Research Article
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THE ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF SCHOOL COUNSELORS ON CONFIDENTIALITY, DUAL RELATIONSHIPS AND COMPETENCY

Year 2019, , 1472 - 1486, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2019..-496179

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the ethical dilemmas that
school counselors face with regarding confidentiality, dual relationship and
competency. This research is qualitative in nature and the data was collected
through interviews. One hundred and thirty one volunteered psychological
counselors participated in the study. In addition to demographic questions,
five questions (the ethical dilemmas that they faced with regarding
confidentiality, dual relationships and competency; who they consult in case of
an ethical dilemma and how they evaluate their ethical knowledge) were asked to
the participants. Among the participants, 76% stated that they have faced with
ethical dilemmas about confidentiality, 66% stated that they have faced with
ethical dilemmas about dual relationships and 77% stated that they have faced
with ethical dilemmas regarding competency. Moreover, 39% of the participants
stated that their ethical knowledge is sufficient and 24% stated that when they
faced with an ethical dilemma they consult with their friends who are also
school counselors. The results were discussed under the light of literature and
it was found out that the ethical dilemmas that school counselors mentioned
have some universal and cultural aspects.

References

  • Agnew, T., Vaught, C.C., Getz, H. G., & Fortune, J. (2000). Peer group clinical supervision program fosters confidence and profesionalism. Professional School Counseling, 4, 6-12.
  • American Counseling Association (ACA). (2010). Ethics committee reports summary-FY 10.Retrived July 11, 2011, from http://www.counseling.org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/ Home/CT2.aspx
  • American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014 American Counseling Association code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf.
  • American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, (12), 1060-1073.
  • American School Counselor Association (ASCA). (2010). Ethical standarts for school counselors. Retrived July 11, 2011, from www.schoolcounselor.org.
  • Bodenhorn, N. (2006). Exploratory study of common and challenging dilemmas experienced by Professional school counselling. Professional School Counseling, 10, 195-202
  • Kaliforniya Tüketici İşleri Bölümü (California Department of Consumer Affairs). (1990). Professional therapy never includes sex. Sacramento, CA.
  • Cashwell. T. H.. & Dooley. K. (2001). The impact of supervision on counselor self-efficacy. Clinical Supervision, 20, 39-47.
  • Colnerud, G. (1997). Ethical dilemmas of psychologists: A Swedish example in an international perspective. European Psychologist, 2, 164-170.
  • Crutchfield, L. B., & Borders, L. D. (1997). Impact of two clinical peer supervision models on practicing school counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 219-230.
  • Cullari, S. (2001). The client’s perspective of psychotherapy. In S. Cullari (Ed.), Counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 92-116). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Davis, J. I., & Mickelson, D. J. (2003). School counselors: Are you aware of ethical and legal aspects of counseling? T. P. Remley Jr., M. A. Hermann, & W. C. Huey (Eds.), Ethical and legal isues in school counseling? (2nd ed., pp. 36-47). Alexandria, VA: American School Counselor Association
  • Erdur-Barker, Ö. & Çetinkaya, E. (2007). Etik: Davranışta kırılma noktası. R. Özyürek, F. K. Owen ve D. W. Owen (Ed.), Gelişen psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik: Meslekleşme sürecindeki ilerlemeler (c. 1, s.163-182). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
  • Eren-Gümüş, A. & Gümüş, M. A. (2010). Psikolojik danışmada etik ve hukuk. İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık
  • Eskin, M. (2000). Klinik psikolojide etik uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(45) 81-83.
  • Fisher, C. (2004). Ethical issues in therapy: Therapist self-disclosure of sexual feelings. Ethics and Behavior, 14, 105–121.
  • Gabbard, G. O. (1994). Teetering on the precipice: A Commentary on Lazarus's "How Certain Boundaries and Ethics Diminish Therapeutic Effectiveness”. Ethics & Behavior, 4, 283-286.
  • Garcia, J. G., Cartwright, B., Winston, S. M., & Borzuckowska, B. (2003). A transcultural integrative model for ethical decision making in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 81, 208-277.
  • Glosoff, H. L. & Pate, R. H. (2002). Privacy and confidentiality in school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 6, 20-27.
  • Glosoff, H. L., Herlihy, B., & Spence, B. (2000). Privileged communication in the counselor-client relationship: An analysis of state laws and implications for practice. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 258-266.
  • Herlihy, B., & Corey, G. (1992). Dual relationships in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development.
  • Herlihy, B., & Corey, G. (1997). Codes of ethics as catalysts for improving practice. In Ethics in therapy (pp. 37-56). New York: Hatherleigh.
