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Kompozit yayların kökeni ve gelişim aşamaları

Year 2023, , 34 - 46, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.59751/agacorman.1308049

Abstract

İnsanlık, varoluşundan bu yana avlanma veya korunma amaçlı farklı aletler kullanmış ve sürekli geliştirmeye ihtiyaç duymuştur. İlk dönemlerde elle fırlatılan basit silahlardan sonra, uzak mesafeye daha etkili atış yapabilmek için farklı savaş aletleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu savaş aletlerinden biri de hem savaşların yönünü değiştiren hem de gelişmiş bir silah olan yaylar olmuştur. Başlangıçta sadece ahşabın esneme özelliğinden faydalanılarak yapılan basit yaylar, yerini zamanla yapımı daha fazla ustalık ve beceri gerektiren kompozit yaylara bırakmıştır. Ok ve yay insanın avlanma ya da savaşlarda en etkili kullandığı silahlardan biri olmuştur. Bu makalede yayın kullanılmaya başlamasından günümüze kadar geçirdiği tarihi aşamalar, özellikle kompozit yayın ortaya çıkışı ve gelişim aşamaları incelenmiştir.

References

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  • Bergman, C. A., 1993. The Development of the Bow in Western Europe: A Technological and Functional Perspective. – Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4, edited by Gail Larsen Peterkin, Harvey M. Bricker and Paul Mellars. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, 95–105.
  • Bowyer, E., 2017. Bow Designs on Ancient Greek Vases. University of California, Los Angeles Classical Civilizations Class of 2017.
  • Bozdemir, M., 1982. Türk Ordusunun Tarihsel Kaynakları. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Bradford, A. S., 2001. With Arrow, Sword, and Spear. A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Praeger Publishers, Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. America.
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  • Camera, A., 2010. Shooting the Stickbow A Practical Approach to Classical Archery. Virtualbookworm.com Publishing Inc. United States of Americ pp 436.
  • Cernenko, E., Mc Bride, A., Gorelik, M. V., 1983. The Scythians 700-300 BC, Men-Art Arm Series. Osprey Publishing Ltd.
  • Ceylan, A., Kozbe, G., Polat, Y., Sivas, T.,Sivas, S., Şahin, I., Topaloğlu, Y. 2020. Türkiye Demir Çağı Araştırmaları Üzerine Değerlendirmeler http://www.tayproject.org/ downloads/DC_GK_etal.pdf (Erişim tarihi 21.02.2022).
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  • Doğan, A. 2017. “Osmanlıda Kemankeşlik (Okçuluk) ve Ahilik Ritüelleri”, Doktora Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı. Samsun.
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  • Durmuş, İ., 2008. İskitler (Sakalar). Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, Genelkurmay Basımevi Ankara.
  • Durmuş, İ., 2019. “Eskiçağ Anadolu’sunda Türk İzlerine Dair Tespit ve Öneriler”, OANNES – Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi- International Journal of Ancient History, 1/2, Eylül / , 95 – 116.
  • Eralp, T. N., 1993. Tarih Boyunca Türk Toplumunda Sîlâh Kavramı ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Kullanılan Silâhlar. Atatürk Kültür, Dil Ye Tarîh Yüksek Kurumu Atatürk Kültür Merkezî Yayını-Sayı: 68. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi-Ankara.
  • Ergürer, H., 2010. Urartu Kemerleri Üzerindeki İnsan Tasvirleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2010 14 (2): 1-22.
