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COVID-19 GEÇİREN VE GEÇİRMEYEN BİREYLERDE ANKSİYETE, DEPRESYON VE YORGUNLUK DÜZEYİ

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 31 - 39, 21.04.2022

Abstract

Tüm dünyada önemli bir sağlık krizine yol açan COVID-19 pandemisi, hastalığı geçiren bireylerde, iyileştikten sonra psikolojik sorunların ortaya çıkmasına yol açabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir il merkezinde yaşayan, daha önce hiç COVID-19 geçirmemiş bireyler ile COVID-19 testi pozitiften negatife dönen bireylerin anksiyete, depresyon ve yorgunluk düzeyini belirlemek, bu sonuçları karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırma tanımlayıcı tipte tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 18-70 yaş aralığında COVID-19 testi pozitiften negatife dönen (n=120) ve sağlıklı (n=120) toplam 240 gönüllü birey dahil edilmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında Hastane Anksiyete Depresyon Ölçeği ve Yorgunluk Şiddet Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri online ortamda hazırlanan anket formunun olası katılımcılara sosyal medya aracılığıyla iletilmesi yoluyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmada COVID-19 geçirmiş olan bireylerin geçirmemiş olanlara göre daha yüksek anksiyete, depresyon ve yorgunluk düzeyine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). COVID-19 geçirip iyileşmesi üzerinden geçen süre ile bireylerin anksiyete, depresyon ve yorgunluk düzeyi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark yoktur(p>0,05). Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda; rehabilitasyon ve sağlık bakım hizmetlerinde COVID-19 geçirme öyküsünün dikkate alınması ve COVID-19 geçiren bireylere yönelik psikolojik rehabilitasyon çalışmalarının planlandığı araştırmaların yapılması önerilir.

