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HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 29 - 53, 04.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1457965

Abstract

Somalia, located in the Horn of Africa, has a complex history influenced by tribalism, colonialism, and internal conflict. During the colonial era, European powers collaborated with clan leaders, resulting in Somalia's division along clan and tribal lines. This division led to the creation of artificial borders, which fragmented the land and fostered regional and clan-based identities. After gaining independence in 1960, Somalia initially aimed to establish a strong, centralized state. The Siad Barre regime, which came to power through a military coup in 1969, tried to suppress clan and regional identities in favor of a communist ideology. However, the regime's downfall in 1991 plunged Somalia into a prolonged period of violence and state collapse. Warlords and clan-based factions fought for power, leading to a protracted civil war. This paper analyzes the intricate relationship between Somalia's traditional and modern governance systems. It examines the potential for collaboration, the challenges faced in nation-building efforts, and the lasting impact of clan-based structures. The study begins by exploring traditional governance, highlighting the important role of customary law, elders, and religious clerics in consensus-building mechanisms and maintaining social harmony. It emphasizes the historical significance and contemporary relevance of these institutions. The paper then delves into the challenges involved in establishing a modern state in Somalia. It examines the obstacles that hinder the realization of democratic ideals and the establishment of a centralized administration. A key focus is evaluating the potential synergies and conflicts between traditional and modern systems.

