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Student Satisfaction with E-learning Applications in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 1 , 85 - 102 , 28.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1767946
https://izlik.org/JA92KW37YA

Abstract

This study investigates students' satisfaction with e-learning applications for learning Turkish as a foreign language on the Microsoft Teams platform. It uses a convergent mixed-methods design that combines quantitative data from 110 learners with qualitative insights gained from focus group interviews. Quantitative results suggested no significant effect of gender on satisfaction levels, but significant differences were observed across age groups, geographical origin, and native language. A higher level of satisfaction was found among younger learners, Asian students, and non-Arabic speakers. Although the data meet the assumptions of a parametric test, the results for gender should be considered with care because there is an imbalance in participants and variance. The qualitative results confirm the quantitative ones by underlining core advantages of e-learning such as flexibility, accessibility, reduction of fatigue, and improvement in writing skills, and pinpoint a number of challenges related to limited interaction, technical issues, and loss of attention. The findings together attest that satisfaction with online TFL instruction results not only from technological features but also from demographic and linguistic diversity. The study adds to the growing literature on digital language learning by offering a nuanced understanding of the experiences of the learners and has some practical implications for designing more inclusive, responsive, and learner-centered online TFL environments.

References

  • Abdelouahed, L. (2019). The use of e-learning in foreign language learning: a case study of undergraduate EFL students, International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 1(3), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v1i3.79.
  • Alshallaqi, M., Al Halbusi, H., Abbas, M., & Alhaidan, H. (2022). Resistance to innovation in low-income populations: The case of university students’ resistance to using digital productivity applications in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 961589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961589.
  • Aslan, Ö. (2006). Öğrenmenin yeni yolu: e-öğrenme, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 121-131.
  • Atan, N. & Diop, T. (2024). The analysis of satisfaction levels of international students learning Turkish as a foreign language online during the pandemic. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 23(1), 135-144.
  • Ayaz, M. A. & Yağci, E. (2023). A lost year? Perspectives of foreign language students before and after the COVID-19. Journal of Qualitative Research in Education, 34, 239-265, https://doi.org/10.14689/enad.34.1662.
  • Bayrak, F., Tibi, M. H., & Altun, A. (2020). Development of online course satisfaction scale. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 21(4), 110-123. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.803378.
  • Bolliger, D. U., & Erichsen, E. A. (2013). Student satisfaction with blended and online courses based on personality type. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 39(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.21432/T2B88W.
  • Bond, M., Marín, V. I., Dolch, C., Bedenlier, S., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2018). Digital transformation in German higher education: Student and teacher perceptions and usage of digital media. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0130-1.
  • Bouyzem, M., & Al Meriouh, Y. (2020). Exploratory analysis of factors influencing e-learning adoption by higher education teachers: Case study: Abdelmalek Essaâdi University. Education and Information Technologies, 25(3), 2297–2319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10075-5.
  • Brika, S. K. M., Chergui, K., Algamdi, A., Musa, A. A., & Zouaghi, R. (2022). E-learning research trends in higher education in light of COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 762819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.762819.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F. ve Kılıç, E. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Cantoni, V. vd. (2004). Perspectives and challenges in e-learning: towards natural interaction paradigms, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 15, 333-345.
  • Cuadrado-García, M., Ruiz-Molina, M.E., & Montoro-Pons, J.D. (2010). Are there gender differences in e-learning use and assessment? Evidence from an interuniversity online project in Europe. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 367-371.
  • Fauzi, M. A. (2022). E-learning in higher education institutions during COVID-19 pandemic: current and future trends through bibliometric analysis. Heliyon, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09433.
  • Grosu, L. M. & David, I. (2013). E-learning in foreign language teaching: what is gained and what is lost, The 9th International Scientific Conferance e-Learning and Software for Education Bucharest, 25-26.
  • Indreica, E. S. (2014), E-learnıng platform: advantages and dısadvantages on tıme management, The 10th International Scientific Conference e-Learning and Software for Education Bucharest, 236-244.
  • İltar, L., ve Öztürk, A. T. (2022). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde çevrim içi öğretime ilişkin öğrenci memnuniyetleri ve öğretici görüşleri. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences (IJOESS), 13(50), 1309–1336.
  • Klein, D. & Ware, M. (2003). E-learning: new opportunities in continuing professional development. Learned publishing, 16(1) 34-46.
  • Koç, A. (2015). E-öğrenme ve Türk eğitim sistemindeki yeri, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 44-57. Lu, H., & Chiou, M. (2010). The impact of individual differences on e-learning system satisfaction: A contingency approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(2), 307-323.
  • Ma, L., & Lee, C. S. (2019). Understanding the barriers to the use of MOOCs in a developing country: An innovation resistance perspective. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(3), 571- 590. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633118757732.
  • Martin, F. Vd. (2011). Measuring success in a synchronous virtual classroom. S. B. Eom & J.B. Arbaugh (Ed.), Student satisfaction and learning outcomes in e-learning: an introduction to empirical research in (246-263). Information Science Reference.
  • Muqtadiroh, F. A., Nisafani, A. S., Saraswati, R. M., & Herdiyanti, A. (2019). Analysis of user resistance towards adopting e-learning in Indonesia. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.107.
  • Mushtaq, M., Noor, A., & Sabahat, N. (2021). Adoption barriers of e-learning in higher education institutes (HEIs) of developing countries—A systematic literature review. 2021 International Conference on Innovative Computing (ICIC), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC53490.2021.9693081.
  • Oktoma, E., Nugroho, M. A. B., & Suryana, Y. (2023). E-learning as a platform in studying English among EFL learners: Benefits and barriers. English Review: Journal of English Education, 11(2), 405-412. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v11i2.7566.
  • Pham, T. N., & Nguyen, G. H. (2021). An investigation of student satisfaction in an online language learning course. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 16(5), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWLTT.20210901.oa7.
  • Rashidi, N., & Moghadam, M. (2014). The effect of teachers’ beliefs and sense of self-efficacy on Iranian EFL learners’ satisfaction and academic achievement. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language, 18(2), 1–23.
  • Sagafe, A., & Wendebon, T. (2023). An inconvenient truth? The (un-) importance of e-learning as a tool for sustainable education in Germany. Journal of the European Teacher Education Network, 111-134.
  • Shin, H.W. & Sok, S. (2023). Student satisfaction and perceived learning in an online second language learning environment: A replication of Gray and DiLoreto (2016). ReCALL 35(2), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0958344023000034.
  • Sitzmann, T. vd. (2006). The comparatıve effectiveness of web-based and classroom instruction: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology. 59, 623-664.
  • Trajanovic, M. vd., (2007). Distance learning and foreign language teaching, In Balkan Conference in Informatics (BCI 2007), 441-452.
  • Tymoshchuk, N. (2022). The ımplementation of e-learning to support learning and teaching foreign language: a case study in Ukrainian higher education. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) 2nd Special Issue on Covid 19 Challenges (2), 233-244. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/covid2.15.
  • Ufuophu-Biri, E., & Ijeh, N. P. (2021). The place of digital nativity and digital immigration on internet accessibility and usage by students and lecturers of tertiary institutions of learning in Delta State, Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(1), 214-227. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0019.
  • Vanslambrouck, S., Zhu, C., Lombaerts, K., Philipsen, B., & Tondeur, J. (2018). Students' motivation and subjective task value of participating in online and blended learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 36, 33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.09.002.
  • Xu, T., & Xue, L. (2023). Satisfaction with online education among students, faculty, and parents before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128034.
  • Zheng, H., Qian, Y., Wang, Z., & Wu, Y. (2023). Research on the influence of e-learning quality on the intention to continue e-learning: Evidence from SEM and fsQCA. Sustainability, 15(6), 5557. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065557

Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretiminde E-öğrenme Uygulamalarına Yönelik Öğrenci Memnuniyeti

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 1 , 85 - 102 , 28.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1767946
https://izlik.org/JA92KW37YA

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Microsoft Teams platformunda yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenmek için kullanılan e-öğrenme uygulamalarından öğrencilerin memnuniyetini araştırmaktadır. Çalışma, 110 öğrenciden elde edilen nicel verileri odak grup görüşmelerinden elde edilen niteliksel bilgilerle birleştiren yakınsak karma yöntem tasarımını kullanmaktadır. Nicel sonuçlar, cinsiyetin memnuniyet düzeyleri üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmadığını gösterirken, yaş grupları, coğrafi köken ve ana dili arasında önemli farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Daha genç öğrenciler, Asyalı öğrenciler ve Arapça konuşmayanlar arasında daha yüksek bir memnuniyet düzeyi tespit edilmiştir. Veriler parametrik testin varsayımlarını karşılasa da, katılımcılar ve varyans arasında dengesizlik olduğu için cinsiyetle ilgili sonuçlar dikkatle değerlendirilmelidir. Nitel sonuçlar, esneklik, erişilebilirlik, yorgunluğun azalması ve yazma becerilerinin gelişmesi gibi e-öğrenmenin temel avantajlarını vurgulayarak nicel sonuçları doğrulamakta ve sınırlı etkileşim, teknik sorunlar ve dikkat kaybı ile ilgili bir dizi zorluğu ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular, çevrim içi YDT öğretiminden duyulan memnuniyetin yalnızca teknolojik özelliklerden değil, aynı zamanda demografik ve dilsel çeşitlilikten de kaynaklandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, öğrenenlerin deneyimlerine ilişkin incelikli bir anlayış sunarak dijital dil öğrenimi konusunda giderek artan literatüre katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamakta ve daha kapsayıcı, duyarlı ve öğrenen merkezli çevrim içi YDT ortamları tasarlamak için bazı öneriler sunmaktadır.