  • Hobbs, N. (1948). The development of a code of ethical standards for psychology. American Psychologist, 3(3), 80-84.
  • Isaacs, M. L., & Stone, C. (1999). School counselors and confidentiality: Factors affecting professional choices. Professional School Counseling, 2, 258-266.
  • İkiz, F. E., Sevinç, A., Kaval, A., Yeğintürk, G., & Kalen, S. (2017). Okul psikolojik danışma hizmetlerinde mesleki etik ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 10(2) 223-245.
  • Kolay-Akfert, S. (2012). Farklı Kurumlarda Çalışan Psikolojik Danışmanların Yaşadıkları Etik İkilemler ile Bu İkilemler Karşısındaki Tutum ve Davranışları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12(3), 1791-1812.
  • Koocher, G. P., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (2008). Ethics in psychology and the mental health professions: Standards and cases (3rd Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Korkut, Y., Müderrisoğlu, S., & Tanık, M. (2006). Klinik psikoloji alanında karşılaşılan etik ihlal örnekleri ve nasıl ele alındıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 9(18) 49-61.
  • Korkut-Owen, F. & Owen, D. W. (2008). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının rol ve işlevleri: Yöneticiler ve psikolojik danışmanların görüşleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 207-221.
  • Lazovsky, R. (2008). Maintaining confidentialiy with minors: Dilemmas of school counselors. Professional School Counselling, 11 (5), 335-346.
  • Lindsay, G., & Colley, A. (1995). Ethical dilemmas of members of the society. The Psychologist, 8, 448-451.
  • Luke, M., Goodrich, K. M., & Gilbride, D. D. (2013a). Intercultural model of ethical decisionmaking: Addressing worldview dilemmas in school counseling. Counseling and Values Journal, 58(2), 177-194.
  • Miles, M. B. ve Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2. bs.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Montgomery, L. M., & Cupit, B. E. (1999). Complaints, malpractice, and risk management: Professional issues and personal experiences. Professional Psychology, 30, 402-410.
  • Nazlı, S. (2007). Okul yöneticilerinin rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma hizmetlerini algılamaları. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 26, 281-290.
  • Neukrug, E., Milliken, T., & Walden, S. (2001). Ethical complaints made against credentialed counselors: An updated survey of state licensing boards. Counselor Education and Supervision, 41, 57-70
  • Odland, T., & Nielsen, S. (1996). Ethical dilemmas of psychologists: Norway. International Journal of Psychology, 31, 476, Abstract #572.7
  • Pack-Brown, S., Thomas, T., & Seymour, J. (2008). Infusing professional ethics into counselor education programs: A multicultural/social justice perspective. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 296–302.
  • Page, B. J., Pietrzak, D. R., & Sutton, J. M. (2001). National survey of school counselor supervision. Counseling Education and Supervision, 41, 142-150.
  • Pope, K. S., & Brown, L. S. (1996). Recovered memories of abuse: Assessment, therapy, forensics. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Pope, K. S., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (2008). A practical approach to boundaries in psychotherapy: making decisions, by passing blunders, and mending fences. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 64, 1–15.
  • Pope, K. S., & Vasquez, M. J. T. (2007). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass.
  • Pope, K. S., & Vetter, V. A. (1992). Ethical dilemmas encountered by members of the American Psychological Association: A national survey. American Psychologist, 47, 397-411.
  • Sinclair, C. (1996). A comparison of codes of professional conduct and ethics. In L. Bass, S. DeMers, J. Ogloff, C. Peterson, J. Pettifor, R. Reaves, T. Retfalvi, N. Simon, C. Sinclair, & R. Tipon (Eds.), Professional conduct and discipline in psychology (pp. 53–70). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Siviş-Çetinkaya, R. (2014). Ethical judgements of counselors: Results from a Turkish sample. Ethics and Behavior, 25(5), 400-417.
  • Siviş-Çetinkaya, R. (2015). Ethical dilemmas of Turkish counselors: A critical incidents study. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 43(4), 476-491.
  • Slack, C. M., & Wassenaar, D. R. (1999). Ethical dilemmas of South African clinical psychologists: International comparisons. European Psychologist, 4, 179-186.
  • Stone, C. (2005). Ethics and Law for School Counselors. ASCA: Alexandria, VA
  • Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği (Türk PDR-DER). (2006). Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik alanında çalışanlar için etik kurallar. Ankara.
  • Welfel, E. R. (2016). Ethics in counseling & psyhcotherapy: Standarts, research,& emerging issues. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  • West, W. (2002). Some ethical dilemmas in counseling and counseling research. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 30(3), 261-267.
  • Yam, F. C. (2017). Psikolojik danışmanların yaşamış oldukları etik ikilemler ve bu etik ikilemler karşısındaki duygu, düşünce ve davranışları ile çözüm engelleri: Nitel bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(48), 465-477.