References

  • Abokor, A. (2016). Somalia: The Role of Clan Elders in State and Peace-Building. In Elders and Political Leadership in the Somali Region (pp. 41-58). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Adam, H. M. (1992). Somalia: militarism, warlordism or democracy?. Review of African Political Economy, 19(54), 11-26.
  • Adam, H. M. (1999). Somali civil wars. In Civil wars in Africa: Roots and resolution (pp. 161-192).
  • Ahmed, A. I. (2017). Clan, State, and External Intervention in Somalia. Africa Spectrum, 52(2), 3-27.
  • Ahmed, I. I., & Green, R. H. (1999). The heritage of war and state collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: local-level effects, external interventions and reconstruction. Third World Quarterly, 20(1), 113-127.
  • Ahmed, M. (2014). State Formation and the Challenge of Clanism in Somalia. Africa Today, 60(2), 3-23.
  • Ahmed, N. (2019). Somalia's struggle to integrate traditional and modern governance: The 4.5 formula and 2012 provisional constitution [Master's Thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain.
  • Barnes, C. (2007). The Somali Youth League, Ethiopian Somalis and the Greater Somalia Idea, c. 1946–48. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1(2), 277-291.
  • Barnes, C. (2009). Civil society and peacebuilding: Mapping functions in working for peace. The International Spectator, 44(1), 131-147.
  • Besteman, C. (1995). The invention of Gosha: Slavery, colonialism, and stigma in Somali history. In The invention of Somalia (pp. 43-62).
  • Besteman, C. (1996). Violent politics and the politics of violence: the dissolution of the Somali nation‐state. American Ethnologist, 23(3), 579-596.
  • Bradbury, M. (2013). Becoming Somaliland. African Affairs, 112(449), 498-516.
  • Bradbury, M., & Healy, S. (Eds.). (2010). Whose peace is it anyway?: Connecting Somali and international peacemaking. Conciliation Resources.
  • Browne, E., & Fisher, J. (2013). Key actors mapping: Somalia. Birmingham: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
  • Bryden, M. (2012). Rebuilding the Somali State: From Crisis in 2007 to Imminent Collapse in 2010. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6(3), 467-488.
  • Bryden, M. (2017). In Search of a Functioning Somali State. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 55(2), 251-272.
  • Cox, M. (2001). State building and post-conflict reconstruction: lessons from Bosnia. Geneva: Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations (pp. 3-28).
  • Crouch, J., & Njagi, S. (2017). Electoral Crossroads: Dilemmas of future democratisation in Somalia (Rep.). London, UK: Saferworld. Retrieved from https://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/publications/1126-electoral-crossroads dilemmas-of-future-democratisation-in-somali
  • Egeh, A. A., Dugsieh, O., Erlandsson, K., & Osman, F. (2019). The views of Somali religious leaders on birth spacing - A qualitative study. Sexual & reproductive healthcare: official journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives, 20, 27–31.
  • Elmi, A. A. (2010). Understanding the Somalia conflagration: Identity, political Islam and peacebuilding.
  • Fernandes, C. (2017). Clan-Based Governance in Somalia: The Role of Traditional Authorities in Stability and Development. Institute for Security Studies.
  • Gundel, J. (2009). Clans in Somalia. Austrian Red Cross, Vienna. Available at: http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in somalia-revised-edition-20091215.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2012]
  • Hagmann, T., & Hoehne, M. V. (2009). Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories. Journal of International Development, 21(1), 42-57.
  • Hess, R. L. (1964). The ‘mad Mullah’and northern Somalia. The Journal of african history, 5(3), 415-433.
  • Hoehne, M. V. (2014). Public authority and clan governance in Somalia. In F. Schomerus, & T. Allen (Eds.), From the Ground Up: Land Rights, Conflict and Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 79-94). Zed Books.
  • Ibrahim, M. (2013). Traditional Governance Systems and the Challenge of Political Transition in Somalia. African Affairs, 112(448), 431-457.
  • Jaamac Muuse Miicaad, & Cabdalla Xaaji Ceeleeye. (2010) Xeer-dhaqameed.
  • Kaplan, S. (2012). Somali challenges, African solutions: Towards an indigenous approach to state-building. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 1(1), 3.
  • Kaplan, S. (2016). Making Sense of Somalia: Differentiating Governance Models. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 5(1), 1-15.
  • Klobucista, C., Masters, J., & Aly Sergie, M. (2022). Al-Shabaab. Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab.
  • Kouroutakis, A. P. (2014). State Fragility and Transitional Justice in Somalia: An Analytical Framework. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 12(5), 1035-1054.
  • Le Sage, A. (2005). Stateless justice in Somalia: Formal and informal rule of law initiatives.
  • Leeson, P. T. (2007). Better off stateless: Somalia before and after government collapse. Journal of comparative economics, 35(4), 689-710.
  • Lewis, I. M. (1972). The politics of the 1969 Somali coup. The Journal of modern African studies, 10(3), 383-408.
  • Lewis, I. M. (1988). A modern history of the Somali: Nation and state in the Horn of Africa. Boulder & London: Westview Press.
  • Lewis, I. M. (1993). Understanding Somalia: Guide to culture, history and social institutions. Haan Pub.
  • Lewis, I. M. (2016). Blood and bone: The call of kinship in Somali society. Red Sea Press.
  • Luling, V. (1997). Come back Somalia? Questioning a collapsed state. Third World Quarterly, 18(2), 287-302.
  • Menkhaus, K. (2007). Governance without government in Somalia: spoilers, state building, and the politics of coping. International security, 31(3), 74-106.
  • Menkhaus, K. (2007). The crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in five acts. African Affairs, 106(424), 357-390.
  • Menkhaus, K. (2010). Stabilisation and humanitarian access in a collapsed state: the Somali case. Disasters, 34(s3).
  • Menkhaus, K. (2014). Somalia: State Failure, Terrorism, and Piracy. In Understanding Conflicts: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on International Relations (pp. 173-188). Routledge.
  • Menkhaus, K. (2016). Somalia: The Problem of the State. African Affairs, 115(460), 326-334.
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (1989). The Emergence and Role of Political Parties in the Inter-River Region of Somalia From 1947-1960. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 17(2).
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (1995). Islam in Somali history: Fact and fiction. In The invention of Somalia (pp. 1-27).
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (1996). The plight of the Agro‐pastoral society of Somalia. Review of African Political Economy, 23(70), 543-553.
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (2003). Historical dictionary of Somalia (Vol. 87). Scarecrow Press.
  • Njoku, R. C. (2013). The history of Somalia. ABC-CLIO.
  • Odowa, A. M. (2013). What can current leaders in Somalia learn from their past history? International Training Programme for Conflict Management, 2239-7949, 19-24.
  • Papagianni, K. (2007). Power-sharing: A conflict resolution tool. Africa Mediators’ Retreat, 23-33.
  • Prunier, G. (1996). Somalia: civil war, intervention and withdrawal (1990–1995). Refugee Survey Quarterly, 15(1), 35-85.
  • Richards, A. (2012). Somali views of state and governance before and after the outbreak of civil war. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6(3), 489-506.
  • Samatar, A., & Samatar, A. I. (1987). The material roots of the suspended African state: Arguments from Somalia. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 25(4), 669-690.
  • Samatar, A. I. (1992). Destruction of state and society in Somalia: beyond the tribal convention. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(4), 625-641.
  • Samatar, A. I. (1997). Leadership and ethnicity in the making of African state models: Botswana versus Somalia. Third World Quarterly, 18(4), 687-708.
  • Schlee, G. (2013). Customary law and the joys of statelessness: idealised traditions versus Somali realities. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 7(2), 258-271.
  • Sheikh-Abdi, A. (1977). Somali nationalism: Its origins and future. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 15(4), 657-665.
  • Stremlau, N. (2018). Governance without government in the Somali territories. Journal of International Affairs, 71(2), 73-89.
  • The Federal Republic of Somalia: Provisional Constitution [Somalia]. (2012). available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/51b6d0c94.html
  • Tripodi, P. (1999). The colonial legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu: from colonial administration to Operation Restore Hope. Springer.
  • UNDP. (2012). Strengthening Traditional Governance Systems in Somalia. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rba/docs/Reports/UNDP-RBAP-TJ-2006-004-Strengthening%20Traditional%20Governance%20Systems%20in%20Somalia.pdf
  • United Nations. (2019). The Role of Good Governance and the Rule of Law in Promoting Peace and Security. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/financing/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.financing/files/2019-07/IssueBrief
  • World Bank. (2020). Governance and Institutions. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance

SOMALİ MODERN YÖNETİMİNİN GELENEKSEL YÖNETİM SİSTEMİ İLE NASIL ÇALIŞTIĞI: LİTERATÜR TARAMASI

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 29 - 53, 04.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1457965

Abstract

Afrika Boynuzu'nda yer alan Somali'nin kabilecilik, sömürgecilik ve iç çatışmalardan etkilenen karmaşık bir tarihi vardır. Sömürge döneminde Avrupalı güçler, klan liderleriyle iş birliği yapmış ve bu durum Somali'nin klan ve kabile hatlarına göre bölünmesine yol açmıştır. Bu bölünme, toprağı parçalayan ve bölgesel ve klan temelli kimlikleri besleyen yapay sınırların oluşmasına yol açmıştır. Somali, 1960 yılında bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra başlangıçta güçlü, merkezi bir devlet kurmayı hedeflemiştir. 1969 yılında askeri darbeyle iktidara gelen Siad Barre rejimi, komünist ideoloji uğruna aşiret ve bölgesel kimlikleri bastırmaya çalışmıştır. Ancak rejimin 1991'deki devrilmesi, Somali'yi uzun bir şiddet dönemine ve devletin çöküşüne sürüklemiştir. Savaş ağaları ve klan temelli gruplar iktidar için savaşmış ve bu da uzun süren bir iç savaşa yol açmıştır. Bu makale, Somali'nin geleneksel ve modern yönetim sistemleri arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi analiz etmektedir. İş birliği potansiyelini, ulus inşa etme çabalarında karşılaşılan zorlukları ve klan temelli yapıların kalıcı etkisini inceliyor. Çalışma, geleneksel yönetimi keşfederek, geleneksel hukukun, yaşlıların ve din adamlarının fikir birliği oluşturma mekanizmalarında ve sosyal uyumu sürdürmedeki önemli rolünü vurgulayarak başlıyor. Bu kurumların tarihsel önemini ve çağdaş önemini vurgulamaktadır. Makale daha sonra Somali'de modern bir devlet kurmanın zorluklarına değiniyor. Demokratik ideallerin gerçekleşmesinin ve merkezi bir yönetimin kurulmasının önündeki engelleri inceliyor. Temel odak noktalarından biri, geleneksel ve modern sistemler arasındaki potansiyel sinerjileri ve çatışmaları değerlendirmektir.

Ethical Statement

Throughout, the study is conducted in accordance with the strictest ethical guidelines. The writer recognises the significance of ethical behaviour in scholarly studies and guarantees that all data is truthful, impartial, and appropriately referenced.

Supporting Institution

This article is solely the work of the author and does not receive support or endorsement from any institution.

Thanks

Thank you for considering this research. Your interest and engagement are greatly appreciated.

