Effect of soil nutrient management on soil weed seed bank dynamics across a soil fertility gradient in smallholder farms, Eastern Zimbabwe

Abstract

Weed seed banks are latent biotic stress contributors to low crop production among smallholder farms. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of repeated soil nutrient amendments on weed seed bank dynamics in eastern Zimbabwe. Soil samples were taken from three farms with low, medium and high soil organic carbon (SOC) along the catena. Sampled treatments included varying combinations of compound D (7%N, 14%P, 7% K) fertiliser, cattle manure and lime. Weeds that emerged per plot were counted by species and data was tested for normality before running a linear mixed-effects model and Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to establish the relationship between seasons, SOC, soil nutrient amendment, and emerged weeds. Significant (p < .05) species richness (Margalef index), and Shannon Weiner index were recorded in the medium (6.4g kg-1soil), high (8 g kg-1 soil) and low (< 3.9 g kg-1soil) SOC. Weed species emergence was significantly (p < .05) influenced by the level of SOC along the catena positions, representing results from the source. Emergency and abundance of weeds such as Richardia scabra, was associated with low SOC acidic sandy soils from the upper catena. However, application of nutrients (NPK+lime treatment) reduced weed species counts from 1.96±0.12 to 1.4±0.12. Cattle manure and NPK+CM treatments recorded significantly higher weed emergence, and weed biomass; compared to the control. Clearly, cattle manure treatments significantly increase the soil weed seed bank; thus, weeding intensity is likely to increase in cattle manure treated fields.

Keywords

• Germination
• organic matter
• soil nutrients
• weed diversity
• weed management

Doğu Zimbabwe'deki küçük çiftliklerde toprak besin yönetiminin toprak verimliliği gradyanı boyunca toprak yabancı ot tohum bankası dinamikleri üzerindeki etkisi

Abstract

Yabancı ot tohum bankaları, küçük ölçekli çiftçilik işletmelerinde düşük ürün üretimine katkıda bulunan gizli biyotik stres faktörleridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tekrarlanan toprak besin değişikliklerinin Doğu Zimbabve'de yabancı ot tohum bankası dinamikleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Toprak örnekleri, eğim boyunca düşük, orta ve yüksek toprak organik karbon (TOC) içeren üç çiftlikten alınmıştır. Örneklenen işlemler arasında bileşik D (7% N, 14% P, 7% K) gübresinin farklı kombinasyonları, sığır gübresi ve kireç bulunmaktadır. Parsel başına çıkan yabancı otlar türlerine göre sayılmış ve veriler normal dağılıma sahip olmadan önce bir lineer karışık etkiler modeli ve Sınırlı Maksimum Olabilirlik çalıştırılmıştır. Başlık Bileşen Analizi (PCA), mevsimler arası ilişkiyi, TOC, toprak besin düzenlemesi ve çıkan yabancı otları belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Orta (6.4g kg-1 toprak), yüksek (8 g kg-1 toprak) ve düşük (<3.9 g kg-1 toprak) TOC'de anlamlı (p < .05) tür zenginliği (Margalef indeksi) ve Shannon Weiner indeksi kaydedilmiştir. Yabancı ot türlerinin ortaya çıkışı, eğim boyunca SOC seviyesinden etkilenmiş ve kaynaktan gelen sonuçları temsil etmiştir. Richardia scabra gibi yabancı otların asidik kumlu topraklarda düşük SOC'ye bağlı olarak çıkışı olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, besin maddelerinin uygulanması (NPK+kireç tedavisi), yabancı ot türü sayısını 1.96±0.12'den 1.4±0.12'ye düşürmüştür. Sığır gübresi ve NPK+SG işlemleri, kontrolle karşılaştırıldığında önemli ölçüde daha yüksek yabancı ot çıkışı ve yabancı ot biyokütlesi kaydedilmiştir. Açıkça, sığır gübresi işlemleri toprak yabancı ot tohum bankasını önemli ölçüde arttırmaktadır; bu nedenle, sığır gübresi ile tedavi edilen tarlalarda çapa yoğunluğunun artması muhtemeldir.

Keywords

• Çimlenme
• organik madde
• toprak besin maddeleri
• yabancıot çeşitliliği
• yabancı ot yönetimi

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