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Seçilmiş Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerjinin GSYH Üzerine Etkisi: Cobb-Douglas Üretim Fonksiyonu Yaklaşımı

Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 249 - 270, 08.05.2020

Abstract

Emek ve sermaye gibi geleneksel üretim faktörlerinin yanı sıra üretim sürecinde kullanılan girdilerden biri de enerjidir. Üretim sürecinde fosil içerikli enerji kaynaklarının kullanımı daha yaygın olsa da sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın sağlanmasında yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının önemi de giderek artmaktadır. Dünyada birçok ülkede olduğu gibi, Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkelerinde de toplam enerji tüketimi içerisinde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının payı oldukça yüksektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yenilenebilir enerjinin toplam enerji tüketimi içerisinde payı yüksek olan 12 AB ülkesinde emek, sermaye, yenilenebilir enerjinin çıktı esneklik katsayılarını Cobb-Douglas üretim fonksiyonu yaklaşımı ile araştırmaktır. Çalışmada bu ülkelerin 2000-2017 dönemine ilişkin Gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYH), emek, sermaye ve yenilenebilir enerji verilerinden yararlanılarak genelleştirilmiş momentler yöntemi-dinamik panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda tahmin edilen Cobb-Douglas üretim fonksiyonunda çıktı esneklik katsayısı 1,147 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu durum, emek, sermaye ve yenilenebilir enerjide ortaya çıkan %1'lik bir artışın, GSYH'yı sırasıyla %0,598, %0,456 ve %0,093 oranında arttırdığını ifade etmektedir. Elde edilen bulgulardan GSYH ile açıklayıcı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olduğu ve ekonomik açıdan da değişkenler arasında pozitif bir ilişkinin bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

References

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  • Apergis, N. ve Danuletiu, D. C. (2014). Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Sign of Panel Long-run Causality. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(4), 578-587.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2010a). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2010b). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2011a). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption– growth nexus: Evidence from emerging market economies. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5226-5230.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2011b). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733- 738.
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  • Chudik, A. ve Pesaran, M. H. (2013). Large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: a survey. Cesifo Working Paper, 4371.
  • Chudik, A., Pesaran, M. H. ve Tosetti, E. (2011). Weak and strong cross-section dependence and estimation of large panels. The Econometrics Journal, 14(1), C45-C90.
  • Cobb, C. W. ve Douglas, P. H. (1928). A Theory of Production. The American Economic Review, 18(1), Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 139-165, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1811556, (15.03.2011).
  • Çermikli, A. H. ve Tokatlıoğlu, İ. (2015). Yüksek ve Orta Gelirli Ülkelerde Teknolojik Gelişmenin Enerji Yoğunluğu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 1-22.
  • De Hoyos, Rafael E., Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for Cross-sectional Dependence in Panel-data Models, The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482–496.
  • Destek, M. A. ve Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111(Supplement C), 757-763.
  • Dogan, E. (2016). Analyzing the linkage between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth by considering structural break in time-series data. Renewable Energy, 99(Supplement C), 1126-1136.
  • Durğun, B. ve Durğun, F. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(1), 1-27.
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  • European Commission (2019bc). Energy Strategy and Energy Union: Secure, competitive, and sustaniable energy. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union (19.10.2019).
  • European Commission (2019d). EU energy in figures. European Union energy statistical pocketbook. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e0544b72-db53-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1, (10.01.2020).
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust Standard Errors for Panel Regressions with Cross-Sectional Dependence, The Stata Journal, 7(3), pp.281-312. https://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X0700700301/, (05.12.2019).
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
  • IRENA (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. International Renewable Energy Agency, https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jul/Renewable-energy-statistics-2019, (15.12.2019).
  • Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries. International Economics, 151(Supplement C), 1-6.
  • Kahia, M., Aissa, M. B. ve Lanouar, C. (2017). Renewable and non-renevable energy use-economic growth nexus: The case of MENA Net Oil Importing Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71(C), 127-140.
  • Koçak, E. ve Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100(Supplement C), 51-57.
  • Kula, F. (2014). The Long-run Relationship between Renewable Electricity Consumption and GDP: Evidence from Panel Data. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 9(2), 156-160.
  • Lewandowski, P. (2007). PESCADF: Stata Module to Perform Pesaran's CADF Panel Unit Root Test in Presence of Cross Section Dependence Warsaw School of Economics, Institute for Structural Research., Research Gate, http://fmwww.bc.edu/repec/ bocode/p/pescadf.ado/, (08.12.2019).
  • Maddala, G. S. ve Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631-52.
  • Marinaş, M. C., Dinu, M., Socol, A. G. ve Socol, C. (2018). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Causality relationship in Central and Eastern European countries. PLoS ONE 13(10): e0202951. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202951, (15.12.2019).
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and Renewable Energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model with Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33(2), 257-263.
  • Moon, H. R. ve Perron, B. (2004). Testing for a unit root in panels with dynamic factors, Journal of Econometrics, 122(1), 81-126.
  • Ocal, O. ve Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28(Supplement C), 494-499.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0435, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-section Dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Smith, L. V. ve Yamagata, T. (2013). Panel unit root tests in the presence of a multifactor error structure. Journal of Econometrics, 175(2), 94-115.
  • Rafindadi, A. A. ve Öztürk, İ. (2017). Impacts of Renewable Energy Consumption on the German Economic Growth: Evidence from Combined Cointegration Test. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1130- 1141.
  • Roodman, D. (2009). How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Statta, The STATA Journal, 9(1), 86–136.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, 37, 4021–4028.
  • Salim, R. A., Hassan, K. ve Shafiei, S. (2014). Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Activities: Further Evidence from OECD Countries. Energy Economics, 44, 350-360.
  • Sarı, R. and Soytaş, U. (2007). The growth of income and energy consumption in six developing countries. Energy Policy, 35(2), 889-898.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Zeshan, M. ve Zaman, K. (2015). Does Renewable Energy Consumption add in Economic Growth? An application of AutoRegressive Distributed Lag Model in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 576-585.
  • Songur, M. (2019). Türkiye'de Emek, Sermaye ve Enerji Arasındaki İkame Esnekliği: Translog Üretim Fonksiyonu Yaklaşımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 54, 114-137.
  • Stamatios, N., Michalis. S., Grigorios, K., Garyfallos, A., Miltiadis, C., Spyros, G., Athanasios, B. ve Apostolia, K. (2018). Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from European Countries. MDPI, Sustainabilit,y 10(26), 1-13.
  • TC Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2017). Fasıl 15 - Enerji. TC Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Avrupa Birliği Başkanlığı, https://www.ab.gov.tr/fasil-15-enerji_80.html, (10.12.2019).
  • TDK (2011). İktisat Terimleri Sözlüğü. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Yılmaz, S. A. (2014). Yeşil İşler ve Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Alanındaki Potansiyel, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Sosyal Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, s. 73.
Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 249 - 270, 08.05.2020