OKUL PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLARININ GİZLİLİK, ÇOKLU İLİŞKİLER VE MESLEKİ YETERLİK KONULARINDAKİ ETİK İKİLEMLERİ

Year 2019, , 1472 - 1486, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2019..-496179

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, okullarda çalışan psikolojik danışmanların
gizlilik, çoklu ilişkiler ve mesleki yeterlik ile ilgili olarak karşılaştıkları
etik ikilemleri ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma modeli
kullanılmış ve veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile elde
edilmiştir. Araştırmaya 131 psikolojik danışman katılmıştır. Katılımcı
psikolojik danışmanlara demografik sorulara ek olarak meslek etiği ile ilgili
karşılaştıkları sorunları ortaya çıkarmak için beş soru (gizlilik, çoklu
ilişkiler ve mesleki yeterlik konusunda karşılaştıkları etik sorunlar; etik
sorun olduğunda başvurdukları kaynaklar; etik bilgilerini ne derece yeterli
buldukları) sorulmuştur. Katılımcı okul psikolojik danışmanların %77’si de
mesleki yeterlik konusunda %76’sı gizlilik konusunda ve %66’sı çoklu ilişkiler
konusunda etik sorunlar yaşadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir.  Ayrıca katılımcıların %39’u etik bilgilerinin
yeterli olduğunu, %24’si ise bir etik sorun ile karşılaştıklarında diğer okul
psikolojik danışmanı arkadaşlarına ulaştıklarını belirtmişlerdir.
Katılımcıların karşılaştıkları etik ikilem konuları literatür ışığında
tartışılmış ve okul psikolojik danışmanlarının dile getirdiği etik ikilemlerde
bazı evrensel ve kültüre özgü durumların olduğu görülmüştür.

