Bu
çalışmada Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin (ÇHC) uluslararası politik ekonomide artan
etkinliği incelenecektir. Bu bağlamda 2016 yılında Çin tarafından kurulan Asya
Altyapı ve Yatırım Bankası (AIIB) mercek altına alınacaktır. Hem Batılı hem de
gelişmekte olan ülkeler alternatif bir finans kaynağı olmasından dolayı Çin’in
bu girişimini olumlu karşılamış ve üye olmuşlardır. Uluslararası Para Fonu
(IMF), Dünya Bankası, Asya Kalkınma Bankası gibi Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
(ABD) merkezli finansal kuruluşların aksine AIIB daha katılımcı bir kuruluş
olma iddiasındadır. Bir başka deyişle, her ne kadar ÇHC tarafından kurulmuş
olsa da sadece Çin’in değil, gelişmekte olan Asya ülkelerinin menfaatine de
hizmet etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bakımdan Çin tarafından ABD merkezli
kuruluşların bilhassa yönetim şekillerine yöneltilen eleştiriler AIIB’de
giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna ek olarak koşullu kredi sistemi de kaldırılarak
devletlerin egemenlikleri ilkesine uygun ilişkiler kurulmaktadır. Dolayısıyla
Çin, AIIB’yi sadece finansal bir kuruluş olarak değil, ABD merkezli kuruluşlara
alternatif bir yapı olarak düşünmektedir. Bu çalışmada Çin’in bu kuruluşu neden
ve nasıl alternatif olarak düşündüğü değerlendirilecektir.
AIIB (2015). Articles of Agreement. Retrieved from https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/basic-documents/_download/articles-of-agreement/basic_document_english-bank_articles_of_agreement.pdf
AIIB (2019a). 2018 AIIB Report and Financials. Retrieved from https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/annual-report/2018/home/index.html
AIIB (2019b). AIIB Investment in India nears USD3 Billion: Bank approves USD500 million for Mumbai Metro, USD75 Million for Renewable Energy. Retrieved from https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2019/20191115_001.html
AIIB (2019c). Members and Prospective Members of the Bank. Retrieved from https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
Cai, K. G. (2018). The One Belt One Road and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Beijing’s New Strategy of Geoeconomics and Geopolitics. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(114), 831–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1488101
Callaghan, M., & Hubbard, P. (2016). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Multilateralism on the Silk Road. China Economic Journal, 9(2), 116–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2016.1162970
Cammack, P. (2018). Situating the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in the context of global economic governance. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 16(3), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2018.1476082
Chan, L.-H. (2017). Soft balancing against the US ‘pivot to Asia’: China’s geostrategic rationale for establishing the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 71(6), 568–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2017.1357679
Chen, I. T.-y. (2019). China’s status deficit and the debut of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. The Pacific Review, 59(3), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1577291
Chin, G. (2010). China’s Rising Institutional Influence. In A. S. Alexandroff & A. F. Cooper (Eds.), Rising states, rising institutions: Challenges for global governance (pp. 83–104). Waterloo, Ont.: Centre for International Governance Innovation; Washington.
Chin, G. (2016). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Governance Innovation and Prospects. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 22(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02201002
Defense Manpower Data Center (2019). Number of Military and DoD Appropriated Fund (APF) Civilian Personnel Permanently Assigned. Retrieved from https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/rest/download?fileName=DMDC_Website_Location_Report_1906.xlsx&groupName=milRegionCountry
Deng, Y. (2008). China's struggle for status: The realignment of international relations. Cambridge [England], New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ferguson, C. (2012). The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing: The Normative Dimensions of the Chinese–Russian ‘Strategic Partnership’. Journal of Strategic Studies, 35(2), 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2011.583153
Gilpin, R. G. (1984). The richness of the tradition of political realism. International Organization, 38(2), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300026710 Hameiri, S., & Jones, L. (2018). China challenges global governance? Chinese international development finance and the AIIB. International Affairs, 94(3), 573–593. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy026
Ikenberry, J., & Lim, D. J. (2017). China’s emerging institutional statecraft: The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the prospects for counter-hegemony (Project on International Order and Strategy at Brookings).
