Year 2020,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 288 - 313, 25.12.2020
Seda Sökmen
,
Medet Yolal
,
Çağıl Hale Özel
References
- After Dark (2014). IK Prize 2014: After Dark. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/special-event/ik-prize-2014-after-dark .
- Amine, L. S., & Smith, A. J. (2009). Challenges to modern consumer segmentation in a changing world: The need for a second step. Multinational Business Review, 17(3), 71-100.
- Antón, C., Camarero, C., & Garrido, M. J. (2018). What to do after visiting a museum? From post-consumption evaluation to intensification and online content generation. Journal of Travel Research, 58(6), 1052-1063. Doi: 10.1177/0047287518793040.
- Artan, E. C. (2014). Bugün her zamankinden daha çekici: Müzeler ve popüler kültür. GençSanat, 228, 28-35.
- Baker, S. (2017). Identifying behaviors that generate positive interactions between science museums and people on Twitter. Museum Management and Curatorship, 32(2), 144-159.
- Barrett, J. (2011). Museums and the public sphere. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Belenioti, Z. C., & Vassiliadis, C. A. (2017). Branding in the new museum era. In A. Kavoura, D. P. Sakas, & P. Tomaras (Eds.), Strategic innovative marketing (pp. 115-121). Switzerland: Springer.
- Benjamin, W. (2008). The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. UK: Penguin.
- Bennett, T. (1994). The exhibitionary complex. In N. B. Dirks, G. Eley and S. B. Ortner (Eds.), Culture/Power/History: A reader in contemporary social theory (pp. 123-154). Princeton University Press.
- Brown, S. (1993). Postmodern marketing?. European Journal of Marketing, 27(4), 19-34.
- Brown, S. (1995). Postmodern marketing. London: Routledge.
- Bruce, C. (2006). Spectacle and democracy: Experience music project as a post-museum. In J. Marstine (Ed.), New museum theory and practice: An introduction (pp. 129-151). UK: Blackwell.
- Caines, M. (2013, 3 November). Arts Head: Amit Sood, Director, Google Cultural Institute. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from The Guardian web site: https://www.theguardian.com/culture-professionals-network/culture-professionals-blog/2013/dec/03/amit-sood-google-cultural-institute-art-project.
- Cerquetti, M. (2016). More is better! Current issues and challenges for museum audience development: A literature review. Journal of Cultural Management & Policy, 6(1), 30-43.
- Chhabra, D. (2008). Positioning museums on an authenticity continuum. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 427-447.
- Cova, B., & Cova, V. (2001). Tribal aspects of postmodern consumption research: The case of French in‐line roller skaters. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1(1), 67-76.
- Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd ed.). USA: Sage Publications.
- Davidson, L., & Sibley, P. (2011). Audiences at the “new” museum: Visitor commitment, diversity and leisure at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Visitor Studies, 14(2), 176-194.
- Dawson, E., & Jensen, E. (2011). Towards a contextual turn in visitor studies: evaluating visitor segmentation and identity-related motivations. Visitor Studies, 14(2), 127-140.
- Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. California: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Doltas, D. (2003). Postmodernizm ve eleştirisi: Tartışmalar uygulamalar. Ankara: İnkılap.
- Drotner, K., & Schrøder, K. C. (Eds.) (2013). Museum communication and social media: The connected museum. New York: Routledge.
- Duclos, R. (1994). Postmodern/postmuseum: New directions in contemporary museological critique. Museological Review, 1(1), 1-13.
- Featherstone, M. (2007). Consumer culture and postmodernism (2nd ed.). Great Britain: Sage Publications.
- Firat, A. F. (1991). The consumer in postmodernity. In R. H. Holman & M. R. Solomon (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research Volume 18 (pp. 70-76). Utah: Association for Consumer Research.
- Firat, A. F., & Dholakia, N. (2006). Theoretical and philosophical implications of postmodern debates: Some challenges to modern marketing. Marketing Theory, 6(2), 123-162.