References

  • Abokor, A. (2016). Somalia: The Role of Clan Elders in State and Peace-Building. In Elders and Political Leadership in the Somali Region (pp. 41-58). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Adam, H. M. (1992). Somalia: militarism, warlordism or democracy?. Review of African Political Economy, 19(54), 11-26.
  • Adam, H. M. (1999). Somali civil wars. In Civil wars in Africa: Roots and resolution (pp. 161-192).
  • Ahmed, A. I. (2017). Clan, State, and External Intervention in Somalia. Africa Spectrum, 52(2), 3-27.
  • Ahmed, I. I., & Green, R. H. (1999). The heritage of war and state collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: local-level effects, external interventions and reconstruction. Third World Quarterly, 20(1), 113-127.
  • Ahmed, M. (2014). State Formation and the Challenge of Clanism in Somalia. Africa Today, 60(2), 3-23.
  • Ahmed, N. (2019). Somalia's struggle to integrate traditional and modern governance: The 4.5 formula and 2012 provisional constitution [Master's Thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain.
  • Barnes, C. (2007). The Somali Youth League, Ethiopian Somalis and the Greater Somalia Idea, c. 1946–48. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1(2), 277-291.
  • Barnes, C. (2009). Civil society and peacebuilding: Mapping functions in working for peace. The International Spectator, 44(1), 131-147.
  • Besteman, C. (1995). The invention of Gosha: Slavery, colonialism, and stigma in Somali history. In The invention of Somalia (pp. 43-62).
  • Besteman, C. (1996). Violent politics and the politics of violence: the dissolution of the Somali nation‐state. American Ethnologist, 23(3), 579-596.
  • Bradbury, M. (2013). Becoming Somaliland. African Affairs, 112(449), 498-516.
  • Bradbury, M., & Healy, S. (Eds.). (2010). Whose peace is it anyway?: Connecting Somali and international peacemaking. Conciliation Resources.
  • Browne, E., & Fisher, J. (2013). Key actors mapping: Somalia. Birmingham: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
  • Bryden, M. (2012). Rebuilding the Somali State: From Crisis in 2007 to Imminent Collapse in 2010. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6(3), 467-488.
  • Bryden, M. (2017). In Search of a Functioning Somali State. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 55(2), 251-272.
  • Cox, M. (2001). State building and post-conflict reconstruction: lessons from Bosnia. Geneva: Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations (pp. 3-28).
  • Crouch, J., & Njagi, S. (2017). Electoral Crossroads: Dilemmas of future democratisation in Somalia (Rep.). London, UK: Saferworld. Retrieved from https://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/publications/1126-electoral-crossroads dilemmas-of-future-democratisation-in-somali
  • Egeh, A. A., Dugsieh, O., Erlandsson, K., & Osman, F. (2019). The views of Somali religious leaders on birth spacing - A qualitative study. Sexual & reproductive healthcare: official journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives, 20, 27–31.
  • Elmi, A. A. (2010). Understanding the Somalia conflagration: Identity, political Islam and peacebuilding.
  • Fernandes, C. (2017). Clan-Based Governance in Somalia: The Role of Traditional Authorities in Stability and Development. Institute for Security Studies.
  • Gundel, J. (2009). Clans in Somalia. Austrian Red Cross, Vienna. Available at: http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in somalia-revised-edition-20091215.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2012]
  • Hagmann, T., & Hoehne, M. V. (2009). Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories. Journal of International Development, 21(1), 42-57.
  • Hess, R. L. (1964). The ‘mad Mullah’and northern Somalia. The Journal of african history, 5(3), 415-433.
  • Hoehne, M. V. (2014). Public authority and clan governance in Somalia. In F. Schomerus, & T. Allen (Eds.), From the Ground Up: Land Rights, Conflict and Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 79-94). Zed Books.
  • Ibrahim, M. (2013). Traditional Governance Systems and the Challenge of Political Transition in Somalia. African Affairs, 112(448), 431-457.
  • Jaamac Muuse Miicaad, & Cabdalla Xaaji Ceeleeye. (2010) Xeer-dhaqameed.
  • Kaplan, S. (2012). Somali challenges, African solutions: Towards an indigenous approach to state-building. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 1(1), 3.
  • Kaplan, S. (2016). Making Sense of Somalia: Differentiating Governance Models. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 5(1), 1-15.
  • Klobucista, C., Masters, J., & Aly Sergie, M. (2022). Al-Shabaab. Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab.
  • Kouroutakis, A. P. (2014). State Fragility and Transitional Justice in Somalia: An Analytical Framework. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 12(5), 1035-1054.
  • Le Sage, A. (2005). Stateless justice in Somalia: Formal and informal rule of law initiatives.
  • Leeson, P. T. (2007). Better off stateless: Somalia before and after government collapse. Journal of comparative economics, 35(4), 689-710.
  • Lewis, I. M. (1972). The politics of the 1969 Somali coup. The Journal of modern African studies, 10(3), 383-408.
  • Lewis, I. M. (1988). A modern history of the Somali: Nation and state in the Horn of Africa. Boulder & London: Westview Press.
  • Lewis, I. M. (1993). Understanding Somalia: Guide to culture, history and social institutions. Haan Pub.
  • Lewis, I. M. (2016). Blood and bone: The call of kinship in Somali society. Red Sea Press.
