BRICS-T Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluğun Ticari ve Finansal Küreselleşmeye Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Ülkelerin küreselleşme süreçleri birçok iktisadi değişken bağlamında incelenmesine rağmen, bu iktisadi değişkenleri etkileyen kurumsal yapı son yıllarda daha sık vurgulanır olmuştur. Bu kurumsal yapının önemli unsurlarından biri de kuşkusuz yolsuzluktur. Yolsuzluk, artan ekonomik küreselleşmeyle beraber ülkelerin diğer ülkelerle olan ticari ve finansal ilişkilerini önemli biçimde etkilemektedir. Bu önemi dikkate alarak, çalışmada küreselleşme ve yolsuzluk arasındaki ilişki, geleceğe yön verme potansiyeline sahip ekonomiler olarak vurgu yapılan BRICS-T ülkeleri kapsamında incelenmiştir. 1996-2017 dönemini kapsayan, Westerlund eşbütünleşme analizinin uygulandığı çalışma bulguları, ticari küreselleşme ve yolsuzluğun kontrolü arasında bir uzun dönem ilişkisi ortaya koymamıştır. Buna karşılık, Rusya ve Brezilya için finansal küreselleşme ve yolsuzluğun kontrolü arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir uzun dönem ilişkisi ortaya koymaktadır. Bir diğer ifadeyle, adı geçen ülkelerde, yolsuzluğun kontrolü arttıkça, finansal küreselleşme artmaktadır

Keywords

• Yolsuzluk,Kurumsal Kalite,Ticari Küreselleşme,Finansal Küreselleşme

References

1. Acemoglu, D., North, D., Fukuyama, F. ve Rodrik, D. (2008). Governance, Growth, and Development. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
2. Acemoglu, D., ve Robinson, J. (2008). The Role of Institutions in Growth and Development. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
3. Ades, A. ve Di Tella, R. (1997). The New Economics of Corruption: A Survey and Some New Results, Political Studies, XLV, 496-515.
4. Anderson, J.E. ve van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle, American Economic Review, 93(1), 170–92.
5. Álvarez, Inmaculada C., Barbero, J., Rodríguez-Pose, A. ve Zofío, J. L. (2018). Does Institutional Quality Matter for Trade? Institutional conditions in a sectoral trade framework, World Development, 103, 72-87. ISSN 0305-750X
6. Aranha, A.L. (t.y.). The Web of Accountability Institutions and Corruption Control in Brazil, 2018 OECD Global Anri-Corruption & Integrity Forum.
7. Asongu, S. (2014). Globalization (fighting), Corruption and Development How are These Phenomena Linearly and Nonlinearly Related in Wealth Effects?, Journal of Economic Studies,41(3), 346-369.
8. Bell, H. A. (2011). Status of the 'BRICs': An Analysis of Growth Factors, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, (69), 19-25.