- Firat, A. F., Dholakia, N., & Venkatesh, A. (1995). Marketing in a postmodern world. European Journal of Marketing, 29(1), 40-56.
- Firat, A. F., & Shultz, C. J. (1997). From segmentation to fragmentation: Markets and marketing strategy in the postmodern era. European Journal of Marketing, 31(3/4), 183-207.
- Firat, A. F., & Shultz, C. J. (2001). Preliminary metric investigations into the nature of the ‘postmodern consumer’. Marketing Letters, 12(2), 189–203.
- Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1993). Postmodernity: The age of marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 10(3), 227–249.
- Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1995). Liberatory postmodernism and the reenchantment of consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(3), 239–267.
- Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1996). Postmodern perspectives on consumption. In R. W. Belk, N. Dholakia, & A. Venkatesh (Eds.), Consumption and marketing, macro dimensions (pp. 234–265). USA: South-Western College Publishing.
- Foucault, M., & Miskowiec, J. (1986). Of other spaces. Diatritics, 16(1), 22-27.
- Giebelhausen, M. (2006). Museum architecture: A brief history. In S. Macdonald (Ed.), A companion to museum studies (pp. 223-244). United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Gilmore, A., & Rentschler, R. (2002). Changes in museum management: A custodial or marketing emphasis?. Journal of Management Development, 21(10), 745-760.
- Glaser, J. R., & Zenetou, A. A. (1996). Museums – yesterday and today. In J. R. Glaser & A. A. Zenetou (Eds.), Museums: A place to work: Planning museum careers (pp. 10-30). London: Routledge.
- Grant, P. S., Bal, A. & Parent, M. (2012). Operatic flash mob: Consumer arousal, connectedness and emotion. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 11(3), 244-251.
- Harvey, D. (1991). The condition of postmodernity: An enquiry in to the origins of cultural change. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Heath, C., & Vom Lehn, D. (2008). Configuring 'interactivity' enhancing engagement in science centres and museums. Social Studies of Science, 38(1), 63-91.
- Hemp, P. (2006). Avatar-based marketing. Harvard Business Review, 84(6), 48-57.
- Hooper-Greenhill, E. (2007). Museums and education: Purpose, pedagogy, performance. London: Routledge.
- Huyssen, A. (1995). Twilight memories marking time in a culture of amnesia. New York: Routledge.
International Council of Museums (ICOM) (2019). Museum Definition. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/museum-definition/.
- Jafari, A., Taheri, B., & Vom Lehn, D. (2013). Cultural consumption, interactive sociality, and the museum. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(15-16), 1729-1752.
- Kahraman, H. B. (2015). Bakmak görmek bir de bilmek. İstanbul: Kapı Yayınları.
- Kasim, A., Cetinel, F. G., & Yolal, M. (2014). Museums? Evidence from two countries. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 5(10), 23-37.
- Keene, S. (2005). Can museums survive the postmodern?. Archaeology International, 9, 36-39.
- Koch, A. M., & Elmore, R. (2006). Simulation and symbolic exchange: Jean Baudrillard’s augmentation of Marx’s theory of value. Politics & Policy, 34(3), 556-575.
- Komarac, T., Ozretic-Dosen, D., & Skare, V. (2017) Understanding competition and service offer in museum marketing. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 30(2), 215-230.
- Kotler, N. (2001). New ways of experiencing culture: the role of museums and marketing implications. Museum Management and Curatorship, 19(4), 417-425.
- Kotler, N., & Kotler, P. (2000). Can museums be all things to all people?: Missions, goals, and marketing's role. Museum Management and Curatorship, 18(3), 271-287.
- Kotler, N. G., Kotler, P., & Kotler, W. I. (2008). Museum marketing and strategy: Designing missions, building audiences, generating revenue and resources (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Lepouras, G. & Vassilakis, C. (2004). Virtual museums for all: employing game technology for edutainment. Virtual Reality, 8(2), 96-106.
- Lumley, R. (2003). The museum time machine: Putting cultures on display. New York: Routledge.