Abstract

References

  • Alper, F. Ö. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1990-2017 Türkiye Örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 223-242.
  • Anderson, T.W. ve Hsiao, C. (1982). Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Models Using Panel Data. Journal of Econometrics, 18(1), 47-82.
  • Apergis, N. ve Danuletiu, D. C. (2014). Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Sign of Panel Long-run Causality. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(4), 578-587.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2010a). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2010b). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2011a). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption– growth nexus: Evidence from emerging market economies. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5226-5230.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2011b). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733- 738.
  • Aslan, A. ve Ocal, O. (2016). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in Economic Growth: Evidence from Asymmetric Causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60(C), 953-959.
  • Bhattacharya, M., Paramati, S. R., Ozturk, I. ve Bhattacharya, S. (2016). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries. Applied Energy, 162(Supplement C), 733-741.
  • Bonn, M., Heitmann, N., Reichert, G. ve Voßwinkel, J. S. (2015). EU Climate and Energy: Comments on an Evolving Framework Policy 2030. cepInput. https://www.cep.eu/Studien/cepInput_Klima_und_Energie/cepInput_Climate_and_Energy_Policy_2020-2030.pdf, (15.11.2019).
  • Breitung, J. ve Pesaran, M.H. (2005). Unit Roots and Cointegration in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0535, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics.
  • Bulut, U. ve Muratoğlu, G. (2018). Renewable Energy in Turkey: Great Potential, Low but Increasing Utilization, and an Empirical Analysis on Renewable Energy-Growth nexus. Energy Policy, 123, 240-250.
  • Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20(2), 249-272.
  • Chudik, A. ve Pesaran, M. H. (2013). Large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: a survey. Cesifo Working Paper, 4371.
  • Chudik, A., Pesaran, M. H. ve Tosetti, E. (2011). Weak and strong cross-section dependence and estimation of large panels. The Econometrics Journal, 14(1), C45-C90.
  • Cobb, C. W. ve Douglas, P. H. (1928). A Theory of Production. The American Economic Review, 18(1), Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 139-165, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1811556, (15.03.2011).
  • Çermikli, A. H. ve Tokatlıoğlu, İ. (2015). Yüksek ve Orta Gelirli Ülkelerde Teknolojik Gelişmenin Enerji Yoğunluğu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 1-22.
  • De Hoyos, Rafael E., Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for Cross-sectional Dependence in Panel-data Models, The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482–496.
  • Destek, M. A. ve Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111(Supplement C), 757-763.
  • Dogan, E. (2016). Analyzing the linkage between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth by considering structural break in time-series data. Renewable Energy, 99(Supplement C), 1126-1136.
  • Durğun, B. ve Durğun, F. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(1), 1-27.
  • European Commission (2019a). 2020 climate & energy package. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en, (25.11.2019).
  • European Commission (2019b). 2030 climate & energy package. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en, (25.11.2019).
  • European Commission (2019bc). Energy Strategy and Energy Union: Secure, competitive, and sustaniable energy. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union (19.10.2019).
  • European Commission (2019d). EU energy in figures. European Union energy statistical pocketbook. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e0544b72-db53-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1, (10.01.2020).
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust Standard Errors for Panel Regressions with Cross-Sectional Dependence, The Stata Journal, 7(3), pp.281-312. https://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X0700700301/, (05.12.2019).
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
  • IRENA (2019). Renewable Energy Statistics 2019. International Renewable Energy Agency, https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jul/Renewable-energy-statistics-2019, (15.12.2019).
  • Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries. International Economics, 151(Supplement C), 1-6.
  • Kahia, M., Aissa, M. B. ve Lanouar, C. (2017). Renewable and non-renevable energy use-economic growth nexus: The case of MENA Net Oil Importing Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71(C), 127-140.
  • Koçak, E. ve Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100(Supplement C), 51-57.
  • Kula, F. (2014). The Long-run Relationship between Renewable Electricity Consumption and GDP: Evidence from Panel Data. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 9(2), 156-160.
  • Lewandowski, P. (2007). PESCADF: Stata Module to Perform Pesaran's CADF Panel Unit Root Test in Presence of Cross Section Dependence Warsaw School of Economics, Institute for Structural Research., Research Gate, http://fmwww.bc.edu/repec/ bocode/p/pescadf.ado/, (08.12.2019).
  • Maddala, G. S. ve Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631-52.
  • Marinaş, M. C., Dinu, M., Socol, A. G. ve Socol, C. (2018). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Causality relationship in Central and Eastern European countries. PLoS ONE 13(10): e0202951. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202951, (15.12.2019).
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and Renewable Energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model with Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33(2), 257-263.
  • Moon, H. R. ve Perron, B. (2004). Testing for a unit root in panels with dynamic factors, Journal of Econometrics, 122(1), 81-126.
  • Ocal, O. ve Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28(Supplement C), 494-499.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0435, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-section Dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Smith, L. V. ve Yamagata, T. (2013). Panel unit root tests in the presence of a multifactor error structure. Journal of Econometrics, 175(2), 94-115.
  • Rafindadi, A. A. ve Öztürk, İ. (2017). Impacts of Renewable Energy Consumption on the German Economic Growth: Evidence from Combined Cointegration Test. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1130- 1141.
  • Roodman, D. (2009). How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Statta, The STATA Journal, 9(1), 86–136.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, 37, 4021–4028.
  • Salim, R. A., Hassan, K. ve Shafiei, S. (2014). Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Activities: Further Evidence from OECD Countries. Energy Economics, 44, 350-360.
  • Sarı, R. and Soytaş, U. (2007). The growth of income and energy consumption in six developing countries. Energy Policy, 35(2), 889-898.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Zeshan, M. ve Zaman, K. (2015). Does Renewable Energy Consumption add in Economic Growth? An application of AutoRegressive Distributed Lag Model in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 576-585.
  • Songur, M. (2019). Türkiye'de Emek, Sermaye ve Enerji Arasındaki İkame Esnekliği: Translog Üretim Fonksiyonu Yaklaşımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 54, 114-137.
  • Stamatios, N., Michalis. S., Grigorios, K., Garyfallos, A., Miltiadis, C., Spyros, G., Athanasios, B. ve Apostolia, K. (2018). Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from European Countries. MDPI, Sustainabilit,y 10(26), 1-13.
  • TC Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2017). Fasıl 15 - Enerji. TC Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Avrupa Birliği Başkanlığı, https://www.ab.gov.tr/fasil-15-enerji_80.html, (10.12.2019).
  • TDK (2011). İktisat Terimleri Sözlüğü. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Yılmaz, S. A. (2014). Yeşil İşler ve Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Alanındaki Potansiyel, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Sosyal Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, s. 73.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Main Section
Authors

Younes Gholizadeh 0000-0002-9314-9618

Müslüme Narin 0000-0002-9314-9618

Publication Date May 8, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gholizadeh, Y., & Narin, M. (2020). Seçilmiş Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Yenilenebilir Enerjinin GSYH Üzerine Etkisi: Cobb-Douglas Üretim Fonksiyonu Yaklaşımı. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 249-270.