References

  • Akıncı, B., Karaduman, S., Seferoğlu, S., Yalçın, R., Özenç, B., & Şahı̇n, Ö. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisi sebebiyle ev karantinası uygulanan ileri yaştaki bireylerde dispne algısının incelenmesi. Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilim Derg., 4(1), 35-47.
  • Alaca, N., Yıldız, A., Zeytin, Y., Karaca, M., & Dilek, B. (2022). Pandemi sürecinde fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon bölümü öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite, uyku kalitesi ve zaman yönetimi becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Gevher Nesibe Journal IESDR, 7(16), 49-59.
  • Argüder, E., Kılıç, H., Civak, M., Kacar, D., Kaya, G., Yılmaz, A., & Karalezli, A. (2020). COVID-19 enfeksiyonu nedeniyle hastanede yatan hastalarda anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyleri. ANk. MED. J, 20(4), 971-981.
  • Armutlu, K., Korkmaz, N.C., Keser, I., Sümbüloğlu, V., Akbıyık, D.I., Güney, Z., & Karabudak, R. (2007). The validity and reliability of the Fatigue Severity Scale in Turkish multiple sclerosis patients. Int J Rehabil Res., 30(1), 81-85.
  • Bell, M.L., Catalfamo, C.J., Farland, L.V., Ernst, K.C., Jacobs, E.T., Klimentidis, Y.C., & Pogreba-Brown, K. (2021). Post-acutesequelae of COVID-19’in a non-hospitalized cohort: results from the Arizona CoVHORT. PLoSOne 16: e0254347.
  • Cansel, N., Ucuz, İ., Arslan, A.K., Tetik, B.K., Çolak, C., & Akça A.S.D. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of psychological response during immediate COVID‐19 pandemic. Int J Clin. Pract., 75(5), e13996.
  • Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G.P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B.E., & Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J Sport Health Sci., 9(2), 103-4.
  • Cheng, X., Maria, T., Samuel, C.W., Fiona, M., Heiko, P., Louise, W., Rachel, B., & Fergus, G. (2020). COVID-19 pneumonia and the masque rades. BJR case reports, 6(3), 20200067.
  • Chopra, V., Flanders, S.A., O’Malley, M., Malani, A.N., & Prescott, H.C. (2021). Sixty-day out comes among patiens hospiitalized with COVID-19. Ann. Intern. Med., 174, 576-578.
  • Ensrud, K.E., Blackwell, T.L., Cauley, J.A., Dam, T.T.L., Cawthon, P.M., & Mackey, D.C. (2014). Objective measures of activity level and mortality in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc., 62(11), 2079-87.
  • Erbay, A. (2020). Uzamış Covid; Yeni Bir Tanım, Bozok Tıp Derg., 10(4), 111-114.
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during covid-19 outbreak. PLoSONE, 15: e0231924.
  • Garber, J., Brunwasser, S.M., Zerr, A.A., Schwartz, K.T., Sova, K., & Weersing, V.R. (2016). Treatment and Prevention of Depression and Anxiety in Youth: Test of Cross-Over Effects. Depress Anxiety, 33(10), 939-959.
  • Gencay-Can, A., & Can, S.S. (2012). Validation of the Turkish version of the fatigue severity scale in patients with fibromyalgia. Rheumatol Int, 32(1), 27-31.
  • Gencer, N. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde Bireylerin Koronavirüs (Kovid-19) Korkusu: Çorum Örneği. Uluslar Sos Bilim Akad Derg, 1(4), 1153-1173.
  • Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., & Cao, P.B. (2021). 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet, 397, 220-232.
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R.P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatr. Scand, 142(3), 249-256.
  • Karahan, Y.S., & Eskici, G. (2020). Evaluation of emotional (depression) and behavioural (nutritional, physical activity and sleep) status of Turkish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Public Health Nutr, 25(5), 942-949.
  • Koç, A., Tok, H.H., Uzun, L.N., & Ensari, H. (2021). COVID-19 Sebebiyle Bir Kurumda Karantina Altında Bulunanlarda Depresyon, Anksiyete, Durumsal Suçluluk Düzeyleri ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Arch Neuropsychiatry, 58, 146-153.
  • Krupp, L.B., La Rocca, N.G., Muir-Nash, J., & Steinberg, A.D. (1989). The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol, 46(1), 1121-1123.
  • Matias, T., Dominski, F.H., & Marks, D.F. (2020). Human needs in COVID-19 isolation. J. Health Psychol, 25, 871–882.
  • Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). Analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the elderly population in China and make corresponding suggestions. Psychiatry Res, 289, 112983.
  • Mevlana, C.A., & Karaaziz, M. (2021). Sosyal İzolasyon, Karantina ve Psikolojik Etkileri. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 158-170.
  • Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K., Gupta, A., Madhavan, M.V., McGroder, C., Stevens, J.S., & Wan, E.Y. (2021). Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat. Med, 27, 601-615.
  • Özdin, S., & Bayrak, Ö.Ş. (2020). Levelsandpredictors of anxiety, depressionandhealthanxietyduring COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc. Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-11.
  • Paker, N., Bugdayci, D., Midik, M., Celik, B., & Kesiktas, N. (2013). Reliability of the turkish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in the people with traumatic spinalcord injury. Neuro Rehabilitation, 33(1), 337–341.
  • Piercy, K.L., Troiano, R.P., Ballard, R.M., Carlson, S.A., Fulton, J.E., & Galuska, D.A. (2018). The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 320(19), 2020-28.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nation wide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213.
  • Rothan, H.A., & Byrareddy, S.N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J. Autoimmun, 109(102433).
  • Satıcı, B., Göçet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M.E., & Satıcı, S.A. (2020). Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict, 8, 1-9.
  • Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population, Int. J. Med, 113(8), 531–537.
  • T.C. Resmî Gazete (2008). Ayakta Teşhis ve Tedavi Yapılan Özel Sağlık Kuruluşları Hakkında Yönetmelik, 15 Şubat 2008, Sayı: 26788.
  • Toğluk, Y.E., Karadede, H., Karadede, Ö., Karaali, R., & Aydın, E. (2021). COVID-19 Tanılı Bireylerin Anksiyete ve Depresyon Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi, 25(2), 51-59.
  • Tomasoni, D., Bai, F., Castoldi, R., Barbanotti, D., Falcinella, C., Mulè, G., & Monforte, A.A. (2021). Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Milan, Italy. J Med Virol, 93(2), 1175-1179.
  • Tzurbitan, D., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Res., 289, 113100.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res, 17(5), 1729-34.
  • Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-ınfected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. J Am Med Assoc, 323(11), 1061-69.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/directorgeneral/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march2020 adresinden 29 Aralık 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Zigmond, A.S., & Snaith, R.P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 67(6), 361-70.