- Lyotard, J. F. (2013). Postmodern durum (İ. Birkan, Trans.). İstanbul: Bilgesu Yayıncılık. (Original work 1967).
- McLean, F. (1995). A marketing revolution in museums?. Journal of Marketing Management, 11(6), 601-616.
- Message, K. (2006). The new museum. Theory, Culture and Society, 23(2-3), 603-606.
- Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
- Nooteboom, B. (1992). A postmodern philosophy of markets. International Studies of Management & Organization, 22(2), 53-76.
- Odabasi, Y. (2014). Postmodern pazarlama (4th ed.). İstanbul: Media Cat.
- Packer, J., & Ballantyne, R. (2016). Conceptualizing the visitor experience: A review of literature and development of a multifaceted model. Visitor Studies, 19(2), 128-143.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. California: Sage Publications.
- Prentice, R. (2001). Experiential cultural tourism: Museums & the marketing of the new romanticism of evoked authenticity. Museum Management and Curatorship, 19(1), 5-26.
- Prior, N. (2006). Postmodern restructurings. In S. Macdonald (Ed.), A companion to museum studies (pp. 509-524). UK: Blackwell.
- Pulh, M., & Mencarelli, R. (2015). Web 2.0: Is the museum-visitor relationship being redefined?. International Journal of Arts Management, 18(1), 43-51.
- Pulh, M., Marteaux, S., & Mencarelli, R. (2008). Positioning strategies of cultural institutions: A renewal of the offer in the face of shifting consumer trends. International Journal of Arts Management, 4-20.
- Rancati, E., Scuotto, V., Codignola, F., & Gordini, N. (2016). Augmented Reality for Enhancing the Customer Experience in Museums: An Exploratory Analysis. Retrieved May, 2017, from 18. Toulon-Verona International Conference web site: https://sites.les.univr.it/eisic/index.php/conference-proceedings-2/.
- Rectanus, M. W. (2006). Globalization: Incorporating the museum. In S. Macdonald (Ed.), A companion to museum studies (pp. 381-397). UK: Blackwell.
- Rentschler, R. (1998). Museum and performing arts marketing: A climate of change. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 28(1), 83-96.
- Rentschler, R., & Gilmore, A. (2002). Museums: Discovering services marketing. International Journal of Arts Management, 5(1), 62-72.
- Rijks Museum (2020). Master Matcher. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from Rijks Museum web site: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/mastermatcher.
- Ritzer, G. (2010) Focusing on the prosumer. In B. Blättel-Mink & K. U. Hellmann (Eds.), Prosumer revisited (pp 61-79). Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
- Ritzer, G. (2014). Prosumption: Evolution, revolution, or eternal return of the same?. Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(1), 3-24.
- Rosenau, P. M. (1991). Post-modernism and the social sciences: Insights, inroads, and intrusions. Princeton University Press.
- Russo, A. & Watkins, J. (2005). Post-museum experiences: Structured methods for audience engagement. In H. Thwaites (Ed.), Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on virtual systems and multimedia (pp. 173-182). Belgium. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from https://eprints.qut.edu.au/3985/1/3985_1.pdf.
- Schubert, K. (2004). Küratörün yumurtası: Müze kavramının Fransız İhtilalinden günümüze kadar olan evrimi (R. Smith, Trans.). İstanbul: İstanbul Sanat Müzesi Vakfı Yayınları. (Original work published 2000).
- Schweibenz, W. (2004). Virtual museums: The development of virtual museums. ICOM News Magazine, 3, 3.
- Scoffield, S., & Liu, J. (2014). Online marketing communications and the postmodern consumer in the museum context. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from Cambridge University, Cambridge Business & Economics Conference (CBEC) web site: http://www.gcbe.us/2014_CBEC/data/Susan%20Scoffield,%20Jie%20Liu.pdf.
- Simon, N. (2010). The participatory museum. California: Museum 2.0.
- Stanbridge, A. (2005). Display options. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 11(2), 157-170.
