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Güney Çin Denizi: Ekonomik ve Stratejik Rekabeti Anlamak

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 97 - 122, 27.04.2022

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş’ın sona erişinin ardından ortaya çıkan tek kutuplu dünya düzeninin sona erdiğini ve sistemin çok kutupluluğa doğru evrildiğini ileri süren değerlendirmeler yaygınlaşmaktadır. Liberal dünya düzeninde çözüm bekleyen küresel sorunlar tek bir devletin düzenleme kapasitesini aşmış, bununla birlikte mevcut uluslararası kurumlar kendilerini 21. yüzyılın koşullarına uyarlama sürecini tamamlayamamıştır. Çalışmanın konusu olan Güney Çin Denizi sorunu, küresel ve bölgesel güçlerin çıkarlarının iç içe geçtiği, karmaşık bir sorun alanı olarak kendini göstermektedir. Makalede sorunun başlıca tarafları olan ülkeler arasındaki iktisadi ve politik güç asimetrisi ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra Güney Çin Denizi, Çin ile ABD arasındaki büyük güç rekabetinin en somut biçimde gözlemlendiği bir coğrafyadır. Güney Çin Denizi, Çin için doğal bir savunma kalkanıdır. ABD ise Soğuk Savaş’tan bugüne varlık gösterdiği Batı Pasifik bölgesindeki hegemonik konumundan taviz vermek istememektedir. Güney Çin Denizi sorununun küreselleşmesine doğrudan etkide bulunan ABD ile dünya kapitalist ekonomisinde güç kazanan Çin arasında gerilen ilişkiler kısa sürede onarılacağa benzememektedir. Çalışmada Çin’in, Güney Çin Denizi sorununa yaklaşımının geleneksel jeopolitik değerlendirmelerin aksine çatışmacı olmayacağı, ülkenin sıkı sıkıya eklemlendiği liberal dünya düzenine karşı sorumlu bir davranış içinde bulunacağı görüşü ileri sürülmektedir.