LEVEL OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND FATIGUE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT COVID-19

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 31 - 39, 21.04.2022

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused an important health crisis all over the world, can cause psychological problems in individuals who have had the disease after recovery. The aim of this study is to determine the anxiety, depression and fatigue levels of individuals living in a city center, who have never had COVID-19 before, and individuals whose COVID-19 test has turned from positive to negative, and to compare these results. The research was designed in descriptive type. A total of 240 volunteers between the ages of 18-70 whose COVID-19 test turned positive to negative (n=120) and healthy (n=120) were included in the study. Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale were used to collect data. The data of the research were collected by sending the questionnaire form prepared in the online environment to possible participants via social media. In the study, it was determined that individuals who had COVID 19 had higher levels of anxiety, depression and fatigue than those who did not (p<0.05). There is no statistically significant difference between the time passed from Covid-19 and the level of anxiety, depression and fatigue of individuals (p>0.05). In line with these results; It is recommended to consider the history of COVID 19 in rehabilitation and health care services, and to conduct research that plans psychological rehabilitation studies for individuals who have had COVID-19.

References

  • Akıncı, B., Karaduman, S., Seferoğlu, S., Yalçın, R., Özenç, B., & Şahı̇n, Ö. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisi sebebiyle ev karantinası uygulanan ileri yaştaki bireylerde dispne algısının incelenmesi. Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilim Derg., 4(1), 35-47.
  • Alaca, N., Yıldız, A., Zeytin, Y., Karaca, M., & Dilek, B. (2022). Pandemi sürecinde fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon bölümü öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite, uyku kalitesi ve zaman yönetimi becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Gevher Nesibe Journal IESDR, 7(16), 49-59.
  • Argüder, E., Kılıç, H., Civak, M., Kacar, D., Kaya, G., Yılmaz, A., & Karalezli, A. (2020). COVID-19 enfeksiyonu nedeniyle hastanede yatan hastalarda anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyleri. ANk. MED. J, 20(4), 971-981.
  • Armutlu, K., Korkmaz, N.C., Keser, I., Sümbüloğlu, V., Akbıyık, D.I., Güney, Z., & Karabudak, R. (2007). The validity and reliability of the Fatigue Severity Scale in Turkish multiple sclerosis patients. Int J Rehabil Res., 30(1), 81-85.
  • Bell, M.L., Catalfamo, C.J., Farland, L.V., Ernst, K.C., Jacobs, E.T., Klimentidis, Y.C., & Pogreba-Brown, K. (2021). Post-acutesequelae of COVID-19’in a non-hospitalized cohort: results from the Arizona CoVHORT. PLoSOne 16: e0254347.
  • Cansel, N., Ucuz, İ., Arslan, A.K., Tetik, B.K., Çolak, C., & Akça A.S.D. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of psychological response during immediate COVID‐19 pandemic. Int J Clin. Pract., 75(5), e13996.
  • Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G.P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B.E., & Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J Sport Health Sci., 9(2), 103-4.
  • Cheng, X., Maria, T., Samuel, C.W., Fiona, M., Heiko, P., Louise, W., Rachel, B., & Fergus, G. (2020). COVID-19 pneumonia and the masque rades. BJR case reports, 6(3), 20200067.
  • Chopra, V., Flanders, S.A., O’Malley, M., Malani, A.N., & Prescott, H.C. (2021). Sixty-day out comes among patiens hospiitalized with COVID-19. Ann. Intern. Med., 174, 576-578.
  • Ensrud, K.E., Blackwell, T.L., Cauley, J.A., Dam, T.T.L., Cawthon, P.M., & Mackey, D.C. (2014). Objective measures of activity level and mortality in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc., 62(11), 2079-87.
  • Erbay, A. (2020). Uzamış Covid; Yeni Bir Tanım, Bozok Tıp Derg., 10(4), 111-114.
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during covid-19 outbreak. PLoSONE, 15: e0231924.
  • Garber, J., Brunwasser, S.M., Zerr, A.A., Schwartz, K.T., Sova, K., & Weersing, V.R. (2016). Treatment and Prevention of Depression and Anxiety in Youth: Test of Cross-Over Effects. Depress Anxiety, 33(10), 939-959.
  • Gencay-Can, A., & Can, S.S. (2012). Validation of the Turkish version of the fatigue severity scale in patients with fibromyalgia. Rheumatol Int, 32(1), 27-31.