- Taheri, B., O’Gorman, K., & Baxter, I. (2016). Contemporary issues in museums and heritage marketing management: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(15-16), 1387-1391.
- Tobelem, J. M. (1997). The marketing approach in museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, 16(4), 337-354.
- Tufts, S., & Milne, S. (1999). Museums: A supply-side perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 613-631.
- Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
- Van Raaij, W. F. (1993). Postmodern consumption: Architecture, art, and consumer behavior. In W. F. Van Raaij & G. J. Bamossy (Eds.), E- European Advances in Consumer Research Volume 1 (pp. 550-558). Utah: Association for Consumer Research.
- Venkatesh, A. (1999). Postmodernism perspectives for macromarketing: An inquiry into the global information and sign economy. Journal of Macromarketing, 19(2), 153-169.
- Venkatesh, A., Sherry, J. F., & Firat, A. F. (1993). Postmodernism and the marketing imaginary. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 10(3), 215-223.
- Vicente-Mariño, M. (2014). Audience research methods: Facing the challenges of transforming audiences. In G. Patriarche, H. Bilandzic, J. L. Jensen, & J. Jurišić (Eds.), Audience research methodologies between innovation and consolidation (pp. 37-53). New York: Routledge.
- Ward, G. (2014). Postmodernizmi anlamak (T. Göbekçin, Trans.). İstanbul: Optimist. (Original work 1997).
- Wu, C. T. (2014). Kültürün özelleştirilmesi: 1980’ler sonrasında şirketlerin sanata müdahalesi (E. Soğancılar, Trans.). İstanbul: İletişim. (Original work 2002).
- Yorke, D. A., & Jones, R. R. (1984). Marketing and museums. European Journal of Marketing, 18(2), 90-99.
Does Museum Marketing Meet Postmodern Conditions?
Year 2020,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 288 - 313, 25.12.2020
Seda Sökmen
,
Medet Yolal
,
Çağıl Hale Özel
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore how museum marketing meets postmodern conditions. Based on a sample of 12 museums in Istanbul, Turkey, a qualitative study was conducted to evaluate whether museum marketing meets the five conditions of postmodernism, namely decentered subject, reversal of production and consumption, fragmentation, juxtaposition of opposites and hyperreality. The findings of this study reveal that the marketing practices of museums meet all conditions of postmodernism except that of the decentered subject. They also demonstrate that museum managers hold negative attitudes towards the decentered subject, mainly due to their resistance to intermediaries between the exhibition and the audience.
References
- After Dark (2014). IK Prize 2014: After Dark. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/special-event/ik-prize-2014-after-dark .
- Amine, L. S., & Smith, A. J. (2009). Challenges to modern consumer segmentation in a changing world: The need for a second step. Multinational Business Review, 17(3), 71-100.
- Antón, C., Camarero, C., & Garrido, M. J. (2018). What to do after visiting a museum? From post-consumption evaluation to intensification and online content generation. Journal of Travel Research, 58(6), 1052-1063. Doi: 10.1177/0047287518793040.
- Artan, E. C. (2014). Bugün her zamankinden daha çekici: Müzeler ve popüler kültür. GençSanat, 228, 28-35.
- Baker, S. (2017). Identifying behaviors that generate positive interactions between science museums and people on Twitter. Museum Management and Curatorship, 32(2), 144-159.
- Barrett, J. (2011). Museums and the public sphere. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Belenioti, Z. C., & Vassiliadis, C. A. (2017). Branding in the new museum era. In A. Kavoura, D. P. Sakas, & P. Tomaras (Eds.), Strategic innovative marketing (pp. 115-121). Switzerland: Springer.
- Benjamin, W. (2008). The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. UK: Penguin.
- Bennett, T. (1994). The exhibitionary complex. In N. B. Dirks, G. Eley and S. B. Ortner (Eds.), Culture/Power/History: A reader in contemporary social theory (pp. 123-154). Princeton University Press.
- Brown, S. (1993). Postmodern marketing?. European Journal of Marketing, 27(4), 19-34.
