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Hedge and Safe Haven Properties of Gold and Cryptocurrencies for the BİST100 Index: The Covid-19 Pandemic Effects

Year 2022, , 622 - 635, 27.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1110109

Abstract

After the Covid-19 outbreak, economic turmoil and severe market crashes have been observed around the world. During this crisis period, cyriptocurrencies and gold have become potentially good hedge and/or safe haven assets for especially the stock investors in emerging markets. This study investigates whether or not Bitcoin, Etherium, Ripple, Litecoin and gold markets have hedge and/or safe-haven properties for Borsa İstanbul through a regression system modeled under the assumption of GARCH(1,1) error terms. Daily frequency data covering the period September 4, 2017 through March 30, 2022 is used in the sample analysis. In addition, to separate out the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the analysis, full sample is divided into two subgroups and the estimations are made separately for the pre-Covid-19 period (before 31 December 2019) and the Covid-19 period (31 December 2019 and later).
According to the estimation results, Litecoin emerges as a weak safe haven for Borsa İstanbul over the entire sample period, while Bitcoin and Etherium appear to be weak hedges in the pre-pandemic period. During the Covid-19 pandemic period, Etherium is shown to be a weak safe haven for the BİST100 index. Full sample and pre-pandemic data analysis reveal that, Bitcoin, Etherium and Ripple act as safe-haven markets in some cases when the BİST100 index returns hit lower than their 10% quantile value. After the outburst of the Covid-19 however, gold seems to act as a safe haven asset for Borsa İstanbul when the BİST100 index returns hit lower than their 1% quantile value. Based on the overall estimation results, gold stands out as a diversifier rather than a hedge and/or a safe haven asset for the BİST100 index.

References

  • Akhtaruzzaman, M., Boubaker, S., Lucey, B. M. & Sensoy, A. (2021). Is gold a hedge or a safe-haven asset in the COVID–19 crisis? Economic Modelling, 102, 105588.
  • Akkoc, U. & Civcir, I. (2019). Dynamic linkages between strategic commodities and stock market in Turkey: Evidence from SVAR-DCC-GARCH model. Resources Policy, 62, 231-239.
  • Bahloul, S., Mroura, M., & Naifar, N. (2021). Are Islamic indexes, Bitcoin and gold, still “safe-haven” assets during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis? International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2020-0295
  • Baur, D. G. & Lucey, B.M. (2010). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Review, 45(2), 217-229.
  • Baur, D. G. & McDermott, T.K. (2010). Is gold a safe haven? International evidence. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34(8), 1886-1898.
  • Bouri, E., Molnar P., Azzi G., Roubaud D. & Hagfors, L. I. (2017). On the hedge and safe haven properties of Bitcoin: Is it really more than a diversifier? Finance Research Letters, 20, 192-198.
  • Bouri, E., Shahzad, S. J. H., Roubaud D., Kristoufek L. & Lucey, B. (2020). Bitcoin, gold, and commodities as safe havens for stocks: New insight through wavelet analysis. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 77, 156-164.
  • Bulut, L. & Rizvanoghlu, I. (2020). Is gold a safe haven? The international evidence revisited. Acta Oeconomia, 70(4), 531-549.
  • Cheema, M., Faff, R., & Szulczyk, K. R. (2020). The 2008 Global Financial Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic: How Safe are the Safe Haven Assets? Covid Economics, Vetted and Real Time Papers, 34, 88-115.
  • Ciner, C., Gurdgiev, C., & Lucey, B. M. (2013). Hedges and safe havens: An examination of stocks, bonds, gold, oil, and Exchange rates. International Review of Financial Analysis, 29, 202-211.
  • Cryptocurrency information about Turkey (2022). Triple A. Erişim tarihi: 18 Şubat 2022, https://triple-a.io/crypto-ownership-turkey.
  • Dyhrberg, A. (2016). Hedging capabilities of bitcoin. Is it the virtual gold? Finance Research Letters, 16, 136-144.
  • Gencer, G. & Musoglu, Z. (2014). The Safe Haven Property of Gold in Turkish Financial Markets: An Investigation of the Global Financial Crisis. Boğaziçi Journal Review of Social, Economic and Administrative Studies, 28(2), 75-89.
  • Gold spot prices (2022). World Gold Council. Erişim tarihi: 6 Nisan 2022, https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-prices
  • Gürgün, G. & Ünalmış, İ. (2014). Is gold a safe haven against equity market investment in emerging and developing countries? Finance Research Letters, 11, 341-348.
  • Jambotkar, M. M. & Guntur, A. R. (2021). Does Gold Retain its Hedge and Safe Haven Role for Energy Sector Indices During COVID-19 Pandemic? A Crossquantilogram Approach. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(1), 233-240.
  • Ozdemir, H. & Ozdemir, Z. A. (2021). A Survey of Hedge and Safe Havens Assets against G-7 Stock Markets before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic, IZA Discussion Papers, No 14888, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.
  • Tursoy, T. & Faisal, F. (2018). The impact of gold and crude oil prices on stock market in Turkey: Empirical evidences from ARDL bounds test and combined cointegration. Resources Policy, 55, 49-54.
  • Türkiye’deki kripto para işlem hacmi ne kadar? (2022). NTV Haber Portalı. Erişim tarihi: 18 Şubat 2022, https://www.ntv.com.tr/teknoloji/turkiyedeki-kripto-para-islem-hacmi-ne-kadar,huTLvEc7U0-qtPeZyIjRmA
  • Ustaoğlu, E. (2022). Return and Volatility Spillover Between Cryptocurrency and Stock Markets: Evidence from Turkey. Muhasebe ve Finans Dergisi, 16, 136-144.
  • Zhang, W. & Wang, P. (2021). Does Bitcoin or gold react to financial stress alike? Evidence from the U. S. and China. International Revıew of Economics and Finance, 71, 629-648.