  • Eser, G., 2022. “Asr-ı Saadet’te Okçuluk”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Anabilim Dalı İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Bilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Genz, H., Mielke, D.P., 2011. Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology. Colloquia Antiqua 2 (Leuven, Belgium. Gorman, S. 2016. The Technological Development of the Bow and the Crossbow in the Later Middle Ages. Ph.D. Thesis, Trinity College Dublin.
  • Göksu, E. 2013. Okla Yükselen Millet (Türklerde ok ve okçuluk). Okçular Vakfı yayınları. Alioğlu Matbaacılık Basım Yay. ve Kağ. San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. İstanbul.
  • Grayson, C. E; French, M; O’Brien, M. J., 2007. Traditional archery from six continents. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri.
  • Gumilev, L. N., 2005. Hunlar. Ruscadan Çeviren D. Ahsen Batur, Dördüncü Baskı.
  • Gündüz, G., Yaman, B., Özden, S., Dönmez, S.C., 2013. Anatomy of wooden core of Ottoman composite archery bows”, Sains Malaysiana 42(5): 547–552.
  • Hamm, J. 2000. The Traditional Bowyer's Bible. Volume 2, The Lyons Press.
  • Hinds, K. 2010. Scythians and Sarmatians. Marshall Cavendish Corporation Publisher: Michelle Bisson, Malaysia.
  • URL1.https1://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/47257/mod_resource/content/0/%C4%B0kinci%20Ara%20D%C3%B6nem.pdf
  • İkibeş, S., 2022. Savaş Tarihine Yön Veren Silah: Türk Kompozit Yayı ve Tamamlayıcı Unsurları. Journal of Universal History Studies, 5 (1) , 32-50 . DOI: 10.38000/juhis.1122432.
  • Judd Company, 1879. The Archery. New York: Oeange 245 :broadwat. 1879.
  • Kani, M., 1836. Telhis-i Resailü’r- Rumat, s. 159-160, İstanbul (Matbaa-iAmire) 1263 (Çeviren, Yavuz, K.,Canatar, M., 2010. Okçuluk Kitabı Telhis-i Resailat-ı Rumat). İstanbul Fetih Cemiyeti İstanbul.
  • Karpowicz, A., 2008. Ottoman Turkish Bows: Manufacture and Design. Ottawa: Canada Cataloguing.
  • Kavak, A., 2022. Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period Yeni Asur Döneminde Askeri Zafer Sembolü Olarak Kullanılan Yaylar. Sdu Faculty Of Arts And Scıences Journal Of Socıal Sciences,, No: 56, PP. 266-283.
  • Klopsteg, P. E., 1934. Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow" Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and London.
  • Klopsteg, P.E. 1987. Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow. Manchester: Simon Archery Foundation, The Manchester Museum.
  • Knecht, H., 1997. Projectile Technology. Chapter 6 Sinew-Reinforced and Composite Bows Technology, Function, and Social Implications Chrıstopher A. Bergman And Edward Mcewen 143-160. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
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  • Kooi, B. W. ve Bergman, C. A., 1997. An Approach to the Study of Ancient Archery using Mathematical Modelling. Antiquity, 71:(271) 124–134.
  • Kozowyk, P. R. B., Van Gijn, A. L.; Langejans, G. H. J., 2020. Understanding preservation and identification biases of ancient adhesives through experimentation. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01179-y.
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  • Latham, J. D., ve Paterson, W. F., 1970. Saracen Archery. Latham Publisher: The Holland Press, London, ISBN: 0900470046.
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Origin and Evolution Stages of Composite Bows