- Brown, S. (1995). Postmodern marketing. London: Routledge.
- Bruce, C. (2006). Spectacle and democracy: Experience music project as a post-museum. In J. Marstine (Ed.), New museum theory and practice: An introduction (pp. 129-151). UK: Blackwell.
- Caines, M. (2013, 3 November). Arts Head: Amit Sood, Director, Google Cultural Institute. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from The Guardian web site: https://www.theguardian.com/culture-professionals-network/culture-professionals-blog/2013/dec/03/amit-sood-google-cultural-institute-art-project.
- Cerquetti, M. (2016). More is better! Current issues and challenges for museum audience development: A literature review. Journal of Cultural Management & Policy, 6(1), 30-43.
- Chhabra, D. (2008). Positioning museums on an authenticity continuum. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 427-447.
- Cova, B., & Cova, V. (2001). Tribal aspects of postmodern consumption research: The case of French in‐line roller skaters. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1(1), 67-76.
- Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. (3rd ed.). USA: Sage Publications.
- Davidson, L., & Sibley, P. (2011). Audiences at the “new” museum: Visitor commitment, diversity and leisure at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Visitor Studies, 14(2), 176-194.
- Dawson, E., & Jensen, E. (2011). Towards a contextual turn in visitor studies: evaluating visitor segmentation and identity-related motivations. Visitor Studies, 14(2), 127-140.
- Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. California: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Doltas, D. (2003). Postmodernizm ve eleştirisi: Tartışmalar uygulamalar. Ankara: İnkılap.
- Drotner, K., & Schrøder, K. C. (Eds.) (2013). Museum communication and social media: The connected museum. New York: Routledge.
- Duclos, R. (1994). Postmodern/postmuseum: New directions in contemporary museological critique. Museological Review, 1(1), 1-13.
- Featherstone, M. (2007). Consumer culture and postmodernism (2nd ed.). Great Britain: Sage Publications.
- Firat, A. F. (1991). The consumer in postmodernity. In R. H. Holman & M. R. Solomon (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research Volume 18 (pp. 70-76). Utah: Association for Consumer Research.
- Firat, A. F., & Dholakia, N. (2006). Theoretical and philosophical implications of postmodern debates: Some challenges to modern marketing. Marketing Theory, 6(2), 123-162.
- Firat, A. F., Dholakia, N., & Venkatesh, A. (1995). Marketing in a postmodern world. European Journal of Marketing, 29(1), 40-56.
- Firat, A. F., & Shultz, C. J. (1997). From segmentation to fragmentation: Markets and marketing strategy in the postmodern era. European Journal of Marketing, 31(3/4), 183-207.
- Firat, A. F., & Shultz, C. J. (2001). Preliminary metric investigations into the nature of the ‘postmodern consumer’. Marketing Letters, 12(2), 189–203.
- Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1993). Postmodernity: The age of marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 10(3), 227–249.
- Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1995). Liberatory postmodernism and the reenchantment of consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(3), 239–267.
- Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1996). Postmodern perspectives on consumption. In R. W. Belk, N. Dholakia, & A. Venkatesh (Eds.), Consumption and marketing, macro dimensions (pp. 234–265). USA: South-Western College Publishing.
- Foucault, M., & Miskowiec, J. (1986). Of other spaces. Diatritics, 16(1), 22-27.
- Giebelhausen, M. (2006). Museum architecture: A brief history. In S. Macdonald (Ed.), A companion to museum studies (pp. 223-244). United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Gilmore, A., & Rentschler, R. (2002). Changes in museum management: A custodial or marketing emphasis?. Journal of Management Development, 21(10), 745-760.
- Glaser, J. R., & Zenetou, A. A. (1996). Museums – yesterday and today. In J. R. Glaser & A. A. Zenetou (Eds.), Museums: A place to work: Planning museum careers (pp. 10-30). London: Routledge.
- Grant, P. S., Bal, A. & Parent, M. (2012). Operatic flash mob: Consumer arousal, connectedness and emotion. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 11(3), 244-251.