IMF (2005). IMF Press Release No.13 [Press release]. Washington DC. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/am/2005/speeches/pr13e.pdf
IMF (2018). World Economic Outlook Database. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/index.aspx
IMF (2019). IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx
Jing, F. (2016). AIIB chief rules out China veto power: China Daily. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-01/27/content_23265846.htm
Katz, S. S. (1999). The Asian Crisis, the IMF and the Critics. Eastern Economic Journal, 25(4), 421–439.
Keohane, R. O. (1984). After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Guildford : Princeton University Press.
Kilby, C. (2006). Donor influence in multilateral development banks: The case of the Asian Development Bank. The Review of International Organizations, 1(2), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-006-8343-9
Liqun, J. (2019). Interview by German Asia-Pacific Business Association [https://www.oav.de/en/iap-32018/the-aiib-as-a-new-player-in-infrastructure-financing-we-are-lean-clean-and-green.html].
Malkin, A., & Momani, B. (2016). An Effective Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: A Bottom Up Approach. Global Policy, 7(4), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12357
Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft Balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1), 7–45.
Peng, Z., & Tok, S. K. (2016). The AIIB and China’s Normative Power in International Financial Governance Structure. Chinese Political Science Review, 1(4), 736–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-016-0042-y
Ra, S., & Li, Z. (2018). ADB South Asia Working Paper Series. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.22617/WPS189402-2
Ren, X. (2015). China as an institution-builder: The case of the AIIB. The Pacific Review, 29(3), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1154678
Scobell, A. (2012). Learning to Rise Peacefully? China and the security dilemma. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(76), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2012.666839
Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Globalization and its discontents. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Strange, S. (1988). States and markets. London: Pinter.
Strategic Comments (2015). Asian bank: Funding infrastructure, building China's influence. Strategic Comments, 21(3), i-ii. https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2015.1047627
The World Bank (2019a). Data World Bank. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN-US The World Bank (2019b). International Bank for Reconstruction and Subscriptions and Voting Power of Member Countries. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf
Wan, M. (2016). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: The construction of power and the struggle for the East Asian international order. Palgrave pivot. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Xiao, R. (2015). A reform-minded status quo power? China, the G20, and reform of the international financial system. Third World Quarterly, 36(11), 2023–2043. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1078232
Xie, T., & Han, D. (2019). In the Shadow of Strategic Rivalry: China, America, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Journal of Contemporary China, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1594104
Yu, H. (2017). Motivation behind China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(105), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1245894
Zoellick, R. B. (2005). Whither China: From Membership to Responsibility? Retrieved from https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/d/former/zoellick/rem/53682.htm
Year 2020,
Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 194 - 209, 08.05.2020
AIIB (2015). Articles of Agreement. Retrieved from https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/basic-documents/_download/articles-of-agreement/basic_document_english-bank_articles_of_agreement.pdf
AIIB (2019a). 2018 AIIB Report and Financials. Retrieved from https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/annual-report/2018/home/index.html
AIIB (2019b). AIIB Investment in India nears USD3 Billion: Bank approves USD500 million for Mumbai Metro, USD75 Million for Renewable Energy. Retrieved from https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2019/20191115_001.html
AIIB (2019c). Members and Prospective Members of the Bank. Retrieved from https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
Cai, K. G. (2018). The One Belt One Road and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Beijing’s New Strategy of Geoeconomics and Geopolitics. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(114), 831–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1488101
Callaghan, M., & Hubbard, P. (2016). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Multilateralism on the Silk Road. China Economic Journal, 9(2), 116–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2016.1162970
Cammack, P. (2018). Situating the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in the context of global economic governance. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 16(3), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2018.1476082
Chan, L.-H. (2017). Soft balancing against the US ‘pivot to Asia’: China’s geostrategic rationale for establishing the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 71(6), 568–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2017.1357679
Chen, I. T.-y. (2019). China’s status deficit and the debut of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. The Pacific Review, 59(3), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1577291
Chin, G. (2010). China’s Rising Institutional Influence. In A. S. Alexandroff & A. F. Cooper (Eds.), Rising states, rising institutions: Challenges for global governance (pp. 83–104). Waterloo, Ont.: Centre for International Governance Innovation; Washington.