Altın ve Kripto Paraların BİST100 Endeksi için Hedge ve Güvenli Liman Özellikleri: Covid-19 Salgını Etkileri

Year 2022, , 622 - 635, 27.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1110109

Abstract

Covid-19 salgınının ortaya çıkmasından sonra dünya çapında ekonomik çalkantılar ve şiddetli piyasa düşüşlerinin ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Bu dönemde hisse senedi piyasalarına yatırım yapmış ajanlar için hedge ve/veya güvenli liman araçları arayışları artmıştır. Kripto paralar ve altın özellikle gelişmekte olan ülke piyasalarındaki yatırımcılar için hedge ve/veya güvenli liman olma konusunda iyi potansiyellere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Borsa İstanbul için Bitcoin, Etherium, Ripple, Litecoin ve altın piyasalarının hedge ve/veya güvenli liman piyasalar olup olmadığı, GARCH(1,1) hata terimleri varsayımı altında modellenmiş regresyon sistemi yardımı ile araştırılmıştır. Analizlerde örneklem olarak 4 Eylül 2017 – 30 Mart 2022 tarihleri arasındaki günlük frekanslı verilerden faydalanılmıştır. Ayrıca, Covid-19 salgın dönemi etkilerini ayrıştırmak için örneklem iki alt gruba ayrılmış ve tahminler Covid-19 öncesi dönem (31 Aralık 2019 öncesi) ve Covid-19 dönemi (31 Aralık 2019 ve sonrası) için ayrı ayrı analiz edilmiştir.
A.B.D. doları cinsinden elde edilmiş kripto para (BTC, ETH, XRP, LTC), altın ve BİST100 endeks getirileri kullanılarak bulunan tahmin sonuçlarına göre, tüm örneklem için Litecoin zayıf güvenli liman olarak ortaya çıkarken, Covid-19 öncesi dönemde Bitcoin ve Etherium zayıf hedge, Covid-19 salgın döneminde de Etherium zayıf güvenli liman olma özellikleri göstermektedir. Tüm örneklem ve salgın öncesi dönem verileri söz konusu olduğunda, BİST100 endeks getiri dağılımının %10 çeyrek değerinden az olduğu durumlarda Bitcoin, Etherium ve Ripple güvenli liman piyasalar olarak gözlemlenirken, salgın döneminde altın, BİST100 endeks getiri dağılımının %1 çeyrek değerinden az olduğu durumlarda güvenli bir liman olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Fakat tüm analizlere dayanarak, altının genel görünümüyle BİST100 endeksi için hedge veya güvenli limandan çok bir çeşitlendirici varlık olarak öne çıktığı söylenebilir.