  • Luling, V. (1997). Come back Somalia? Questioning a collapsed state. Third World Quarterly, 18(2), 287-302.
  • Menkhaus, K. (2007). Governance without government in Somalia: spoilers, state building, and the politics of coping. International security, 31(3), 74-106.
  • Menkhaus, K. (2007). The crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in five acts. African Affairs, 106(424), 357-390.
  • Menkhaus, K. (2010). Stabilisation and humanitarian access in a collapsed state: the Somali case. Disasters, 34(s3).
  • Menkhaus, K. (2014). Somalia: State Failure, Terrorism, and Piracy. In Understanding Conflicts: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on International Relations (pp. 173-188). Routledge.
  • Menkhaus, K. (2016). Somalia: The Problem of the State. African Affairs, 115(460), 326-334.
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (1989). The Emergence and Role of Political Parties in the Inter-River Region of Somalia From 1947-1960. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 17(2).
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (1995). Islam in Somali history: Fact and fiction. In The invention of Somalia (pp. 1-27).
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (1996). The plight of the Agro‐pastoral society of Somalia. Review of African Political Economy, 23(70), 543-553.
  • Mukhtar, M. H. (2003). Historical dictionary of Somalia (Vol. 87). Scarecrow Press.
  • Njoku, R. C. (2013). The history of Somalia. ABC-CLIO.
  • Odowa, A. M. (2013). What can current leaders in Somalia learn from their past history? International Training Programme for Conflict Management, 2239-7949, 19-24.
  • Papagianni, K. (2007). Power-sharing: A conflict resolution tool. Africa Mediators’ Retreat, 23-33.
  • Prunier, G. (1996). Somalia: civil war, intervention and withdrawal (1990–1995). Refugee Survey Quarterly, 15(1), 35-85.
  • Richards, A. (2012). Somali views of state and governance before and after the outbreak of civil war. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6(3), 489-506.
  • Samatar, A., & Samatar, A. I. (1987). The material roots of the suspended African state: Arguments from Somalia. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 25(4), 669-690.
  • Samatar, A. I. (1992). Destruction of state and society in Somalia: beyond the tribal convention. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(4), 625-641.
  • Samatar, A. I. (1997). Leadership and ethnicity in the making of African state models: Botswana versus Somalia. Third World Quarterly, 18(4), 687-708.
  • Schlee, G. (2013). Customary law and the joys of statelessness: idealised traditions versus Somali realities. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 7(2), 258-271.
  • Sheikh-Abdi, A. (1977). Somali nationalism: Its origins and future. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 15(4), 657-665.
  • Stremlau, N. (2018). Governance without government in the Somali territories. Journal of International Affairs, 71(2), 73-89.
  • The Federal Republic of Somalia: Provisional Constitution [Somalia]. (2012). available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/51b6d0c94.html
  • Tripodi, P. (1999). The colonial legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu: from colonial administration to Operation Restore Hope. Springer.
  • UNDP. (2012). Strengthening Traditional Governance Systems in Somalia. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rba/docs/Reports/UNDP-RBAP-TJ-2006-004-Strengthening%20Traditional%20Governance%20Systems%20in%20Somalia.pdf
  • United Nations. (2019). The Role of Good Governance and the Rule of Law in Promoting Peace and Security. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/financing/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.financing/files/2019-07/IssueBrief
  • World Bank. (2020). Governance and Institutions. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects African Studies
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Afifa Warsame 0009-0004-4029-3714

Early Pub Date July 31, 2024
Publication Date August 4, 2024
Submission Date March 24, 2024
Acceptance Date July 17, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Warsame, A. (2024). HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW. Africania, 4(2), 29-53. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1457965
AMA Warsame A. HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW. Africania. August 2024;4(2):29-53. doi:10.58851/africania.1457965
Chicago Warsame, Afifa. “HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW”. Africania 4, no. 2 (August 2024): 29-53. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1457965.
EndNote Warsame A (August 1, 2024) HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW. Africania 4 2 29–53.
IEEE A. Warsame, “HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW”, Africania, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 29–53, 2024, doi: 10.58851/africania.1457965.
ISNAD Warsame, Afifa. “HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW”. Africania 4/2 (August 2024), 29-53. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1457965.
JAMA Warsame A. HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW. Africania. 2024;4:29–53.
MLA Warsame, Afifa. “HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW”. Africania, vol. 4, no. 2, 2024, pp. 29-53, doi:10.58851/africania.1457965.
Vancouver Warsame A. HOW THE SOMALI MODERN GOVERNANCE WORKS WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM: LITERATURE REVIEW. Africania. 2024;4(2):29-53.