  • Gencer, N. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde Bireylerin Koronavirüs (Kovid-19) Korkusu: Çorum Örneği. Uluslar Sos Bilim Akad Derg, 1(4), 1153-1173.
  • Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., & Cao, P.B. (2021). 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet, 397, 220-232.
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R.P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatr. Scand, 142(3), 249-256.
  • Karahan, Y.S., & Eskici, G. (2020). Evaluation of emotional (depression) and behavioural (nutritional, physical activity and sleep) status of Turkish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Public Health Nutr, 25(5), 942-949.
  • Koç, A., Tok, H.H., Uzun, L.N., & Ensari, H. (2021). COVID-19 Sebebiyle Bir Kurumda Karantina Altında Bulunanlarda Depresyon, Anksiyete, Durumsal Suçluluk Düzeyleri ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Arch Neuropsychiatry, 58, 146-153.
  • Krupp, L.B., La Rocca, N.G., Muir-Nash, J., & Steinberg, A.D. (1989). The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol, 46(1), 1121-1123.
  • Matias, T., Dominski, F.H., & Marks, D.F. (2020). Human needs in COVID-19 isolation. J. Health Psychol, 25, 871–882.
  • Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). Analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the elderly population in China and make corresponding suggestions. Psychiatry Res, 289, 112983.
  • Mevlana, C.A., & Karaaziz, M. (2021). Sosyal İzolasyon, Karantina ve Psikolojik Etkileri. YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 158-170.
  • Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K., Gupta, A., Madhavan, M.V., McGroder, C., Stevens, J.S., & Wan, E.Y. (2021). Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat. Med, 27, 601-615.
  • Özdin, S., & Bayrak, Ö.Ş. (2020). Levelsandpredictors of anxiety, depressionandhealthanxietyduring COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc. Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-11.
  • Paker, N., Bugdayci, D., Midik, M., Celik, B., & Kesiktas, N. (2013). Reliability of the turkish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in the people with traumatic spinalcord injury. Neuro Rehabilitation, 33(1), 337–341.
  • Piercy, K.L., Troiano, R.P., Ballard, R.M., Carlson, S.A., Fulton, J.E., & Galuska, D.A. (2018). The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 320(19), 2020-28.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nation wide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213.
  • Rothan, H.A., & Byrareddy, S.N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J. Autoimmun, 109(102433).
  • Satıcı, B., Göçet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M.E., & Satıcı, S.A. (2020). Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict, 8, 1-9.
  • Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population, Int. J. Med, 113(8), 531–537.
  • T.C. Resmî Gazete (2008). Ayakta Teşhis ve Tedavi Yapılan Özel Sağlık Kuruluşları Hakkında Yönetmelik, 15 Şubat 2008, Sayı: 26788.
  • Toğluk, Y.E., Karadede, H., Karadede, Ö., Karaali, R., & Aydın, E. (2021). COVID-19 Tanılı Bireylerin Anksiyete ve Depresyon Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi, 25(2), 51-59.
  • Tomasoni, D., Bai, F., Castoldi, R., Barbanotti, D., Falcinella, C., Mulè, G., & Monforte, A.A. (2021). Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Milan, Italy. J Med Virol, 93(2), 1175-1179.
  • Tzurbitan, D., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Res., 289, 113100.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res, 17(5), 1729-34.
  • Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-ınfected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. J Am Med Assoc, 323(11), 1061-69.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/directorgeneral/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march2020 adresinden 29 Aralık 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Zigmond, A.S., & Snaith, R.P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 67(6), 361-70.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Mustafa Çıbık 0000-0003-3221-3468

Kamil Yılmaz 0000-0002-5242-3094

Özlem Akkoyun Sert 0000-0002-6053-2418

Early Pub Date April 21, 2022
Publication Date April 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çıbık, M., Yılmaz, K., & Akkoyun Sert, Ö. (2022). COVID-19 GEÇİREN VE GEÇİRMEYEN BİREYLERDE ANKSİYETE, DEPRESYON VE YORGUNLUK DÜZEYİ. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 31-39.

The journal is indexed in Sobiad Citation Index, Turkish Education Index and Turkey Citation Index.