Year 2023, , 34 - 46, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.59751/agacorman.1308049

Abstract

Humankind has used different tools for hunting or protection and has constantly needed to develop them since their existence. After the simple hand-launched weapons in the early periods, various warfare tools were developed to be able to shoot more effectively at long distances. One of these war tools has been the bow, a sophisticated weapon that changes the direction of wars. Simple bows, made by using only the elasticity of wood, were replaced with composite bows that required more skill and dexterity over time. Arrow and bow have been the most effective weapons that humans used in hunting or wars. This article examines the historical stages of the bow from its use to the present day, especially the emergence and development stages of the composite bow.

References

  • Asbell, G.F., Baker, T., Comstock, P., Grayson, B., Hamm, J., Herrin, A., Massey, J., Parker, G., 1993. The Traditional Bowyer’s Bible, Volume two. The Lyon S Pres S Guılford, Connectıcut, Canada.
  • Aydoğan, M., 2005. Antik Çağdan Küreselleşmeye Yönetim Gelenekleri ve Türkler, 1. Cilt. 4. Baskı Umay Yayınları, Tibyan Matbaacılık, Alsancak, İzmir.
  • Belis, A.M. ve Colburn, H. P., 2020. An Urartian Belt in the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Origins of the Parthian Shot. Alexis M. Belis and Henry P. Colburn. Getty Research Journal, 12:195–204.
  • Bergman, C. A., 1993. The Development of the Bow in Western Europe: A Technological and Functional Perspective. – Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4, edited by Gail Larsen Peterkin, Harvey M. Bricker and Paul Mellars. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, 95–105.
  • Bowyer, E., 2017. Bow Designs on Ancient Greek Vases. University of California, Los Angeles Classical Civilizations Class of 2017.
  • Bozdemir, M., 1982. Türk Ordusunun Tarihsel Kaynakları. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Bradford, A. S., 2001. With Arrow, Sword, and Spear. A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Praeger Publishers, Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. America.
  • Brion, M., 2018. Hunların Hayatı. Çeviren: M. Reşat Uzmen, Ötüken Neşriyat; 3. Basım, Beyoğlu İstanbul. Brockmann, W., Geib, P. L., Klingen, J., Schröder, B., 2009. Adhesive Bonding Materials, Applications and Technology. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (Çeviri, Mikhail, B.).
  • Bryce, T., 2007. Hittite Warrior. Opsrey Publishing. Pp 70.New York USA.
  • Buttery, A., 1974. Armies and Enemies of Ancient Egypt and Assyria. A war games research group publication, UK.
  • Camera, A., 2010. Shooting the Stickbow A Practical Approach to Classical Archery. Virtualbookworm.com Publishing Inc. United States of Americ pp 436.
  • Cernenko, E., Mc Bride, A., Gorelik, M. V., 1983. The Scythians 700-300 BC, Men-Art Arm Series. Osprey Publishing Ltd.
  • Ceylan, A., Kozbe, G., Polat, Y., Sivas, T.,Sivas, S., Şahin, I., Topaloğlu, Y. 2020. Türkiye Demir Çağı Araştırmaları Üzerine Değerlendirmeler http://www.tayproject.org/ downloads/DC_GK_etal.pdf (Erişim tarihi 21.02.2022).
  • Clark, J. D., James L. P., Preston S. S., 1974. Interpretations of Prehistoric Technology from Ancient Egyptian and other Sources. Part I: Ancient Egyptian Bows and Arrows and their relevance for African Prehistory. In: Paléorient, 1974, vol. 2, no 2. pp. 323-388; doi:https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1974.1057.
  • Conroy, T., 1934. Glue Handbook. Keystone Glue Company, Williamsport, Penn, Printed in the USA.
  • Cunliffe, B., 2019. The Scythians, The Scythians Nomad Warriors of The Steppe. Oxford University Press, Glasgow Great Britain. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press. New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
  • Çay, A. M., 2009. Tarih. Türk Tarihi ve Kültürü Tarihte Türk Devlet ve Beylikleri (Türkiye Dıġı). T.C. Kültür Ve Turizm Bakanlığı Türkiye Kültür Portalı Projesi.
  • David, S., 2009. The Encyclopedia of. from Ancient Egypt to Iraq. A Penguin Company Copyright, Dorling Kindersley Limited.
  • Doğan, A. 2017. “Osmanlıda Kemankeşlik (Okçuluk) ve Ahilik Ritüelleri”, Doktora Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı. Samsun.
  • Drews, R., 1993. The End of the Bronze Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Durmuş, İ., 2007. İskitler. Analiz Basım Yayın. Kaynak Yayınları: 491. Galatasaray-İstanbulISBN: 978-975-343-503-1.
  • Durmuş, İ., 2008. İskitler (Sakalar). Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, Genelkurmay Basımevi Ankara.
  • Durmuş, İ., 2019. “Eskiçağ Anadolu’sunda Türk İzlerine Dair Tespit ve Öneriler”, OANNES – Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi- International Journal of Ancient History, 1/2, Eylül / , 95 – 116.