References

  • Akhtaruzzaman, M., Boubaker, S., Lucey, B. M. & Sensoy, A. (2021). Is gold a hedge or a safe-haven asset in the COVID–19 crisis? Economic Modelling, 102, 105588.
  • Akkoc, U. & Civcir, I. (2019). Dynamic linkages between strategic commodities and stock market in Turkey: Evidence from SVAR-DCC-GARCH model. Resources Policy, 62, 231-239.
  • Bahloul, S., Mroura, M., & Naifar, N. (2021). Are Islamic indexes, Bitcoin and gold, still “safe-haven” assets during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis? International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2020-0295
  • Baur, D. G. & Lucey, B.M. (2010). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Review, 45(2), 217-229.
  • Baur, D. G. & McDermott, T.K. (2010). Is gold a safe haven? International evidence. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34(8), 1886-1898.
  • Bouri, E., Molnar P., Azzi G., Roubaud D. & Hagfors, L. I. (2017). On the hedge and safe haven properties of Bitcoin: Is it really more than a diversifier? Finance Research Letters, 20, 192-198.
  • Bouri, E., Shahzad, S. J. H., Roubaud D., Kristoufek L. & Lucey, B. (2020). Bitcoin, gold, and commodities as safe havens for stocks: New insight through wavelet analysis. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 77, 156-164.
  • Bulut, L. & Rizvanoghlu, I. (2020). Is gold a safe haven? The international evidence revisited. Acta Oeconomia, 70(4), 531-549.
  • Cheema, M., Faff, R., & Szulczyk, K. R. (2020). The 2008 Global Financial Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic: How Safe are the Safe Haven Assets? Covid Economics, Vetted and Real Time Papers, 34, 88-115.
  • Ciner, C., Gurdgiev, C., & Lucey, B. M. (2013). Hedges and safe havens: An examination of stocks, bonds, gold, oil, and Exchange rates. International Review of Financial Analysis, 29, 202-211.
  • Cryptocurrency information about Turkey (2022). Triple A. Erişim tarihi: 18 Şubat 2022, https://triple-a.io/crypto-ownership-turkey.
  • Dyhrberg, A. (2016). Hedging capabilities of bitcoin. Is it the virtual gold? Finance Research Letters, 16, 136-144.
  • Gencer, G. & Musoglu, Z. (2014). The Safe Haven Property of Gold in Turkish Financial Markets: An Investigation of the Global Financial Crisis. Boğaziçi Journal Review of Social, Economic and Administrative Studies, 28(2), 75-89.
  • Gold spot prices (2022). World Gold Council. Erişim tarihi: 6 Nisan 2022, https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-prices
  • Gürgün, G. & Ünalmış, İ. (2014). Is gold a safe haven against equity market investment in emerging and developing countries? Finance Research Letters, 11, 341-348.
  • Jambotkar, M. M. & Guntur, A. R. (2021). Does Gold Retain its Hedge and Safe Haven Role for Energy Sector Indices During COVID-19 Pandemic? A Crossquantilogram Approach. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(1), 233-240.
  • Ozdemir, H. & Ozdemir, Z. A. (2021). A Survey of Hedge and Safe Havens Assets against G-7 Stock Markets before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic, IZA Discussion Papers, No 14888, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn.
  • Tursoy, T. & Faisal, F. (2018). The impact of gold and crude oil prices on stock market in Turkey: Empirical evidences from ARDL bounds test and combined cointegration. Resources Policy, 55, 49-54.
  • Türkiye’deki kripto para işlem hacmi ne kadar? (2022). NTV Haber Portalı. Erişim tarihi: 18 Şubat 2022, https://www.ntv.com.tr/teknoloji/turkiyedeki-kripto-para-islem-hacmi-ne-kadar,huTLvEc7U0-qtPeZyIjRmA
  • Ustaoğlu, E. (2022). Return and Volatility Spillover Between Cryptocurrency and Stock Markets: Evidence from Turkey. Muhasebe ve Finans Dergisi, 16, 136-144.
  • Zhang, W. & Wang, P. (2021). Does Bitcoin or gold react to financial stress alike? Evidence from the U. S. and China. International Revıew of Economics and Finance, 71, 629-648.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Main Section
Authors

Fatma Özgü Serttaş 0000-0003-0746-3991

Publication Date August 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Serttaş, F. Ö. (2022). Altın ve Kripto Paraların BİST100 Endeksi için Hedge ve Güvenli Liman Özellikleri: Covid-19 Salgını Etkileri. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 622-635. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1110109