References

  • Agnew, J. (2005). Sovereignty Regimes: Territoriality and State Authority in Contemporary World Politics. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2), 437-461.
  • Agnew, J. (2009). Globalization and Sovereignty. New York: Rowman&Littlefield.
  • Anderson, D. H. (2009). The Status Under International Law of the Maritime Areas Around Svalbard. Ocean Development&International Law, 40(4), 373-384.
  • Arrighi, G. (2005). Hegemony Unravelling I. New Left Review, Mar-Apr, 23-80.
  • Arrighi, G. (2007). Adam Smith in Beijing. London&New York: Verso.
  • ASEAN (2012). Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea. Erişim Tarihi: 18.05.2020, https://asean.org/?static_post=declaration-on-the-conduct-of-parties-in-the-south-china-sea-2
  • ASEAN (2020). Joint Leaders’ Statement on The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2020, https://asean.org/joint-leaders-statement-regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-rcep-2/
  • Breslin, S. (2010). China’s Emerging Global Role: Dissatisfied Responsible Great Power. Politics, 30(1), 52–62.
  • ChinaPower Team (2017). How much trade transits the South China Sea?. China Power, August 2, Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020, https://chinapower.csis.org/much-trade-transits-south-china-sea/
  • Cohen, J.A. (2010). ‘Limits of tolerance’, South China Morning Post,7 December.
  • De Castro, R.C. (2020). After Four Years, the Philippines Acknowledges the 2016 Arbitral Tribunal Award!. AMTI, 27 July, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2020, https://amti.csis.org/
  • Delbruck, J. (2003). Exercising public authority beyond the state: Transnational democracy and/or alternative legitimation strategies? Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 10(29), 29-44.
  • Fang N. & Choo A. (2019). China's naval expansionism is natural path for emerging global power. Nikkei Asian Review, August 2, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2020, https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-s-naval-expansionism-is-natural-path-for-emerging-global-power
  • Friedberg, A. (1993–94). ‘Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia’. International Security, 18(3), 5–33.
  • Global Times (2016). Busting myths of South China Sea arbitration. Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2020, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/993872.shtml
  • Hayton, B. (2017). Disputes about Disputes: Understanding the South China Sea. Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 25, 148-168.
  • Hendler, B. (2018). Duterte’s Pivot to China, and Prospects for Settling the South China Sea Disputes. Contexto Internacional, 40(2), 319-337.
  • Hua, Z. (2014). China's Position on the Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea between China and the Philippines. 4 April, Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2020, http://ph.china-embassy.org/eng/xwfb/t1143881.htm
  • ITC (2020). Trade Map. https://www.trademap.org/.
  • Kaplan, R. (2014). Asia’s Cauldron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific. New York: Random House.
  • Kelly, Terrence K. vd. (2014). The U.S. Army in Asia, 2030–2040. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • Lowy Instıtute (2020a). South China Sea. Erişim Tarihi: 11.05.2020 https://www.lowyinstitute.org/issues/south-china-sea
  • Lowy Instıtute (2020b). Lowy Institute Asia Power Index. Erişim Tarihi: 19.07.2020, https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries.php?profile=VN
  • Manning, R.A. & Cronin P.M. (2020). Under Cover of Pandemic, China Steps Up Brinkmanship in South China Sea. Foreign Policy. May 14, Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/14/south-china-sea-dispute-accelerated-by-coronavirus/
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  • Narine, S. (2018). US Domestic Politics and America’s Withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Implications for Southeast Asia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 40(1), 50–76.
  • Narins, T.P. ve Agnew, J. (2020). Missing from the Map: Chinese Exceptionalism, Sovereignty Regimes and the Belt Road Initiative. Geopolitics, 25(4), 1-29. DOI: 10.1080/14650045.2019.1601082
  • Nie, W. (2016). Xi Jinping’s Foreign Policy Dilemma: One Belt, One Road or the South China Sea? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 38(3),422-44.
  • PCA (2016). In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration- before -An Arbitral Tribunal Constituted Under Annex VII to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, PCA Case no.2013-19.
  • Poling, G.B. (2019). Illuminating the South China Sea's Dark Fishing Fleets. CSIS, Erişim Tarihi: 29.05.2020, https://ocean.csis.org/spotlights/illuminating-the-south-china-seas-dark-fishing-fleets/
  • Ravindran, M. S. (2012). China’s Potential for Economic Coercion in the South China Sea Disputes: A Comparative Study of the Philippines and Vietnam. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 31(3), 105-132.
  • Rolf, S. ve Agnew, J. (2016). Sovereignty regimes in the South China Sea: assessing contemporary Sino-US relations. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 57(2), 249-273, DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2016.1234403
  • Stacy, H. (2003). Relational Sovereignty. Stanford Law Review, 55(5), 2029-2059.
  • Steffens, A.W. (2013). Scramble in the South China Sea Regional Conflict and US Strategy. Strategic Studies Quarterly, Fall, 88-107.
  • Tan, CK & Chan, M. (2020). Xi visits Shenzhen, China's reform showcase: five things to know. NikkeiAsia. October 13. Erişim Tarihi: 13.10.2020, https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Xi-visits-Shenzhen-China-s-reform-showcase-five-things-to-know
  • Tengesdal, K. (2019). One Belt-One Road and the South China Sea: Xi Jingping’s Priorities. Modern Diplomacy, 6 March. Erişim Tarihi: 14.07.2020, One Belt-One Road and the South China Sea: Xi Jingping’s Priorities - Modern Diplomacy The China Global Investment Tracker (2020). Database. Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020, https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/
  • The World Bank (2020a). Data Bank. Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=PH-VN-CN
  • The World Bank (2020b). TCData360. Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020, https://tcdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/tot.direct.gdp?country=VNM&indicator=24648&countries=PHL&viz=line_chart&years=1995,2028
  • Trump, D. (2017), Inaugural address. Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/theinaugural-address/
  • Twining D. (2014). Is the "Chinese Dream" Asia's nightmare?. Nikkei Asian Review, 11June.
  • Twining D. (2017). What are China’s Global Economic Intentions?. The International Economy, Winter, 13-14.
  • UNCTAD (2020). World Investment Report. Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTADstat (2020) Data Center. Erişim Tarihi: 18.05.2020, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx
  • UNWTO (2019). Philippines: Country-specific: Arrivals of non-resident tourists at national borders, by country of residence 2014 – 2018. Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2020, https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.5555/unwtotfb0608011220142018201909
  • Will, G. (2011). The ‘Blue National Soil’ of China’s Navy. Washington Post, March 18.
  • Womack, B. (2004). Asymmetry Theory and China’s Concept of Multipolarity. Journal of Contemporary China, 13(39), 351-366.
  • World Travel and Tourism Council (2020). Country/Region Data. Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020, https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact
  • Yahuda, M. (2013). China’s New Assertiveness in the South China Sea. Journal of Contemporary China, 22(81), 446–459.