  • Eralp, T. N., 1993. Tarih Boyunca Türk Toplumunda Sîlâh Kavramı ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Kullanılan Silâhlar. Atatürk Kültür, Dil Ye Tarîh Yüksek Kurumu Atatürk Kültür Merkezî Yayını-Sayı: 68. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi-Ankara.
  • Ergürer, H., 2010. Urartu Kemerleri Üzerindeki İnsan Tasvirleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2010 14 (2): 1-22.
  • Eser, G., 2022. “Asr-ı Saadet’te Okçuluk”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Anabilim Dalı İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Bilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Genz, H., Mielke, D.P., 2011. Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology. Colloquia Antiqua 2 (Leuven, Belgium. Gorman, S. 2016. The Technological Development of the Bow and the Crossbow in the Later Middle Ages. Ph.D. Thesis, Trinity College Dublin.
  • Göksu, E. 2013. Okla Yükselen Millet (Türklerde ok ve okçuluk). Okçular Vakfı yayınları. Alioğlu Matbaacılık Basım Yay. ve Kağ. San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. İstanbul.
  • Grayson, C. E; French, M; O’Brien, M. J., 2007. Traditional archery from six continents. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri.
  • Gumilev, L. N., 2005. Hunlar. Ruscadan Çeviren D. Ahsen Batur, Dördüncü Baskı.
  • Gündüz, G., Yaman, B., Özden, S., Dönmez, S.C., 2013. Anatomy of wooden core of Ottoman composite archery bows”, Sains Malaysiana 42(5): 547–552.
  • Hamm, J. 2000. The Traditional Bowyer's Bible. Volume 2, The Lyons Press.
  • Hinds, K. 2010. Scythians and Sarmatians. Marshall Cavendish Corporation Publisher: Michelle Bisson, Malaysia.
  • URL1.https1://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/47257/mod_resource/content/0/%C4%B0kinci%20Ara%20D%C3%B6nem.pdf
  • İkibeş, S., 2022. Savaş Tarihine Yön Veren Silah: Türk Kompozit Yayı ve Tamamlayıcı Unsurları. Journal of Universal History Studies, 5 (1) , 32-50 . DOI: 10.38000/juhis.1122432.
  • Judd Company, 1879. The Archery. New York: Oeange 245 :broadwat. 1879.
  • Kani, M., 1836. Telhis-i Resailü’r- Rumat, s. 159-160, İstanbul (Matbaa-iAmire) 1263 (Çeviren, Yavuz, K.,Canatar, M., 2010. Okçuluk Kitabı Telhis-i Resailat-ı Rumat). İstanbul Fetih Cemiyeti İstanbul.
  • Karpowicz, A., 2008. Ottoman Turkish Bows: Manufacture and Design. Ottawa: Canada Cataloguing.
  • Kavak, A., 2022. Bows Used as Symbols of Military Victory in the Neo-Assyrian Period Yeni Asur Döneminde Askeri Zafer Sembolü Olarak Kullanılan Yaylar. Sdu Faculty Of Arts And Scıences Journal Of Socıal Sciences,, No: 56, PP. 266-283.
  • Klopsteg, P. E., 1934. Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow" Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and London.
  • Klopsteg, P.E. 1987. Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow. Manchester: Simon Archery Foundation, The Manchester Museum.
  • Knecht, H., 1997. Projectile Technology. Chapter 6 Sinew-Reinforced and Composite Bows Technology, Function, and Social Implications Chrıstopher A. Bergman And Edward Mcewen 143-160. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
  • Kooi, B. W., 1993. On the Mechanics of the Bow and Arrow. Groningen, The Netherlands PhD-thesis, Mathematisch Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands.
  • Kooi, B. W., 1994. “The Design of the Bow”, Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 97(3): 1–27.
  • Kooi, B. W. ve Bergman, C. A., 1997. An Approach to the Study of Ancient Archery using Mathematical Modelling. Antiquity, 71:(271) 124–134.
  • Kozowyk, P. R. B., Van Gijn, A. L.; Langejans, G. H. J., 2020. Understanding preservation and identification biases of ancient adhesives through experimentation. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01179-y.
  • Küçük, MA. 2018. “İslâm Öncesinden Sonrasına Türk Geleneğinde Bir Yaşam Stili: Okçuluk”, International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies (IntJCSS) 4 (1) 178-191.
  • Langejans, G., Aleo, A., Fajardo, S., Kozowyk, P. 2022. Archaeological Adhesives. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 March 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.198
  • Latham, J. D., ve Paterson, W. F., 1970. Saracen Archery. Latham Publisher: The Holland Press, London, ISBN: 0900470046.
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There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Forest Industry Engineering
Journal Section Review
Authors

Salih Parlak 0000-0003-3808-3297

Early Pub Date November 28, 2023
Publication Date December 28, 2023
Acceptance Date October 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Parlak, S. (2023). Kompozit yayların kökeni ve gelişim aşamaları. Ağaç Ve Orman, 4(2), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.59751/agacorman.1308049