- Harvey, D. (1991). The condition of postmodernity: An enquiry in to the origins of cultural change. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Heath, C., & Vom Lehn, D. (2008). Configuring 'interactivity' enhancing engagement in science centres and museums. Social Studies of Science, 38(1), 63-91.
- Hemp, P. (2006). Avatar-based marketing. Harvard Business Review, 84(6), 48-57.
- Hooper-Greenhill, E. (2007). Museums and education: Purpose, pedagogy, performance. London: Routledge.
- Huyssen, A. (1995). Twilight memories marking time in a culture of amnesia. New York: Routledge.
International Council of Museums (ICOM) (2019). Museum Definition. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/museum-definition/.
- Jafari, A., Taheri, B., & Vom Lehn, D. (2013). Cultural consumption, interactive sociality, and the museum. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(15-16), 1729-1752.
- Kahraman, H. B. (2015). Bakmak görmek bir de bilmek. İstanbul: Kapı Yayınları.
- Kasim, A., Cetinel, F. G., & Yolal, M. (2014). Museums? Evidence from two countries. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 5(10), 23-37.
- Keene, S. (2005). Can museums survive the postmodern?. Archaeology International, 9, 36-39.
- Koch, A. M., & Elmore, R. (2006). Simulation and symbolic exchange: Jean Baudrillard’s augmentation of Marx’s theory of value. Politics & Policy, 34(3), 556-575.
- Komarac, T., Ozretic-Dosen, D., & Skare, V. (2017) Understanding competition and service offer in museum marketing. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 30(2), 215-230.
- Kotler, N. (2001). New ways of experiencing culture: the role of museums and marketing implications. Museum Management and Curatorship, 19(4), 417-425.
- Kotler, N., & Kotler, P. (2000). Can museums be all things to all people?: Missions, goals, and marketing's role. Museum Management and Curatorship, 18(3), 271-287.
- Kotler, N. G., Kotler, P., & Kotler, W. I. (2008). Museum marketing and strategy: Designing missions, building audiences, generating revenue and resources (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Lepouras, G. & Vassilakis, C. (2004). Virtual museums for all: employing game technology for edutainment. Virtual Reality, 8(2), 96-106.
- Lumley, R. (2003). The museum time machine: Putting cultures on display. New York: Routledge.
- Lyotard, J. F. (2013). Postmodern durum (İ. Birkan, Trans.). İstanbul: Bilgesu Yayıncılık. (Original work 1967).
- McLean, F. (1995). A marketing revolution in museums?. Journal of Marketing Management, 11(6), 601-616.
- Message, K. (2006). The new museum. Theory, Culture and Society, 23(2-3), 603-606.
- Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
- Nooteboom, B. (1992). A postmodern philosophy of markets. International Studies of Management & Organization, 22(2), 53-76.
- Odabasi, Y. (2014). Postmodern pazarlama (4th ed.). İstanbul: Media Cat.
- Packer, J., & Ballantyne, R. (2016). Conceptualizing the visitor experience: A review of literature and development of a multifaceted model. Visitor Studies, 19(2), 128-143.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. California: Sage Publications.
- Prentice, R. (2001). Experiential cultural tourism: Museums & the marketing of the new romanticism of evoked authenticity. Museum Management and Curatorship, 19(1), 5-26.
- Prior, N. (2006). Postmodern restructurings. In S. Macdonald (Ed.), A companion to museum studies (pp. 509-524). UK: Blackwell.
- Pulh, M., & Mencarelli, R. (2015). Web 2.0: Is the museum-visitor relationship being redefined?. International Journal of Arts Management, 18(1), 43-51.
- Pulh, M., Marteaux, S., & Mencarelli, R. (2008). Positioning strategies of cultural institutions: A renewal of the offer in the face of shifting consumer trends. International Journal of Arts Management, 4-20.
- Rancati, E., Scuotto, V., Codignola, F., & Gordini, N. (2016). Augmented Reality for Enhancing the Customer Experience in Museums: An Exploratory Analysis. Retrieved May, 2017, from 18. Toulon-Verona International Conference web site: https://sites.les.univr.it/eisic/index.php/conference-proceedings-2/.