The South China Sea: Understanding Economic and Strategic Competition

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 97 - 122, 27.04.2022

Abstract

The assessments claiming that the unipolar world order that emerged after the Cold War has ended and the system has evolved towards multipolarity is becoming popular. The global problems awaiting solutions in the liberal world order have exceeded the regulatory capacity of a single state, however, existing international institutions could not effectively adapt themselves to 21st-century conditions. The South China Sea dispute, which is the subject of the study, manifests itself as a complex problem area where the interests of global and regional powers are intertwined. This study attempts to reveal the economic and political power asymmetry between the countries that are the major claimants to the dispute. In addition, the South China Sea is a geography where the great power competition between China and the USA is observed in the most concrete way. The South China Sea is a natural defensive shield for China. The USA, on the other hand, does not want to compromise its hegemonic position in the Western Pacific region, where it has existed since the Cold War.The relations between the USA, which has a direct impact on the globalization of the SCS problem, and China, which has gained power in the world capitalist economy, do not seem to be recovered in a short time. In the study, it is argued that China’s approach to the SCS problem will not be confrontational, contrary to conventional geopolitical evaluations, and will act responsibly against the liberal world order in which the country is strongly integrated.

References

  • Agnew, J. (2005). Sovereignty Regimes: Territoriality and State Authority in Contemporary World Politics. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2), 437-461.
  • Agnew, J. (2009). Globalization and Sovereignty. New York: Rowman&Littlefield.
  • Anderson, D. H. (2009). The Status Under International Law of the Maritime Areas Around Svalbard. Ocean Development&International Law, 40(4), 373-384.
  • Arrighi, G. (2005). Hegemony Unravelling I. New Left Review, Mar-Apr, 23-80.
  • Arrighi, G. (2007). Adam Smith in Beijing. London&New York: Verso.
  • ASEAN (2012). Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea. Erişim Tarihi: 18.05.2020, https://asean.org/?static_post=declaration-on-the-conduct-of-parties-in-the-south-china-sea-2
  • ASEAN (2020). Joint Leaders’ Statement on The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2020, https://asean.org/joint-leaders-statement-regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-rcep-2/
  • Breslin, S. (2010). China’s Emerging Global Role: Dissatisfied Responsible Great Power. Politics, 30(1), 52–62.
  • ChinaPower Team (2017). How much trade transits the South China Sea?. China Power, August 2, Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020, https://chinapower.csis.org/much-trade-transits-south-china-sea/
  • Cohen, J.A. (2010). ‘Limits of tolerance’, South China Morning Post,7 December.
  • De Castro, R.C. (2020). After Four Years, the Philippines Acknowledges the 2016 Arbitral Tribunal Award!. AMTI, 27 July, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2020, https://amti.csis.org/
  • Delbruck, J. (2003). Exercising public authority beyond the state: Transnational democracy and/or alternative legitimation strategies? Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 10(29), 29-44.
  • Fang N. & Choo A. (2019). China's naval expansionism is natural path for emerging global power. Nikkei Asian Review, August 2, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2020, https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-s-naval-expansionism-is-natural-path-for-emerging-global-power
  • Friedberg, A. (1993–94). ‘Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia’. International Security, 18(3), 5–33.
  • Global Times (2016). Busting myths of South China Sea arbitration. Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2020, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/993872.shtml
  • Hayton, B. (2017). Disputes about Disputes: Understanding the South China Sea. Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 25, 148-168.
  • Hendler, B. (2018). Duterte’s Pivot to China, and Prospects for Settling the South China Sea Disputes. Contexto Internacional, 40(2), 319-337.
  • Hua, Z. (2014). China's Position on the Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea between China and the Philippines. 4 April, Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2020, http://ph.china-embassy.org/eng/xwfb/t1143881.htm
  • ITC (2020). Trade Map. https://www.trademap.org/.
  • Kaplan, R. (2014). Asia’s Cauldron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific. New York: Random House.
  • Kelly, Terrence K. vd. (2014). The U.S. Army in Asia, 2030–2040. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • Lowy Instıtute (2020a). South China Sea. Erişim Tarihi: 11.05.2020 https://www.lowyinstitute.org/issues/south-china-sea
