Doctoral Dissertation). Universitário de Lisboa, Public Policies Instituto, Lisboa.
  • Martinez, E. S. (2007). Equatorial Guinea 1927-1979: A New African Tradition (Doctoral Dissertation). University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom).
  • Matasci, D., Jerónimo, M. B., & Dores, H. G. (2020). Education and Development in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa: Policies, Paradigms, and Entanglements, 1890s–1980s (p. 321). Springer Nature.
  • Matasci, D., Jerónimo, M. B., & Goncalves Dores, H. (2021). Imperialism, internationalism, and education in Africa: connected histories. Paedagogica Historica, 57(3), 221-227. Mbembe, Achılle (2021). Postkoloni Üzerine. Çeviri: Merve Yalçın-Mesut Yalçın. Hece Yayınları, Ankara
  • Miliani, M. (2012). Teaching in higher education institutions in Algeria: A clash of paedagogies? International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 7.3: 218-226.
  • Mobasheri, C. M. (2000). The status of higher education in Morocco: A qualitative examination of the university student experience (Doctoral Dissetation). The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
  • Mosoti, Z. M. (2011). Education And Training In Pre-Colonial And Colonial Eras In Kenya. A Lecturer at the Chandaria School of Business in USIU.
  • Moumouni, A. (1964) L’Education en Afrique (Paris, FrancË ois Maspero).
  • Mourchid, Y. (2003). Reflecting on local responses to globalization: The case of Morocco's higher education policy reforms (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
  • Ndive-Hill, N. (2008). A retrospective investigation of women's education in the South West province of Cameroon with a look towards the future. Cincinnati: Union Institute and University.
  • NTV (2021). Almanya, Namibya'daki soykırımı tanıdı: 30 yılda 1,1 milyar euro ödeyecek. https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/almanya-namibyadaki-soykirimi-tanidi-30-yilda-1-1-milyar-euroodeyecek, 484WPnc9sUyUvEfyOSM8mw erişim adresinden alınmıştır. Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2022.
  • Nwagbaraocha, V. I. (1978). Education in Nigeria, 1900 to 1970's: Problems and Prospects in the Development of Vocational and Technical Education in the Former Eastern Nigeria (Doctoral Dissertation). Marquette University, the Graduate Faculty of the Graduate School, Milwaukee.
  • Nwokocha, P. I. (1984). A survey of selected research on vocational and technical education in Nigeria(Doctoral Dissertation). Temple University, Graduate Board, Philadelphia.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2012). ‘Potted plants in greenhouses’: A critical reflection on the resilience of colonial education in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 47(2), 129-154.
  • Odugu, D. I., & Lemieux, C. N. (2019). Transitional multilingual education policies in Africa: necessary compromise or strategic impediment?. Language and Education, 33(3), 263-281.
  • Pearce, R. (1988). Missionary education in colonial Africa: the critique of Mary Kingsley. History of Education, 17(4), 283-294.
  • Saîdûnî, N. (1993). Cezayir. İstanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi.
  • Tamanji, A. C. (2011). Three instances of Western colonial governments and Christian missions in Cameroon education: 1884–1961. Diss. Loyola University Chicago.
  • Tandoğan, M. (2020). Afrika’da Sömürgecilik ve Osmanlı Siyaseti (1800-1922). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Tessitore, M. (2019). Bridge International Academies: A critical analysis of the privatization of public education in Africa. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 41(3), 193-209.
  • The Africa Renewal, (2022). Africa grapples with huge disparities in education. https://www.un.org/ africarenewal/magazine/december-2017-march-2018/africa-grapples-huge-disparities education#:~:text=It%20is%20widely%20accepted%20that ,still%20remain%20out%20of%20school. Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022.
  • Uchendu, V. (ed.) (1979). Education and Politics in Tropical Africa. Conch, New York.
  • VanderPloeg, A. J. (1977). Education in Colonial Africa: The German Experience. Comparative Education Review, 21(1), 91-109.
  • Vogt, J. L. (1973). The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500-1540. The International Journal of African Historical Stu
  • White, B. W. (1996). Talk about School: education and the colonial project in French and British Africa (1860-1960). Comparative education, 32(1), 9-26
  • Whitehead, C. (1989). The impact of the Second World War on British colonial education policy. History of Education, 18(3), 267-293.
  • Whitehead, C. (1995). The medium of instruction in British Colonial education: a case of cultural imperialism or enlightened paternalism? History of Education, 24(1), 1-15.
  • Winthrop, R. (2011). Education in Africa—The Story Isn't Over. Current History, 110(736), 191-195.
  • Yoloye, E. A. (1986). The relevance of educational content to national needs in Africa. International Review of Education, 32 (2), 149-172.
  • Zollmann, J. (2020). Becoming a good farmer—Becoming a good farm worker: On colonial educational policies in Germany and German South-West Africa, circa 1890 to 1918. In Education and Development in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa (pp. 109-142). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects African Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İsmail Aydoğan 0000-0002-5447-4741

Mutlu Sadık Fidan 0000-0002-2082-8118

Publication Date July 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aydoğan, İ., & Fidan, M. S. (2022). SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM. Africania, 2(2), 128-149.
AMA Aydoğan İ, Fidan MS. SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM. Africania. July 2022;2(2):128-149.
Chicago Aydoğan, İsmail, and Mutlu Sadık Fidan. “SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM”. Africania 2, no. 2 (July 2022): 128-49.
EndNote Aydoğan İ, Fidan MS (July 1, 2022) SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM. Africania 2 2 128–149.
IEEE İ. Aydoğan and M. S. Fidan, “SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM”, Africania, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 128–149, 2022.
ISNAD Aydoğan, İsmail - Fidan, Mutlu Sadık. “SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM”. Africania 2/2 (July 2022), 128-149.
JAMA Aydoğan İ, Fidan MS. SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM. Africania. 2022;2:128–149.
MLA Aydoğan, İsmail and Mutlu Sadık Fidan. “SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM”. Africania, vol. 2, no. 2, 2022, pp. 128-49.
Vancouver Aydoğan İ, Fidan MS. SÖMÜRGECİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AFRİKA’DA EĞİTİM. Africania. 2022;2(2):128-49.