TİCARET ŞİRKETLERİ BAKIMINDAN TÂBİİYET PLANLAMASI VE ULUSLARARASI YATIRIM HUKUKU AÇISINDAN DOĞURDUĞU SONUÇLAR

Year 2021, , 61 - 101, 31.10.2021

Talat Kaya

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1018657

Abstract

Ulusal ve uluslararası hukukta ticaret şirketlerinin tâbiiyetini tayin açısından çoğunlukla kuruluş yeri ve merkez yeri esasları kullanılmaktadır. Uluslararası yatırım anlaşmaları da yatırımcı şirketleri bu esaslar temelinde tanımlamaktadır. Hakem heyetlerinin ise kuruluş yeri esası ile herhangi bir nitelemeden yoksun merkez yeri esasını biçimsel olarak yorumlaması tâbiiyet planlamasına olanak sağlamıştır. Tâbiiyet planlaması, şirketlerin yatırımın başlangıcı veya sonrasındaki bir dönemde elverişli yatırım iklimi ve/veya hukuki alt yapı sunan bir devletin tâbiiyetini edinimi olarak tanımlanabilir. Şirketler uluslararası yatırım hukuku bağlamında genellikle yatırım tahkimine başvurma hakkına kavuşmak amacıyla tâbiiyet planlamasına girişmektedir. Ancak kaynak ülke ile gerçek bir bağı bulunmayan tabela şirketler tarafından başlatılan tahkim davaları tâbiiyet planlaması uygulamasına karşı bir tepkiyi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu tepki iki şekilde ortaya çıkmıştır. İlk olarak yatırım tahkimi davalarında ev sahibi devletlerin itirazları üzerine bazı hakem heyetleri tâbiiyet planlamasının amacı ve/veya gerçekleştirime zamanını dikkate alarak bu uygulamayı hakkın kötüye kullanılması yasağı içerisinde değerlendirmiştir. İkinci olarak ise devletler son dönemde yapmış oldukları ikili ve çok taraflı yatırım anlaşmalarında yatırımcı tanımını daraltmış ve/veya tâbiiyet planlamasına karşı faydaların reddi hükümlerine yer vermişlerdir.

Keywords

Şirket tâbiiyeti, tâbiiyet planlaması, yatırım tahkimi, hakkın kötüye kullanılması, faydaların reddi

CORPORATE NATIONALITY PLANNING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW

Abstract

In national and international law, place of incorporation and seat are mostly used criteria in determining corporate nationality. International investment agreements also define corporate investors based on these criteria. Besides formal interpretation of place of incorporation criterion and the seat criterion without any qualification by the arbitral tribunals has allowed nationality planning. Nationality planning can be defined as the acquisition of the nationality of a state that provides a favorable investment climate and/or legal infrastructure for corporates at the beginning of the investment or at a later period. In the context of international investment law, companies usually engage in nationality planning to obtain the right to apply for investment arbitration. However, arbitration proceedings initiated by shell companies that have no genuine link to the home state have brought a reaction against the practice of nationality planning. This reaction occurred in two ways. First, on the objections of the host states, some arbitral tribunals, considering the purpose and/or the time of realization of the nationality planning, have deemed this practice as abuse of rights. Secondly, states have narrowed the definition of investor and/or put denial of benefits provisions against nationality planning in their recent bilateral and multilateral investment agreements.

Keywords

Corporate nationality, nationality planning, investment arbitration, abuse of rights, denial of benefits

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