Chin, G. (2016). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Governance Innovation and Prospects. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 22(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02201002
Defense Manpower Data Center (2019). Number of Military and DoD Appropriated Fund (APF) Civilian Personnel Permanently Assigned. Retrieved from https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/rest/download?fileName=DMDC_Website_Location_Report_1906.xlsx&groupName=milRegionCountry
Deng, Y. (2008). China's struggle for status: The realignment of international relations. Cambridge [England], New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ferguson, C. (2012). The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing: The Normative Dimensions of the Chinese–Russian ‘Strategic Partnership’. Journal of Strategic Studies, 35(2), 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2011.583153
Gilpin, R. G. (1984). The richness of the tradition of political realism. International Organization, 38(2), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300026710 Hameiri, S., & Jones, L. (2018). China challenges global governance? Chinese international development finance and the AIIB. International Affairs, 94(3), 573–593. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy026
Ikenberry, J., & Lim, D. J. (2017). China’s emerging institutional statecraft: The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the prospects for counter-hegemony (Project on International Order and Strategy at Brookings).
IMF (2005). IMF Press Release No.13 [Press release]. Washington DC. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/am/2005/speeches/pr13e.pdf
IMF (2018). World Economic Outlook Database. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/index.aspx
IMF (2019). IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx
Jing, F. (2016). AIIB chief rules out China veto power: China Daily. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-01/27/content_23265846.htm
Katz, S. S. (1999). The Asian Crisis, the IMF and the Critics. Eastern Economic Journal, 25(4), 421–439.
Keohane, R. O. (1984). After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Guildford : Princeton University Press.
Kilby, C. (2006). Donor influence in multilateral development banks: The case of the Asian Development Bank. The Review of International Organizations, 1(2), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-006-8343-9
Liqun, J. (2019). Interview by German Asia-Pacific Business Association [https://www.oav.de/en/iap-32018/the-aiib-as-a-new-player-in-infrastructure-financing-we-are-lean-clean-and-green.html].
Malkin, A., & Momani, B. (2016). An Effective Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: A Bottom Up Approach. Global Policy, 7(4), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12357
Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft Balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1), 7–45.
Peng, Z., & Tok, S. K. (2016). The AIIB and China’s Normative Power in International Financial Governance Structure. Chinese Political Science Review, 1(4), 736–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-016-0042-y
Ra, S., & Li, Z. (2018). ADB South Asia Working Paper Series. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.22617/WPS189402-2
Ren, X. (2015). China as an institution-builder: The case of the AIIB. The Pacific Review, 29(3), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1154678
Scobell, A. (2012). Learning to Rise Peacefully? China and the security dilemma. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(76), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2012.666839
Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Globalization and its discontents. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Strange, S. (1988). States and markets. London: Pinter.
Strategic Comments (2015). Asian bank: Funding infrastructure, building China's influence. Strategic Comments, 21(3), i-ii. https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2015.1047627
The World Bank (2019a). Data World Bank. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN-US The World Bank (2019b). International Bank for Reconstruction and Subscriptions and Voting Power of Member Countries. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf
Wan, M. (2016). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: The construction of power and the struggle for the East Asian international order. Palgrave pivot. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Xiao, R. (2015). A reform-minded status quo power? China, the G20, and reform of the international financial system. Third World Quarterly, 36(11), 2023–2043. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1078232
Xie, T., & Han, D. (2019). In the Shadow of Strategic Rivalry: China, America, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Journal of Contemporary China, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1594104
Yu, H. (2017). Motivation behind China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(105), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1245894
Zoellick, R. B. (2005). Whither China: From Membership to Responsibility? Retrieved from https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/d/former/zoellick/rem/53682.htm
Şahin, M. (2020). Uluslararası Politik Ekonomide Bir Dengeleme Aracı Olarak Asya Altyapı ve Yatırım Bankası. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 194-209.