References

  • Abdelouahed, L. (2019). The use of e-learning in foreign language learning: a case study of undergraduate EFL students, International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 1(3), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v1i3.79.
  • Alshallaqi, M., Al Halbusi, H., Abbas, M., & Alhaidan, H. (2022). Resistance to innovation in low-income populations: The case of university students’ resistance to using digital productivity applications in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 961589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961589.
  • Aslan, Ö. (2006). Öğrenmenin yeni yolu: e-öğrenme, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 121-131.
  • Atan, N. & Diop, T. (2024). The analysis of satisfaction levels of international students learning Turkish as a foreign language online during the pandemic. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 23(1), 135-144.
  • Ayaz, M. A. & Yağci, E. (2023). A lost year? Perspectives of foreign language students before and after the COVID-19. Journal of Qualitative Research in Education, 34, 239-265, https://doi.org/10.14689/enad.34.1662.
  • Bayrak, F., Tibi, M. H., & Altun, A. (2020). Development of online course satisfaction scale. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 21(4), 110-123. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.803378.
  • Bolliger, D. U., & Erichsen, E. A. (2013). Student satisfaction with blended and online courses based on personality type. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 39(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.21432/T2B88W.
  • Bond, M., Marín, V. I., Dolch, C., Bedenlier, S., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2018). Digital transformation in German higher education: Student and teacher perceptions and usage of digital media. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0130-1.
  • Bouyzem, M., & Al Meriouh, Y. (2020). Exploratory analysis of factors influencing e-learning adoption by higher education teachers: Case study: Abdelmalek Essaâdi University. Education and Information Technologies, 25(3), 2297–2319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10075-5.
  • Brika, S. K. M., Chergui, K., Algamdi, A., Musa, A. A., & Zouaghi, R. (2022). E-learning research trends in higher education in light of COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 762819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.762819.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F. ve Kılıç, E. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Cantoni, V. vd. (2004). Perspectives and challenges in e-learning: towards natural interaction paradigms, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 15, 333-345.
  • Cuadrado-García, M., Ruiz-Molina, M.E., & Montoro-Pons, J.D. (2010). Are there gender differences in e-learning use and assessment? Evidence from an interuniversity online project in Europe. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 367-371.
  • Fauzi, M. A. (2022). E-learning in higher education institutions during COVID-19 pandemic: current and future trends through bibliometric analysis. Heliyon, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09433.
  • Grosu, L. M. & David, I. (2013). E-learning in foreign language teaching: what is gained and what is lost, The 9th International Scientific Conferance e-Learning and Software for Education Bucharest, 25-26.
  • Indreica, E. S. (2014), E-learnıng platform: advantages and dısadvantages on tıme management, The 10th International Scientific Conference e-Learning and Software for Education Bucharest, 236-244.
  • İltar, L., ve Öztürk, A. T. (2022). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde çevrim içi öğretime ilişkin öğrenci memnuniyetleri ve öğretici görüşleri. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences (IJOESS), 13(50), 1309–1336.
  • Klein, D. & Ware, M. (2003). E-learning: new opportunities in continuing professional development. Learned publishing, 16(1) 34-46.
  • Koç, A. (2015). E-öğrenme ve Türk eğitim sistemindeki yeri, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 44-57. Lu, H., & Chiou, M. (2010). The impact of individual differences on e-learning system satisfaction: A contingency approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(2), 307-323.
  • Ma, L., & Lee, C. S. (2019). Understanding the barriers to the use of MOOCs in a developing country: An innovation resistance perspective. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(3), 571- 590. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633118757732.
  • Martin, F. Vd. (2011). Measuring success in a synchronous virtual classroom. S. B. Eom & J.B. Arbaugh (Ed.), Student satisfaction and learning outcomes in e-learning: an introduction to empirical research in (246-263). Information Science Reference.
  • Muqtadiroh, F. A., Nisafani, A. S., Saraswati, R. M., & Herdiyanti, A. (2019). Analysis of user resistance towards adopting e-learning in Indonesia. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.107.
  • Mushtaq, M., Noor, A., & Sabahat, N. (2021). Adoption barriers of e-learning in higher education institutes (HEIs) of developing countries—A systematic literature review. 2021 International Conference on Innovative Computing (ICIC), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC53490.2021.9693081.
  • Oktoma, E., Nugroho, M. A. B., & Suryana, Y. (2023). E-learning as a platform in studying English among EFL learners: Benefits and barriers. English Review: Journal of English Education, 11(2), 405-412. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v11i2.7566.
  • Pham, T. N., & Nguyen, G. H. (2021). An investigation of student satisfaction in an online language learning course. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 16(5), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWLTT.20210901.oa7.
  • Rashidi, N., & Moghadam, M. (2014). The effect of teachers’ beliefs and sense of self-efficacy on Iranian EFL learners’ satisfaction and academic achievement. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language, 18(2), 1–23.
  • Sagafe, A., & Wendebon, T. (2023). An inconvenient truth? The (un-) importance of e-learning as a tool for sustainable education in Germany. Journal of the European Teacher Education Network, 111-134.
  • Shin, H.W. & Sok, S. (2023). Student satisfaction and perceived learning in an online second language learning environment: A replication of Gray and DiLoreto (2016). ReCALL 35(2), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0958344023000034.
  • Sitzmann, T. vd. (2006). The comparatıve effectiveness of web-based and classroom instruction: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology. 59, 623-664.
  • Trajanovic, M. vd., (2007). Distance learning and foreign language teaching, In Balkan Conference in Informatics (BCI 2007), 441-452.
  • Tymoshchuk, N. (2022). The ımplementation of e-learning to support learning and teaching foreign language: a case study in Ukrainian higher education. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) 2nd Special Issue on Covid 19 Challenges (2), 233-244. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/covid2.15.
  • Ufuophu-Biri, E., & Ijeh, N. P. (2021). The place of digital nativity and digital immigration on internet accessibility and usage by students and lecturers of tertiary institutions of learning in Delta State, Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(1), 214-227. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0019.
  • Vanslambrouck, S., Zhu, C., Lombaerts, K., Philipsen, B., & Tondeur, J. (2018). Students' motivation and subjective task value of participating in online and blended learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 36, 33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.09.002.
  • Xu, T., & Xue, L. (2023). Satisfaction with online education among students, faculty, and parents before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128034.
  • Zheng, H., Qian, Y., Wang, Z., & Wu, Y. (2023). Research on the influence of e-learning quality on the intention to continue e-learning: Evidence from SEM and fsQCA. Sustainability, 15(6), 5557. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065557
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Turkish Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Merve Suroğlu Sofu 0000-0001-9101-8211