References

  • Agnew, T., Vaught, C.C., Getz, H. G., & Fortune, J. (2000). Peer group clinical supervision program fosters confidence and profesionalism. Professional School Counseling, 4, 6-12.
  • American Counseling Association (ACA). (2010). Ethics committee reports summary-FY 10.Retrived July 11, 2011, from http://www.counseling.org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/ Home/CT2.aspx
  • American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014 American Counseling Association code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf.
  • American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, (12), 1060-1073.
  • American School Counselor Association (ASCA). (2010). Ethical standarts for school counselors. Retrived July 11, 2011, from www.schoolcounselor.org.
  • Bodenhorn, N. (2006). Exploratory study of common and challenging dilemmas experienced by Professional school counselling. Professional School Counseling, 10, 195-202
  • Kaliforniya Tüketici İşleri Bölümü (California Department of Consumer Affairs). (1990). Professional therapy never includes sex. Sacramento, CA.
  • Cashwell. T. H.. & Dooley. K. (2001). The impact of supervision on counselor self-efficacy. Clinical Supervision, 20, 39-47.
  • Colnerud, G. (1997). Ethical dilemmas of psychologists: A Swedish example in an international perspective. European Psychologist, 2, 164-170.
  • Crutchfield, L. B., & Borders, L. D. (1997). Impact of two clinical peer supervision models on practicing school counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 219-230.
  • Cullari, S. (2001). The client’s perspective of psychotherapy. In S. Cullari (Ed.), Counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 92-116). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Davis, J. I., & Mickelson, D. J. (2003). School counselors: Are you aware of ethical and legal aspects of counseling? T. P. Remley Jr., M. A. Hermann, & W. C. Huey (Eds.), Ethical and legal isues in school counseling? (2nd ed., pp. 36-47). Alexandria, VA: American School Counselor Association
  • Erdur-Barker, Ö. & Çetinkaya, E. (2007). Etik: Davranışta kırılma noktası. R. Özyürek, F. K. Owen ve D. W. Owen (Ed.), Gelişen psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik: Meslekleşme sürecindeki ilerlemeler (c. 1, s.163-182). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
  • Eren-Gümüş, A. & Gümüş, M. A. (2010). Psikolojik danışmada etik ve hukuk. İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık
  • Eskin, M. (2000). Klinik psikolojide etik uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(45) 81-83.
  • Fisher, C. (2004). Ethical issues in therapy: Therapist self-disclosure of sexual feelings. Ethics and Behavior, 14, 105–121.
  • Gabbard, G. O. (1994). Teetering on the precipice: A Commentary on Lazarus's "How Certain Boundaries and Ethics Diminish Therapeutic Effectiveness”. Ethics & Behavior, 4, 283-286.
  • Garcia, J. G., Cartwright, B., Winston, S. M., & Borzuckowska, B. (2003). A transcultural integrative model for ethical decision making in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 81, 208-277.
  • Glosoff, H. L. & Pate, R. H. (2002). Privacy and confidentiality in school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 6, 20-27.
  • Glosoff, H. L., Herlihy, B., & Spence, B. (2000). Privileged communication in the counselor-client relationship: An analysis of state laws and implications for practice. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 258-266.
  • Herlihy, B., & Corey, G. (1992). Dual relationships in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development.
  • Herlihy, B., & Corey, G. (1997). Codes of ethics as catalysts for improving practice. In Ethics in therapy (pp. 37-56). New York: Hatherleigh.
  • Hobbs, N. (1948). The development of a code of ethical standards for psychology. American Psychologist, 3(3), 80-84.
  • Isaacs, M. L., & Stone, C. (1999). School counselors and confidentiality: Factors affecting professional choices. Professional School Counseling, 2, 258-266.
  • İkiz, F. E., Sevinç, A., Kaval, A., Yeğintürk, G., & Kalen, S. (2017). Okul psikolojik danışma hizmetlerinde mesleki etik ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 10(2) 223-245.
  • Kolay-Akfert, S. (2012). Farklı Kurumlarda Çalışan Psikolojik Danışmanların Yaşadıkları Etik İkilemler ile Bu İkilemler Karşısındaki Tutum ve Davranışları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12(3), 1791-1812.
  • Koocher, G. P., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (2008). Ethics in psychology and the mental health professions: Standards and cases (3rd Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Korkut, Y., Müderrisoğlu, S., & Tanık, M. (2006). Klinik psikoloji alanında karşılaşılan etik ihlal örnekleri ve nasıl ele alındıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 9(18) 49-61.