  • Lowy Instıtute (2020b). Lowy Institute Asia Power Index. Erişim Tarihi: 19.07.2020, https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries.php?profile=VN
  • Manning, R.A. & Cronin P.M. (2020). Under Cover of Pandemic, China Steps Up Brinkmanship in South China Sea. Foreign Policy. May 14, Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/14/south-china-sea-dispute-accelerated-by-coronavirus/
  • Mearsheimer, J.J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton. Murphy, A. B. (1996). The sovereign state system as political-territorial ideal: Historical and contemporary considerations. J. Biersteker, C. Weber (Eds.), State sovereignty as social construct (81-120). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Narine, S. (2018). US Domestic Politics and America’s Withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Implications for Southeast Asia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 40(1), 50–76.
  • Narins, T.P. ve Agnew, J. (2020). Missing from the Map: Chinese Exceptionalism, Sovereignty Regimes and the Belt Road Initiative. Geopolitics, 25(4), 1-29. DOI: 10.1080/14650045.2019.1601082
  • Nie, W. (2016). Xi Jinping’s Foreign Policy Dilemma: One Belt, One Road or the South China Sea? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 38(3),422-44.
  • PCA (2016). In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration- before -An Arbitral Tribunal Constituted Under Annex VII to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, PCA Case no.2013-19.
  • Poling, G.B. (2019). Illuminating the South China Sea's Dark Fishing Fleets. CSIS, Erişim Tarihi: 29.05.2020, https://ocean.csis.org/spotlights/illuminating-the-south-china-seas-dark-fishing-fleets/
  • Ravindran, M. S. (2012). China’s Potential for Economic Coercion in the South China Sea Disputes: A Comparative Study of the Philippines and Vietnam. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 31(3), 105-132.
  • Rolf, S. ve Agnew, J. (2016). Sovereignty regimes in the South China Sea: assessing contemporary Sino-US relations. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 57(2), 249-273, DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2016.1234403
  • Stacy, H. (2003). Relational Sovereignty. Stanford Law Review, 55(5), 2029-2059.
  • Steffens, A.W. (2013). Scramble in the South China Sea Regional Conflict and US Strategy. Strategic Studies Quarterly, Fall, 88-107.
  • Tan, CK & Chan, M. (2020). Xi visits Shenzhen, China's reform showcase: five things to know. NikkeiAsia. October 13. Erişim Tarihi: 13.10.2020, https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Xi-visits-Shenzhen-China-s-reform-showcase-five-things-to-know
  • Tengesdal, K. (2019). One Belt-One Road and the South China Sea: Xi Jingping’s Priorities. Modern Diplomacy, 6 March. Erişim Tarihi: 14.07.2020, One Belt-One Road and the South China Sea: Xi Jingping’s Priorities - Modern Diplomacy The China Global Investment Tracker (2020). Database. Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020, https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/
  • The World Bank (2020a). Data Bank. Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=PH-VN-CN
  • The World Bank (2020b). TCData360. Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020, https://tcdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/tot.direct.gdp?country=VNM&indicator=24648&countries=PHL&viz=line_chart&years=1995,2028
  • Trump, D. (2017), Inaugural address. Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/theinaugural-address/
  • Twining D. (2014). Is the "Chinese Dream" Asia's nightmare?. Nikkei Asian Review, 11June.
  • Twining D. (2017). What are China’s Global Economic Intentions?. The International Economy, Winter, 13-14.
  • UNCTAD (2020). World Investment Report. Geneva: United Nations.
  • UNCTADstat (2020) Data Center. Erişim Tarihi: 18.05.2020, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx
  • UNWTO (2019). Philippines: Country-specific: Arrivals of non-resident tourists at national borders, by country of residence 2014 – 2018. Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2020, https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.5555/unwtotfb0608011220142018201909
  • Will, G. (2011). The ‘Blue National Soil’ of China’s Navy. Washington Post, March 18.
  • Womack, B. (2004). Asymmetry Theory and China’s Concept of Multipolarity. Journal of Contemporary China, 13(39), 351-366.
  • World Travel and Tourism Council (2020). Country/Region Data. Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020, https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact
  • Yahuda, M. (2013). China’s New Assertiveness in the South China Sea. Journal of Contemporary China, 22(81), 446–459.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Main Section
Authors

Kerem Gökten 0000-0002-1876-2412

Publication Date April 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gökten, K. (2022). Güney Çin Denizi: Ekonomik ve Stratejik Rekabeti Anlamak. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 97-122.