- Rectanus, M. W. (2006). Globalization: Incorporating the museum. In S. Macdonald (Ed.), A companion to museum studies (pp. 381-397). UK: Blackwell.
- Rentschler, R. (1998). Museum and performing arts marketing: A climate of change. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 28(1), 83-96.
- Rentschler, R., & Gilmore, A. (2002). Museums: Discovering services marketing. International Journal of Arts Management, 5(1), 62-72.
- Rijks Museum (2020). Master Matcher. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from Rijks Museum web site: www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/mastermatcher.
- Ritzer, G. (2010) Focusing on the prosumer. In B. Blättel-Mink & K. U. Hellmann (Eds.), Prosumer revisited (pp 61-79). Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
- Ritzer, G. (2014). Prosumption: Evolution, revolution, or eternal return of the same?. Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(1), 3-24.
- Rosenau, P. M. (1991). Post-modernism and the social sciences: Insights, inroads, and intrusions. Princeton University Press.
- Russo, A. & Watkins, J. (2005). Post-museum experiences: Structured methods for audience engagement. In H. Thwaites (Ed.), Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on virtual systems and multimedia (pp. 173-182). Belgium. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from https://eprints.qut.edu.au/3985/1/3985_1.pdf.
- Schubert, K. (2004). Küratörün yumurtası: Müze kavramının Fransız İhtilalinden günümüze kadar olan evrimi (R. Smith, Trans.). İstanbul: İstanbul Sanat Müzesi Vakfı Yayınları. (Original work published 2000).
- Schweibenz, W. (2004). Virtual museums: The development of virtual museums. ICOM News Magazine, 3, 3.
- Scoffield, S., & Liu, J. (2014). Online marketing communications and the postmodern consumer in the museum context. Retrieved 2 December, 2020, from Cambridge University, Cambridge Business & Economics Conference (CBEC) web site: http://www.gcbe.us/2014_CBEC/data/Susan%20Scoffield,%20Jie%20Liu.pdf.
- Simon, N. (2010). The participatory museum. California: Museum 2.0.
- Stanbridge, A. (2005). Display options. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 11(2), 157-170.
- Taheri, B., O’Gorman, K., & Baxter, I. (2016). Contemporary issues in museums and heritage marketing management: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(15-16), 1387-1391.
- Tobelem, J. M. (1997). The marketing approach in museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, 16(4), 337-354.
- Tufts, S., & Milne, S. (1999). Museums: A supply-side perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 613-631.
- Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
- Van Raaij, W. F. (1993). Postmodern consumption: Architecture, art, and consumer behavior. In W. F. Van Raaij & G. J. Bamossy (Eds.), E- European Advances in Consumer Research Volume 1 (pp. 550-558). Utah: Association for Consumer Research.
- Venkatesh, A. (1999). Postmodernism perspectives for macromarketing: An inquiry into the global information and sign economy. Journal of Macromarketing, 19(2), 153-169.
- Venkatesh, A., Sherry, J. F., & Firat, A. F. (1993). Postmodernism and the marketing imaginary. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 10(3), 215-223.
- Vicente-Mariño, M. (2014). Audience research methods: Facing the challenges of transforming audiences. In G. Patriarche, H. Bilandzic, J. L. Jensen, & J. Jurišić (Eds.), Audience research methodologies between innovation and consolidation (pp. 37-53). New York: Routledge.
- Ward, G. (2014). Postmodernizmi anlamak (T. Göbekçin, Trans.). İstanbul: Optimist. (Original work 1997).
- Wu, C. T. (2014). Kültürün özelleştirilmesi: 1980’ler sonrasında şirketlerin sanata müdahalesi (E. Soğancılar, Trans.). İstanbul: İletişim. (Original work 2002).
- Yorke, D. A., & Jones, R. R. (1984). Marketing and museums. European Journal of Marketing, 18(2), 90-99.