Rabia Demirkol 0000-0003-0998-7393

Sibel Ekşi 0000-0002-9052-4945

Submission Date August 18, 2025
Acceptance Date January 10, 2026
Publication Date March 28, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1767946
IZ https://izlik.org/JA92KW37YA
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Suroğlu Sofu, M., Demirkol, R., & Ekşi, S. (2026). Student Satisfaction with E-learning Applications in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 16(1), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1767946
AMA 1.Suroğlu Sofu M, Demirkol R, Ekşi S. Student Satisfaction with E-learning Applications in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language. AJESI. 2026;16(1):85-102. doi:10.18039/ajesi.1767946
Chicago Suroğlu Sofu, Merve, Rabia Demirkol, and Sibel Ekşi. 2026. “Student Satisfaction With E-Learning Applications in Teaching Turkish As a Foreign Language”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 16 (1): 85-102. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1767946.
EndNote Suroğlu Sofu M, Demirkol R, Ekşi S (March 1, 2026) Student Satisfaction with E-learning Applications in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 16 1 85–102.
IEEE [1]M. Suroğlu Sofu, R. Demirkol, and S. Ekşi, “Student Satisfaction with E-learning Applications in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language”, AJESI, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 85–102, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.18039/ajesi.1767946.
ISNAD Suroğlu Sofu, Merve - Demirkol, Rabia - Ekşi, Sibel. “Student Satisfaction With E-Learning Applications in Teaching Turkish As a Foreign Language”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 16/1 (March 1, 2026): 85-102. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1767946.
JAMA 1.Suroğlu Sofu M, Demirkol R, Ekşi S. Student Satisfaction with E-learning Applications in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language. AJESI. 2026;16:85–102.
MLA Suroğlu Sofu, Merve, et al. “Student Satisfaction With E-Learning Applications in Teaching Turkish As a Foreign Language”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, vol. 16, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 85-102, doi:10.18039/ajesi.1767946.
Vancouver 1.Merve Suroğlu Sofu, Rabia Demirkol, Sibel Ekşi. Student Satisfaction with E-learning Applications in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language. AJESI. 2026 Mar. 1;16(1):85-102. doi:10.18039/ajesi.1767946