Ensuring Efficiency in Teaching: Small Group Instruction and Observational Learning

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide information about small group instruction and observational learning procedure being conducted in small group instruction. In the present study firstly, information regarding small group instruction and the steps to be followed were presented. The steps related to small group instruction are determining the number of participants in the group, deciding the target skills to be taught, determining the teaching method to be used, planning the trials in the sessions, determining the discriminative stimulus, deciding how to respond to the reactions of the participants in the group, determining the individual or group criterion, presenting the instruction and determining the effectiveness. Afterwards, descriptions about the theoretical background of observational learning were provided and how can observational learning be conducted within small group instruction was mentioned. In the present study, research studies in which discrete behaviors were taught within small group arrangement in the recent years were selected. In the studies examined, it was mentioned that individuals with various kinds of disabilities with different ages could both acquire their own target behaviors as well as other individuals’ target behaviors in the group by observing within small group instruction arrangement. In the present study, results of related studies were shared and suggestions for the implementers were provided.

Keywords

• Small group instruction,observational learning,efficiency,discrete behaviors,children with developmental disabilities

Öğretimde Verimliliği Sağlama: Küçük Grup Öğretim Düzenlemesi ve Gözleyerek Öğrenme

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesine ve küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesi içinde gerçekleşen gözleyerek öğrenme sürecine ilişkin ayrıntılı bilgi sunmaktır. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada önce küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesine ve küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesiyle öğretimi planlamanın basamaklarına ilişkin bilgi verilmiştir. Küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesine ilişkin basamaklar gruptaki katılımcıların sayısını belirleme, öğretilecek hedef becerilere karar verme, kullanılacak öğretim yöntemini belirleme, oturumlardaki denemeleri planlama, dikkat çekici ipucunu belirleme, gruptaki katılımcıların tepkilerine nasıl tepkide bulunulacağına karar verme, bireysel ya da grup ölçütü belirleme, öğretimi sunma ve etkililiğini belirlemedir. Ardından gözleyerek öğrenme sürecinin kuramsal alt yapısına yönelik açıklamalar yapılarak küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesi içinde gözleyerek öğrenmenin nasıl gerçekleştirilebileceği üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmada tek-basamaklı davranışların öğretimine ilişkin küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesiyle son yıllarda gerçekleştirilmiş araştırmalara yer verilmiştir. İncelenen araştırmalarda küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesinde yer alan farklı yaştaki yetersizliği olan bireylerin hem kendi hedef davranışlarını hem de gözleyerek gruptaki diğer bireylerin hedef davranışlarını öğrenebildikleri ifade edilmiştir. Çalışmada ilgili araştırmalara yönelik bulgular paylaşılarak uygulamacılara yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

• Küçük grup öğretim düzenlemesi,gözleyerek öğrenme,verimlilik,tek basamaklı davranışlar,gelişimsel yetersizliği olan çocuklar

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