Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Folate, Iron and Creatine Kinase in Multiple Sclerotic Patients Who Smoke

Abstract

It was aimed to investigate how vitamin D, B12, Folate, Iron and Creatine Kinase levels may change in patients with multiple sclerosis who smoke. For this purpose, the importance of vitamin D, B12, folate and iron in Multiple Sclerosis patients will be emphasized, and the contribution of the changes in the amount of these substances to the pathogenesis of the disease will be discussed. Multiple Sclerosis is a multi-factor autoimmune disease with a long and costly treatment process that seriously reduces the quality of life. Smoking, an important pathogen, is a preventable cause of death. Vitamin D is an important vitamin hormone that regulates calcium metabolism. Vitamin B12 and Folate are essential molecules for cognitive functions as well as nucleotide metabolism. Iron, which creates anemia in its deficiency and toxic effect by accumulating in excess, is one of the essential elements for human health. Creatine kinase is an enzyme found in many tissues that provides a practical way of energy reserve and utilization. As a result, we think that smoking may contribute negatively to the formation of Multiple Sclerosis and the disease process, with its effect of both initiating and increasing inflammation and reducing anti-inflammatory.

Keywords

• Vitamin D
• Vitamin B12
• Folate
• Iron
• Creatin Kinase
• Smoking

References

1. [1] Kaminska J, Koper OM, Piechal K, Kemona H. Multiple sclerosis - etiology and diagnostic potential. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2017. 30;71(0):551-563.
2. [2] Marabita F., Almgren M., Sjöholm L.K., Kular L., Liu Y., James T., Kiss N. B., Feinberg A.P., Olsson T., Kockum I., Alfredsson L., Ekström T.J., and Maja Jagodic. Smoking induces DNA methylation changes in Multiple Sclerosis patients with exposure-response relationship. Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 14589.
3. [3] Riccio P. and Rossano R. Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Vitamins D + A in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(1):75-91.
4. [4] Bardak N. Relationship Between Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2018; 3(1): 66-70.
5. [5] Wingerchuk D.M. Environmental Factors in Multiple Sclerosis: Epstein‐Barr Virus, Vitamin D, and Cigarette Smoking. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. 2011. 78;2: 221-230.
6. [6] Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Souberbielle JC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: An update. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017; 14:35-45.
7. [7] Jiang CQ, Y H Chan, L Xu, Y L Jin, T Zhu, W S Zhang, K K Cheng, and T H Lam. Smoking and serum vitamin D in older Chinese people: cross-sectional analysis based on the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. BMJ Open. 2016. 23;6(6).
8. [8] Nele H., Korf H., Mathyssen C., Everaerts S., Smidt E.D., Dooms C., Yserbyt J., Gysemans C., Ramirez G.G., Mathieu C. and Janssens W. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Modulates Antibacterial and Inflammatory Response in Human Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Macrophages PLoS One. 2016; 11(8).

9. [9] Fahmy EM, Elfayoumy NM, Abdelalim AM, Sharaf SA, Ismail RS, Elshebawy H. Relation of serum levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate to cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients Int J Neurosci. 2018;128(9):835-841.
10. [10] Reynolds E.H. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin B12 metabolism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992; 55(5): 339–340.
11. [11] Al-Khamis F.A. Serum Vitamin B12 and thyroid hormone levels in Saudi patients with multiple sclerosis. J Family Community Med. 2016. 23(3): 151–154.
12. [12] Shekoohi N., Javanbakht M.H., Sohrabi M., Zarei M., Mohammadi H., Djalali M. Smoking Discriminately Changes the Serum Active and Non-Active Forms of Vitamin B12. Acta Med Iran. 2017;55(6):389-394.
13. [13] Piyathilake C.J., Macaluso M., Hine R.J., Richards E.W., Krumdieck C.L. Local and systemic effects of cigarette smoking on folate and vitamin B−12. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994: 60, 4, 559–566.
14. [14] Tekan Ü.Y., Seleker F.K., Uysal E., Gürkan Z.M., Forta H. Multipl skleroz hastalarında derin gri cevher demir birikimi: Gradyan-eko manyetik rezonans görüntüleme ile yapılmış bir çalışm. SETB. 2013; 47(4): 198-203.
15. [15] Ropele S, Enzinger C, Fazekas F. Iron Mapping in Multiple Sclerosis Neuroimaging. Clin N Am. 2017;27(2):335-342.
16. [16] Andrew J.G., Elizabeth D.H., Jacqueline G.S., Lisa A.D., Jacqueline D.C., Judy H.R., Kay M.C., Robert F.F., Dale L.U. and Kent E.P. Particulate Matter in Cigarette Smoke Alters Iron Homeostasis to Produce a Biological Effect. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008. 1;178(11):1130-8.
17. [17] Moreno J.J., Foroozesh M., Church D.F., Pryor W.A. Release of iron from ferritin by aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1992: 5, 1, 116-123.
18. [18] Hametner S., Wimmer I., Haider L., Pfeifenbring S., Brück W., Lassmann H. Iron and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain. ANN NEUROL 2013; 74:848–861.
19. [19] LeVine S. Iron deposits in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease brains. Brain Res. 1997. 20;760 (1-2): 298-303.
20. [20] Hillman H.H., Campbell W.J., McIlwain H. Membrane potentıals ın ısolated and electrıcally stımulated mammalıan cerebral cortex. Effects of chlorpromazıne, cocaıne, phenobarbıtone and protamıne on the tıssue's electrıcal and chemıcal responses to stımulatıon. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1963, 10, 5: 325-339.
21. [21] Steen C., Wilczak N., Hoogduin J.M., Koch M., Keyser J.D. Reduced Creatine Kinase B Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Normal Appearing White Matter. PLoS One. 2010; 25;5(5).
22. [22] Anbarasi K.G., Vani K., Balakrishna C.S., Shyamala Devi. Creatine kinase isoenzyme patterns upon chronic exposure to cigarette smoke: Protective effect of Bacoside A. Vascular Pharmacology. 2005. 42(2):57-61.
23. [23] Miguel A. Hernán, Susan S. Jick, Giancarlo Logroscino, Michael J. Olek, Alberto Ascherio, Hershel Jick Cigarette smoking and the progression of multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2005. 128, 1461–1465.