A Historical Overview of Mild Intellectual Disability: Transition from A Clinical Approach to A Multi-dimensional Approach

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explain the development of the studies related to mild intellectual disability in the historical process and to discuss the current approaches towards individuals with mild intellectual disabilities. For this purpose, theories and approaches explaining the intellectual disability from the past to the present are given based on the literature review. Individuals with mild intellectual disability constitute an important part of individuals with mental insufficiency in terms of prevalence. Mild intellectual disability is differs in etiological terms with moderate and severe intellectual disability. Adoption of clinical approaches that take the only criterion into the diagnosis and classification of mild intellectual disability, which is closely associated with socio-economic variables, causes problems. In order to overcome these problems, multidimensional approach has emerged as the most up-to-date approach in the diagnosis and classification of individuals with intellectual disability in accordance with sociological and philosophical changes in society. As a result, the multidimensional approach takes into account the components that include the level of intellectual functioning, adaptive behavior, level of participation, context characteristics and the support that it needs in the process of diagnosis and classification. In line with this approach, it may be advisable to adopt an approach towards the intensity of support needs, including support for the needs of individuals with mild intellectual disability.

Keywords

• Mild intellectual disability,diagnosis and classification,support needs

Hafif Düzeyde Zihin Yetersizliğine Tarihsel Bir Bakış: Klinik Yaklaşımdan Çok Boyutlu Yaklaşıma Geçiş

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği alanına ilişkin çalışmaların tarihsel süreç içerisinde gelişimini ve hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği olan bireylere yönelik güncel yaklaşımları tartışarak bir derleme çalışması şeklinde sunmaktır. Bu amaçla geçmişten günümüze zihin yetersizliğini açıklayan kuram ve yaklaşımlar alanyazın incelemesine dayalı olarak verilmiştir. Hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği olan bireyler, zihin yetersizliği olan bireylerin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği orta ve ağır düzeyde zihin yetersizliğiyle etiyolojik açıdan farklılık göstermektedir. Sosyo-ekonomik değişkenlerle yakından ilişkili olan hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliğinin tanılanması ve sınıflandırılmasında tek ölçütü göz önünde bulunduran klinik yaklaşımların benimsenmesi sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Bu sorunların üstesinden gelmek amacıyla sosyolojik ve felsefi değişimler doğrultusunda zihin yetersizliği olan bireylerin tanılanması ve sınıflandırılmasında en güncel yaklaşım olarak çok boyutlu yaklaşım ön plana çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak çok boyutlu yaklaşım tanılama ve sınıflandırma süreçlerinde bireyin zihinsel işlevde bulunma düzeyini, uyumsal davranışlarını, sağlık durumunu, katılım düzeyini, bağlam özelliklerini ve gereksinim duyduğu destekleri içeren bileşenleri göz önünde bulundurmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım doğrultusunda hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği olan bireylere sunulacak hizmetlerin etiketleme yapılmaksızın ve gereksinim duyulan desteklere göre belirlenmesini içeren bir yaklaşıma geçilmesi önerilebilir.

Keywords

• Hafif düzeyde zihin yetersizliği,tanılama ve değerlendirme,destek gereksinimleri

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