  • Korkut-Owen, F. & Owen, D. W. (2008). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının rol ve işlevleri: Yöneticiler ve psikolojik danışmanların görüşleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 207-221.
  • Lazovsky, R. (2008). Maintaining confidentialiy with minors: Dilemmas of school counselors. Professional School Counselling, 11 (5), 335-346.
  • Lindsay, G., & Colley, A. (1995). Ethical dilemmas of members of the society. The Psychologist, 8, 448-451.
  • Luke, M., Goodrich, K. M., & Gilbride, D. D. (2013a). Intercultural model of ethical decisionmaking: Addressing worldview dilemmas in school counseling. Counseling and Values Journal, 58(2), 177-194.
  • Miles, M. B. ve Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2. bs.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Montgomery, L. M., & Cupit, B. E. (1999). Complaints, malpractice, and risk management: Professional issues and personal experiences. Professional Psychology, 30, 402-410.
  • Nazlı, S. (2007). Okul yöneticilerinin rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma hizmetlerini algılamaları. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 26, 281-290.
  • Neukrug, E., Milliken, T., & Walden, S. (2001). Ethical complaints made against credentialed counselors: An updated survey of state licensing boards. Counselor Education and Supervision, 41, 57-70
  • Odland, T., & Nielsen, S. (1996). Ethical dilemmas of psychologists: Norway. International Journal of Psychology, 31, 476, Abstract #572.7
  • Pack-Brown, S., Thomas, T., & Seymour, J. (2008). Infusing professional ethics into counselor education programs: A multicultural/social justice perspective. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 296–302.
  • Page, B. J., Pietrzak, D. R., & Sutton, J. M. (2001). National survey of school counselor supervision. Counseling Education and Supervision, 41, 142-150.
  • Pope, K. S., & Brown, L. S. (1996). Recovered memories of abuse: Assessment, therapy, forensics. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Pope, K. S., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (2008). A practical approach to boundaries in psychotherapy: making decisions, by passing blunders, and mending fences. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 64, 1–15.
  • Pope, K. S., & Vasquez, M. J. T. (2007). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass.
  • Pope, K. S., & Vetter, V. A. (1992). Ethical dilemmas encountered by members of the American Psychological Association: A national survey. American Psychologist, 47, 397-411.
  • Sinclair, C. (1996). A comparison of codes of professional conduct and ethics. In L. Bass, S. DeMers, J. Ogloff, C. Peterson, J. Pettifor, R. Reaves, T. Retfalvi, N. Simon, C. Sinclair, & R. Tipon (Eds.), Professional conduct and discipline in psychology (pp. 53–70). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Siviş-Çetinkaya, R. (2014). Ethical judgements of counselors: Results from a Turkish sample. Ethics and Behavior, 25(5), 400-417.
  • Siviş-Çetinkaya, R. (2015). Ethical dilemmas of Turkish counselors: A critical incidents study. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 43(4), 476-491.
  • Slack, C. M., & Wassenaar, D. R. (1999). Ethical dilemmas of South African clinical psychologists: International comparisons. European Psychologist, 4, 179-186.
  • Stone, C. (2005). Ethics and Law for School Counselors. ASCA: Alexandria, VA
  • Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği (Türk PDR-DER). (2006). Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik alanında çalışanlar için etik kurallar. Ankara.
  • Welfel, E. R. (2016). Ethics in counseling & psyhcotherapy: Standarts, research,& emerging issues. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  • West, W. (2002). Some ethical dilemmas in counseling and counseling research. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 30(3), 261-267.
  • Yam, F. C. (2017). Psikolojik danışmanların yaşamış oldukları etik ikilemler ve bu etik ikilemler karşısındaki duygu, düşünce ve davranışları ile çözüm engelleri: Nitel bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(48), 465-477.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Evrim Çetinkaya Yıldız 0000-0001-5924-3136

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Submission Date December 12, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Çetinkaya Yıldız, E. (2019). OKUL PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLARININ GİZLİLİK, ÇOKLU İLİŞKİLER VE MESLEKİ YETERLİK KONULARINDAKİ ETİK İKİLEMLERİ. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(4), 1472-1486. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2019..-496179