9. Bitterhout, S. ve Simo-Kengne, B. D. (2020). The Effect of Corruption on Economic Growth in the BRICS Countries. A Panel Data Analysis, EDWRG Working Paper , No. 03-2020.
10. Brunner, H. P. W. ve Prasad, K. (2014). Regional Cooperation and Integration (RCI) and Trade-Driven Competitiveness - Is There a Relation to Inclusive Growth? - Overview of Economic Literature, Robert H. Smith School Research Paper, No: RHS 2500702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500702
11. Das, J., ve DiRienzo. (2009). The Nonlinear Impact of Globalization on Corruption, International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 3(2).
12. Dünya Bankası (2020a), Erişim Tarihi: 30.04.2020, https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Documents
13. Dünya Bankası (2020b), Erişim Tarihi: 30.04.2020, https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
14. ETH Zürich, Erişim Tarihi: 30.04.2020, https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/dual/kof-dam/documents/Globalization/2018/Variables_2018.pdf
15. Golden,M. A.(2002). Does Globalization Reduce Corruption? Some Political Consequences of Economic Integration, Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2020, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Does-Globalization-Reduce-Corruption-Some-Political-Golden/199929e9d75e071424ea01aa5343887390e79855
16. Göçer, İ. (2013). Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı, Dış Ticaret Dengesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki etkileri, Maliye Dergisi, 165, 215-240.
17. Hall, R. E. ve Jones, C. I. (1999). Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 83–116.
18. Jadhav P. (2012). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in BRICS Economies: Analysis of Economic, Institutional and Political Factor, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, 5 – 14
19. Jain Arvind K. (2001), Corruption: A Review, Journal Of Economic Surveys, 15(1),71-121.
20. KOF Swiss Economic Institute (2018). The KOF Globalisation Index – Revisited, KOF Working Papers, No. 439.
21. KOF Swiss Economic Institute, Erişim Tarihi: 30.04.2020, https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html
22. Lalountas, D.A., Manolas, G.A. ve Vavouras, I.S. (2011). Corruption, Globalization and Development: How are These Three Phenomena Related?, Journal of Policy Modeling, 33(4), 636-648.
23. Lavallée, E. (2005). Governance, Corruption, and Trade: A North-South Approach. EURIsCO, Université Paris Dauphine.
24. Pan, C., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military Spending and Economic Growth in the Middle East Countries: Bootstrap Panel Causality Test, Defence and Peace Economics, 26 (24), 443-456.
25. Persyn, D. ve Westerlund, J. (2008). Error-correction-based Cointegration Tests for Panel Data. The Stata Journal, 8 (8), 232-241.
26. Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. CWPE, 0435.
27. Pesaran, M. H., (2007) A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics 22, 265-312.
28. Poullin, M. (2016-2017). Does Governance Matter for İnternational Trade?. Master 2 Evalutation Economique Du Developpement Durable. Erişim Tarihi: 22.04.2020. https://www.academia.edu/35109194/Poullin_Matthieu_2017_.Does_governance_matter_for_international_trade
29. Power, T. J. ve Taylor, M. M. (2011). Accountability Institutions and Political Corruption in Brazil, in Corruption and Democracy in Brazil, ed. by Power, Timothy J. & Taylor, Matthew M., University of Notre Dame.
30. Quah, J. S. T. (1982). Bureaucratic Corruption in the ASEAN Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Their Anti-Corruption Strategies. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 13(1),153–77.
31. Raza, S., Shah, N. ve Arif, I. (2019). Relationship Between FDI and Economic Growth in the Presence of Good Governance System: Evidence from OECD Countries. Global Business Review. doi:10.1177/0972150919833484.
32. Roberta Gatti, 2004. Explaining Corruption: Are Open Countries Less Corrupt?, Journal of International Development, 16(6), 851-861.
33. Shabbir, G. ve Anwar, M. (2007). Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries. Hamburg Institute of International Economics, (HWWI) Paper.
34. Shang-Jin Wei. (1999). Corruption in Economic Development - Beneficial Grease, Minor Annoyance, or Major Obstacle?. Policy Research Working Paper, No. WPS 2048. Washington, DC: World Bank.
35. Singh B. P.(2019). Does Governance Matter? Evidence from BRICS, Global Business Review, 1–18, DOI: 10.1177/0972150919861222
36. Sung, H-E, ve Chu, D. (2003). Does Participation in the Global Economy Reduce Political Corruption? International Journal of Comparative Criminology, 3(2), 94 – 118.
37. Topal, M.H., Ünver, M. (2016). Yolsuzluğun Belirleyicileri: Kırılgan Ekonomiler İçin Panel Eş-bütünleşme Analizi, Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 02(02), 58-68.
38. Transparency International, Erişim Tarihi: 08.05.2020, https://www.transparency.org/what-is-corruption.
39. Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69 (6), 709-748.
40. Wlei S.-J. (1999). Corruption in Economic Development, The World Bank Developmenit Research Group Public Economics.
41. World Bank, Erişim Tarihi:08.05.2020, https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/control-corruption-estimate-0
42. World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011, 106- 287.
43. Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta.